Sync charm/ceph helpers, tox, and requirements

Change-Id: I9fecb63e7997099cb54737aa9fecc7777e67365f

charm-helpers-hooks.yaml

@@ -15,3 +15,4 @@ include:
     - payload
     - contrib.charmsupport
     - contrib.hardening|inc=*
+    - contrib.openstack.policyd

hooks/charmhelpers/contrib/hardening/audits/apt.py

@@ -13,7 +13,6 @@
 # limitations under the License.
 
 from __future__ import absolute_import  # required for external apt import
-from apt import apt_pkg
 from six import string_types
 
 from charmhelpers.fetch import (
@@ -26,6 +25,7 @@ from charmhelpers.core.hookenv import (
     WARNING,
 )
 from charmhelpers.contrib.hardening.audits import BaseAudit
+from charmhelpers.fetch import ubuntu_apt_pkg as apt_pkg
 
 
 class AptConfig(BaseAudit):

hooks/charmhelpers/contrib/openstack/amulet/utils.py

@@ -709,8 +709,8 @@ class OpenStackAmuletUtils(AmuletUtils):
                        '{}...'.format(image_name, image_url))
 
         # Download image
-        http_proxy = os.getenv('AMULET_HTTP_PROXY')
+        http_proxy = os.getenv('OS_TEST_HTTP_PROXY')
-        self.log.debug('AMULET_HTTP_PROXY: {}'.format(http_proxy))
+        self.log.debug('OS_TEST_HTTP_PROXY: {}'.format(http_proxy))
         if http_proxy:
             proxies = {'http': http_proxy}
             opener = urllib.FancyURLopener(proxies)
@@ -800,8 +800,8 @@ class OpenStackAmuletUtils(AmuletUtils):
                        '({})...'.format(image_name))
 
         # Get cirros image URL
-        http_proxy = os.getenv('AMULET_HTTP_PROXY')
+        http_proxy = os.getenv('OS_TEST_HTTP_PROXY')
-        self.log.debug('AMULET_HTTP_PROXY: {}'.format(http_proxy))
+        self.log.debug('OS_TEST_HTTP_PROXY: {}'.format(http_proxy))
         if http_proxy:
             proxies = {'http': http_proxy}
             opener = urllib.FancyURLopener(proxies)

hooks/charmhelpers/contrib/openstack/context.py

@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ import json
 import math
 import os
 import re
+import socket
 import time
 from base64 import b64decode
 from subprocess import check_call, CalledProcessError
@@ -1716,6 +1717,10 @@ class NeutronAPIContext(OSContextGenerator):
                 'rel_key': 'enable-nfg-logging',
                 'default': False,
             },
+            'enable_port_forwarding': {
+                'rel_key': 'enable-port-forwarding',
+                'default': False,
+            },
             'global_physnet_mtu': {
                 'rel_key': 'global-physnet-mtu',
                 'default': 1500,
@@ -1745,6 +1750,13 @@ class NeutronAPIContext(OSContextGenerator):
 
         ctxt['extension_drivers'] = ','.join(extension_drivers)
 
+        l3_extension_plugins = []
+
+        if ctxt['enable_port_forwarding']:
+            l3_extension_plugins.append('port_forwarding')
+
+        ctxt['l3_extension_plugins'] = l3_extension_plugins
+
         return ctxt
 
     def get_neutron_options(self, rdata):
@@ -2160,3 +2172,14 @@ class LogrotateContext(OSContextGenerator):
             'logrotate_count': self.count,
         }
         return ctxt
+
+
+class HostInfoContext(OSContextGenerator):
+    """Context to provide host information."""
+
+    def __call__(self):
+        ctxt = {
+            'host_fqdn': socket.getfqdn(),
+            'host': socket.gethostname(),
+        }
+        return ctxt

hooks/charmhelpers/contrib/openstack/ha/utils.py

@@ -289,7 +289,7 @@ def update_hacluster_vip(service, relation_data):
 
         iface, netmask, fallback = get_vip_settings(vip)
 
