diff --git a/docs/introduction.rst b/docs/introduction.rst new file mode 100644 index 0000000..df107cf --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/introduction.rst @@ -0,0 +1,78 @@ +============ +Introduction +============ + +Where do the Four Opens originate from? They came from a need to do things +differently. + +Free software started in the 80’s by defining four (initially three) +freedoms [1]_ that any free software should grant its users. Freedom 0 was the +freedom to run the program as you wish, for any purpose. Freedom 1 was the +freedom to study how the program works, and change it so it does your computing +as you wish. Freedom 2 was the freedom to redistribute copies so you can help +your neighbor. Freedom 3 was the freedom to distribute copies of your modified +versions to others. Those freedoms made you free to improve the program, and +release your improvements to the public, so that the whole community benefits. +But free software did not mandate anything about how the software was to be +built to actually encourage this collaboration across boundaries that would +result in benefiting the whole community. + +When open source was defined in 1998, it focused on a specific angle (the one +that mattered the most to businesses), which is the availability and +re-usability of the code. That also said remarkably little about how the +software should be built, and nothing about who really controls it. As a +result by 2010 most open source projects were actually closed one way or +another: their core development may be done behind closed walls, or their +governance may be locked down to ensure control by its main sponsor. Sure, +their end product was licensed under an open source license, but those were not +really community projects anymore. + +The control of a specific party over the code is discouraging contributors to +participate: those are seen as free labor and are not on a level playing field +compared to contributors "on the inside", which really decide the direction of +the software. The only option for a disgruntled community is to do a costly +fork of the project, and fragment the limited resources available to work on +that topic. The most extreme case is the open core variant, where a company +maintains the basic functions of the software as an open source "community" +project but keeps advanced "enterprise" features under proprietary licenses. +This inevitably creates tension when a user wants to contribute back an +improvement (like security or scalability) that the controlling entity would +prefer to keep for its Enterprise edition. All this control ultimately hurts +the adoption and the success of the software. + +OpenStack was started with the belief that a community of equals, working +together in an open collaboration, would produce better software, more aligned +to the needs of its users and more largely adopted. It was therefore started +from day 0 as an open collaboration willing to include as many individuals and +organizations as possible, on a level playing field, with everyone involved in +designing the solution. This was relatively novel: while a few venerable +projects like the Linux kernel were set up and perdured as truly open +collaborations, most new projects in 2010 were just owned by a "main sponsor" +This is why it was pretty important for us to state in a very concise way what +we really meant by Open. It was also important to clearly distinguish ourselves +from prevalent open core solutions like Eucalyptus, which was then the only +open source cloud infrastructure platform available. + +It was from these conditions that "The Four Opens" were born. The first public +mention of them was posted on the then-nascent OpenStack Wiki on June 28, +2010[1]_, before OpenStack was even publicly discussed or announced. The +titles of the Four Opens (Open source, Open Design, Open Development, Open +Community) were set from that day. The content evolved a bit over time on the +Wiki, as implementation details rolled in (for example: public code reviews, +design summits, technical committee, lazy and consensus). The Four Opens +description is now maintained officially in the OpenStack governance +web-site[2]_. + +After eight years, the Four Opens proved pretty resilient, consistently +managing to capture the "OpenStack Way" of doing upstream open source +development. Under their rule, the OpenStack community grew from tens of +contributors to thousands. They were instrumental in the success, the quality +and the visibility of the OpenStack software. As this book will show, they also +proved applicable to downstream activities such as user feedback gathering, +marketing, or event management. As the OpenStack Foundation turns to more +generally support Open Infrastructure, the Four Opens will grow beyond +OpenStack. Let's apply them to other nascent open source projects with the same +success. + +[1]_ https://wiki.openstack.org/w/index.php?title=Open&oldid=9628 +[2]_ https://governance.openstack.org/tc/reference/opens.html