diff --git a/docs/introduction.rst b/docs/introduction.rst index df107cf..a83cbdf 100644 --- a/docs/introduction.rst +++ b/docs/introduction.rst @@ -6,26 +6,26 @@ Where do the Four Opens originate from? They came from a need to do things differently. Free software started in the 80’s by defining four (initially three) -freedoms [1]_ that any free software should grant its users. Freedom 0 was the -freedom to run the program as you wish, for any purpose. Freedom 1 was the -freedom to study how the program works, and change it so it does your computing -as you wish. Freedom 2 was the freedom to redistribute copies so you can help -your neighbor. Freedom 3 was the freedom to distribute copies of your modified -versions to others. Those freedoms made you free to improve the program, and -release your improvements to the public, so that the whole community benefits. -But free software did not mandate anything about how the software was to be -built to actually encourage this collaboration across boundaries that would -result in benefiting the whole community. +freedoms [#fourfreedoms]_ that any free software should grant its users. Freedom +0 was the freedom to run the program as you wish, for any purpose. Freedom 1 +was the freedom to study how the program works, and change it so it does your +computing as you wish. Freedom 2 was the freedom to redistribute copies so you +can help your neighbor. Freedom 3 was the freedom to distribute copies of your +modified versions to others. Those freedoms made you free to improve the +program, and release your improvements to the public, so that the whole +community benefits. But free software did not mandate anything about how the +software was to be built to actually encourage this collaboration across +boundaries that would result in benefiting the whole community. When open source was defined in 1998, it focused on a specific angle (the one that mattered the most to businesses), which is the availability and re-usability of the code. That also said remarkably little about how the -software should be built, and nothing about who really controls it. As a -result by 2010 most open source projects were actually closed one way or -another: their core development may be done behind closed walls, or their -governance may be locked down to ensure control by its main sponsor. Sure, -their end product was licensed under an open source license, but those were not -really community projects anymore. +software should be built, and nothing about who really controls it. As a result +by 2010 most open source projects were actually closed one way or another: +their core development may be done behind closed walls, or their governance may +be locked down to ensure control by its main sponsor. Sure, their end product +was licensed under an open source license, but those were not really community +projects anymore. The control of a specific party over the code is discouraging contributors to participate: those are seen as free labor and are not on a level playing field @@ -55,13 +55,13 @@ open source cloud infrastructure platform available. It was from these conditions that "The Four Opens" were born. The first public mention of them was posted on the then-nascent OpenStack Wiki on June 28, -2010[1]_, before OpenStack was even publicly discussed or announced. The -titles of the Four Opens (Open source, Open Design, Open Development, Open -Community) were set from that day. The content evolved a bit over time on the -Wiki, as implementation details rolled in (for example: public code reviews, -design summits, technical committee, lazy and consensus). The Four Opens -description is now maintained officially in the OpenStack governance -web-site[2]_. +2010 [#fouropenswiki]_, before OpenStack was even publicly discussed or +announced. The titles of the Four Opens (Open source, Open Design, Open +Development, Open Community) were set from that day. The content evolved a bit +over time on the Wiki, as implementation details rolled in (for example: public +code reviews, design summits, technical committee, lazy and consensus). The +Four Opens description is now maintained officially in the OpenStack governance +web-site [#fouropens]_. After eight years, the Four Opens proved pretty resilient, consistently managing to capture the "OpenStack Way" of doing upstream open source @@ -74,5 +74,6 @@ generally support Open Infrastructure, the Four Opens will grow beyond OpenStack. Let's apply them to other nascent open source projects with the same success. -[1]_ https://wiki.openstack.org/w/index.php?title=Open&oldid=9628 -[2]_ https://governance.openstack.org/tc/reference/opens.html +.. [#fourfreedoms] https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.en.html +.. [#fouropenswiki] https://wiki.openstack.org/w/index.php?title=Open&oldid=9628 +.. [#fouropens] https://governance.openstack.org/tc/reference/opens.html