-        vip_monitoring = 'op monitor depth="0" timeout="20s" interval="10s"'
+        vip_monitoring = 'op monitor timeout="20s" interval="10s" depth="0"'
         if iface is not None:
             # NOTE(jamespage): Delete old VIP resources
             # Old style naming encoding iface in name

hooks/charmhelpers/contrib/openstack/policyd.py

@@ -0,0 +1,700 @@
+# Copyright 2019 Canonical Ltd
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#  http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+
+import collections
+import contextlib
+import os
+import six
+import shutil
+import yaml
+import zipfile
+
+import charmhelpers.core.hookenv as hookenv
+import charmhelpers.core.host as ch_host
+
+# Features provided by this module:
+
+"""
+Policy.d helper functions
+=========================
+
+The functions in this module are designed, as a set, to provide an easy-to-use
+set of hooks for classic charms to add in /etc/<service-name>/policy.d/
+directory override YAML files.
+
+(For charms.openstack charms, a mixin class is provided for this
+functionality).
+
+In order to "hook" this functionality into a (classic) charm, two functions are
+provided:
+
+    maybe_do_policyd_overrides(openstack_release,
+                               service,
+                               blacklist_paths=none,
+                               blacklist_keys=none,
+                               template_function=none,
+                               restart_handler=none)
+
+    maybe_do_policyd_overrides_on_config_changed(openstack_release,
+                                                 service,
+                                                 blacklist_paths=None,
+                                                 blacklist_keys=None,
+                                                 template_function=None,
+                                                 restart_handler=None
+
+(See the docstrings for details on the parameters)
+
+The functions should be called from the install and upgrade hooks in the charm.
+The `maybe_do_policyd_overrides_on_config_changed` function is designed to be
+called on the config-changed hook, in that it does an additional check to
+ensure that an already overriden policy.d in an upgrade or install hooks isn't
+repeated.
+
+In order the *enable* this functionality, the charm's install, config_changed,
+and upgrade_charm hooks need to be modified, and a new config option (see
+below) needs to be added.  The README for the charm should also be updated.
+
+Examples from the keystone charm are:
+
+@hooks.hook('install.real')
+@harden()
+def install():
+    ...
+    # call the policy overrides handler which will install any policy overrides
+    maybe_do_policyd_overrides(os_release('keystone'), 'keystone')
+
+
+@hooks.hook('config-changed')
+@restart_on_change(restart_map(), restart_functions=restart_function_map())
+@harden()
+def config_changed():
+    ...
+    # call the policy overrides handler which will install any policy overrides
+    maybe_do_policyd_overrides_on_config_changed(os_release('keystone'),
+                                                 'keystone')
+
+@hooks.hook('upgrade-charm')
+@restart_on_change(restart_map(), stopstart=True)
+@harden()
+def upgrade_charm():
+    ...
+    # call the policy overrides handler which will install any policy overrides
+    maybe_do_policyd_overrides(os_release('keystone'), 'keystone')
+
+Status Line
+===========
+
+The workload status code in charm-helpers has been modified to detect if
+policy.d override code has been incorporated into the charm by checking for the
+new config variable (in the config.yaml).  If it has been, then the workload
+status line will automatically show "PO:" at the beginning of the workload
+status for that unit/service if the config option is set.  If the policy
+override is broken, the "PO (broken):" will be shown.  No changes to the charm
+(apart from those already mentioned) are needed to enable this functionality.
+(charms.openstack charms also get this functionality, but please see that
+library for further details).
+"""
+
+# The config.yaml for the charm should contain the following for the config
+# option:
+
+"""
+  use-policyd-override:
+    type: boolean
+    default: False
+    description: |
+      If True then use the resource file named 'policyd-override' to install
+      override yaml files in the service's policy.d directory.  The resource
+      file should be a zip file containing at least one yaml file with a .yaml
+      or .yml extension.  If False then remove the overrides.
+"""
+
+# The metadata.yaml for the charm should contain the following:
+"""
+resources:
+  policyd-override:
+    type: file
+    filename: policyd-override.zip
+    description: The policy.d overrides file
+"""
+
+# The README for the charm should contain the following:
+"""
+Policy Overrides
+----------------
+
+This service allows for policy overrides using the `policy.d` directory.  This
+is an **advanced** feature and the policies that the service supports should be
+clearly and unambiguously understood before trying to override, or add to, the
+default policies that the service uses.
+
+The charm also has some policy defaults.  They should also be understood before
+being overridden.  It is possible to break the system (for tenants and other
+services) if policies are incorrectly applied to the service.
+
+Policy overrides are YAML files that contain rules that will add to, or
+override, existing policy rules in the service.  The `policy.d` directory is
+a place to put the YAML override files.  This charm owns the
+`/etc/keystone/policy.d` directory, and as such, any manual changes to it will
+be overwritten on charm upgrades.
+
+Policy overrides are provided to the charm using a resource file called
+`policyd-override`.  This is attached to the charm using (for example):
+
+    juju attach-resource <charm-name> policyd-override=<some-file>
+
+The `<charm-name>` is the name that this charm is deployed as, with
+`<some-file>` being the resource file containing the policy overrides.
+
+The format of the resource file is a ZIP file (.zip extension) containing at
+least one YAML file with an extension of `.yaml` or `.yml`.  Note that any
+directories in the ZIP file are ignored; all of the files are flattened into a
+single directory.  There must not be any duplicated filenames; this will cause
+an error and nothing in the resource file will be applied.
+
+(ed. next part is optional is the charm supports some form of
+template/substitution on a read file)
+
+If a (ed. "one or more of") [`.j2`, `.tmpl`, `.tpl`] file is found in the
+resource file then the charm will perform a substitution with charm variables
+taken from the config or relations.  (ed. edit as appropriate to include the
+variable).
+
+To enable the policy overrides the config option `use-policyd-override` must be
+set to `True`.
+
+When `use-policyd-override` is `True` the status line of the charm will be
+prefixed with `PO:` indicating that policies have been overridden.  If the
+installation of the policy override YAML files failed for any reason then the
+status line will be prefixed with `PO (broken):`.  The log file for the charm
+will indicate the reason.  No policy override files are installed if the `PO
+(broken):` is shown.  The status line indicates that the overrides are broken,
+not that the policy for the service has failed - they will be the defaults for
+the charm and service.
+
+If the policy overrides did not install then *either* attach a new, corrected,
+resource file *or* disable the policy overrides by setting
+`use-policyd-override` to False.
+
+Policy overrides on one service may affect the functionality of another
+service. Therefore, it may be necessary to provide policy overrides for
+multiple service charms to achieve a consistent set of policies across the
+OpenStack system.  The charms for the other services that may need overrides
+should be checked to ensure that they support overrides before proceeding.
+"""
+
+POLICYD_VALID_EXTS = ['.yaml', '.yml', '.j2', '.tmpl', '.tpl']
+POLICYD_TEMPLATE_EXTS = ['.j2', '.tmpl', '.tpl']
+POLICYD_RESOURCE_NAME = "policyd-override"
+POLICYD_CONFIG_NAME = "use-policyd-override"
+POLICYD_SUCCESS_FILENAME = "policyd-override-success"
+POLICYD_LOG_LEVEL_DEFAULT = hookenv.INFO
+POLICYD_ALWAYS_BLACKLISTED_KEYS = ("admin_required", "cloud_admin")
+
+
+class BadPolicyZipFile(Exception):
+
+    def __init__(self, log_message):
+        self.log_message = log_message
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return self.log_message
+
+
+class BadPolicyYamlFile(Exception):
+
+    def __init__(self, log_message):
+        self.log_message = log_message
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return self.log_message
+
+
+if six.PY2:
+    BadZipFile = zipfile.BadZipfile
+else:
+    BadZipFile = zipfile.BadZipFile
+
+
+def is_policyd_override_valid_on_this_release(openstack_release):
+    """Check that the charm is running on at least Ubuntu Xenial, and at
+    least the queens release.
+
+    :param openstack_release: the release codename that is installed.
+    :type openstack_release: str
+    :returns: True if okay
+    :rtype: bool
+    """
+    # NOTE(ajkavanagh) circular import!  This is because the status message
+    # generation code in utils has to call into this module, but this function
+    # needs the CompareOpenStackReleases() function.  The only way to solve
+    # this is either to put ALL of this module into utils, or refactor one or
+    # other of the CompareOpenStackReleases or status message generation code
+    # into a 3rd module.
+    import charmhelpers.contrib.openstack.utils as ch_utils
+    return ch_utils.CompareOpenStackReleases(openstack_release) >= 'queens'
+
+
+def maybe_do_policyd_overrides(openstack_release,
+                               service,
+                               blacklist_paths=None,
+                               blacklist_keys=None,
+                               template_function=None,
+                               restart_handler=None):
+    """If the config option is set, get the resource file and process it to
+    enable the policy.d overrides for the service passed.
+
+    The param `openstack_release` is required as the policyd overrides feature
+    is only supported on openstack_release "queens" or later, and on ubuntu
+    "xenial" or later.  Prior to these versions, this feature is a NOP.
+
+    The optional template_function is a function that accepts a string and has
+    an opportunity to modify the loaded file prior to it being read by
+    yaml.safe_load().  This allows the charm to perform "templating" using
+    charm derived data.
+
+    The param blacklist_paths are paths (that are in the service's policy.d
+    directory that should not be touched).
+
+    The param blacklist_keys are keys that must not appear in the yaml file.
+    If they do, then the whole policy.d file fails.
+
+    The yaml file extracted from the resource_file (which is a zipped file) has
+    its file path reconstructed.  This, also, must not match any path in the
+    black list.
+
+    The param restart_handler is an optional Callable that is called to perform
+    the service restart if the policy.d file is changed.  This should normally
+    be None as oslo.policy automatically picks up changes in the policy.d
+    directory.  However, for any services where this is buggy then a
+    restart_handler can be used to force the policy.d files to be read.
+
+    :param openstack_release: The openstack release that is installed.
+    :type openstack_release: str
+    :param service: the service name to construct the policy.d directory for.
+    :type service: str
+    :param blacklist_paths: optional list of paths to leave alone
+    :type blacklist_paths: Union[None, List[str]]
+    :param blacklist_keys: optional list of keys that mustn't appear in the
+                           yaml file's
+    :type blacklist_keys: Union[None, List[str]]
+    :param template_function: Optional function that can modify the string
+                              prior to being processed as a Yaml document.
+    :type template_function: Union[None, Callable[[str], str]]
+    :param restart_handler: The function to call if the service should be
+                            restarted.
+    :type restart_handler: Union[None, Callable[]]
+    """
+    config = hookenv.config()
+    try:
+        if not config.get(POLICYD_CONFIG_NAME, False):
+            remove_policy_success_file()
+            clean_policyd_dir_for(service, blacklist_paths)
+            return
+    except Exception:
+        return
+    if not is_policyd_override_valid_on_this_release(openstack_release):
+        return
+    # from now on it should succeed; if it doesn't then status line will show
+    # broken.
+    resource_filename = get_policy_resource_filename()
+    restart = process_policy_resource_file(
+        resource_filename, service, blacklist_paths, blacklist_keys,
+        template_function)
+    if restart and restart_handler is not None and callable(restart_handler):
+        restart_handler()
+
+
+def maybe_do_policyd_overrides_on_config_changed(openstack_release,
+                                                 service,
+                                                 blacklist_paths=None,
+                                                 blacklist_keys=None,
+                                                 template_function=None,
+                                                 restart_handler=None):
+    """This function is designed to be called from the config changed hook
+    handler.  It will only perform the policyd overrides if the config is True
+    and the success file doesn't exist.  Otherwise, it does nothing as the
+    resource file has already been processed.
+
+    See maybe_do_policyd_overrides() for more details on the params.
+
+    :param openstack_release: The openstack release that is installed.
+    :type openstack_release: str
+    :param service: the service name to construct the policy.d directory for.
+    :type service: str
+    :param blacklist_paths: optional list of paths to leave alone
+    :type blacklist_paths: Union[None, List[str]]
+    :param blacklist_keys: optional list of keys that mustn't appear in the
+                           yaml file's
+    :type blacklist_keys: Union[None, List[str]]
+    :param template_function: Optional function that can modify the string
+                              prior to being processed as a Yaml document.
+    :type template_function: Union[None, Callable[[str], str]]
+    :param restart_handler: The function to call if the service should be
+                            restarted.
+    :type restart_handler: Union[None, Callable[]]
+    """
+    config = hookenv.config()
+    try:
+        if not config.get(POLICYD_CONFIG_NAME, False):
+            remove_policy_success_file()
+            clean_policyd_dir_for(service, blacklist_paths)
+            return
+    except Exception:
+        return
+    # if the policyd overrides have been performed just return
+    if os.path.isfile(_policy_success_file()):
+        return
+    maybe_do_policyd_overrides(
+        openstack_release, service, blacklist_paths, blacklist_keys,
+        template_function, restart_handler)
+
+
+def get_policy_resource_filename():
+    """Function to extract the policy resource filename
+
+    :returns: The filename of the resource, if set, otherwise, if an error
+               occurs, then None is returned.
+    :rtype: Union[str, None]
+    """
+    try:
+        return hookenv.resource_get(POLICYD_RESOURCE_NAME)
+    except Exception:
+        return None
+
+
+@contextlib.contextmanager
+def open_and_filter_yaml_files(filepath):
+    """Validate that the filepath provided is a zip file and contains at least
+    one (.yaml|.yml) file, and that the files are not duplicated when the zip
+    file is flattened.  Note that the yaml files are not checked.  This is the
+    first stage in validating the policy zipfile; individual yaml files are not
+    checked for validity or black listed keys.
+
+    An example of use is:
+
+        with open_and_filter_yaml_files(some_path) as zfp, g:
+            for zipinfo in g:
+                # do something with zipinfo ...
+
+    :param filepath: a filepath object that can be opened by zipfile
+    :type filepath: Union[AnyStr, os.PathLike[AntStr]]
+    :returns: (zfp handle,
+               a generator of the (name, filename, ZipInfo object) tuples) as a
+               tuple.
+    :rtype: ContextManager[(zipfile.ZipFile,
+                            Generator[(name, str, str, zipfile.ZipInfo)])]
+    :raises: zipfile.BadZipFile
+    :raises: BadPolicyZipFile if duplicated yaml or missing
+    :raises: IOError if the filepath is not found
+    """
+    with zipfile.ZipFile(filepath, 'r') as zfp:
+        # first pass through; check for duplicates and at least one yaml file.
+        names = collections.defaultdict(int)
+        yamlfiles = _yamlfiles(zfp)
+        for name, _, _, _ in yamlfiles:
+            names[name] += 1
+        # There must be at least 1 yaml file.
+        if len(names.keys()) == 0:
+            raise BadPolicyZipFile("contains no yaml files with {} extensions."
+                                   .format(", ".join(POLICYD_VALID_EXTS)))
+        # There must be no duplicates
+        duplicates = [n for n, c in names.items() if c > 1]
+        if duplicates:
+            raise BadPolicyZipFile("{} have duplicates in the zip file."
+                                   .format(", ".join(duplicates)))
+        # Finally, let's yield the generator
+        yield (zfp, yamlfiles)
+
+
+def _yamlfiles(zipfile):
+    """Helper to get a yaml file (according to POLICYD_VALID_EXTS extensions)
+    and the infolist item from a zipfile.
+
+    :param zipfile: the zipfile to read zipinfo items from
+    :type zipfile: zipfile.ZipFile
+    :returns: generator of (name, ext, filename, info item) for each self-identified
+              yaml file.
+    :rtype: List[(str, str, str, zipfile.ZipInfo)]
+    """
+    l = []
+    for infolist_item in zipfile.infolist():
+        if infolist_item.is_dir():
+            continue
+        _, name_ext = os.path.split(infolist_item.filename)
+        name, ext = os.path.splitext(name_ext)
+        ext = ext.lower()
+        if ext and ext in POLICYD_VALID_EXTS:
+            l.append((name, ext, name_ext, infolist_item))
+    return l
+
+
+def read_and_validate_yaml(stream_or_doc, blacklist_keys=None):
+    """Read, validate and return the (first) yaml document from the stream.
+
+    The doc is read, and checked for a yaml file.  The the top-level keys are
+    checked against the blacklist_keys provided.  If there are problems then an
+    Exception is raised.  Otherwise the yaml document is returned as a Python
+    object that can be dumped back as a yaml file on the system.
+
+    The yaml file must only consist of a str:str mapping, and if not then the
+    yaml file is rejected.
+
+    :param stream_or_doc: the file object to read the yaml from
+    :type stream_or_doc: Union[AnyStr, IO[AnyStr]]
+    :param blacklist_keys: Any keys, which if in the yaml file, should cause
+        and error.
+    :type blacklisted_keys: Union[None, List[str]]
+    :returns: the yaml file as a python document
+    :rtype: Dict[str, str]
+    :raises: yaml.YAMLError if there is a problem with the document
+    :raises: BadPolicyYamlFile if file doesn't look right or there are
+             blacklisted keys in the file.
+    """
+    blacklist_keys = blacklist_keys or []
+    blacklist_keys.append(POLICYD_ALWAYS_BLACKLISTED_KEYS)
+    doc = yaml.safe_load(stream_or_doc)
+    if not isinstance(doc, dict):
+        raise BadPolicyYamlFile("doesn't look like a policy file?")
+    keys = set(doc.keys())
+    blacklisted_keys_present = keys.intersection(blacklist_keys)
+    if blacklisted_keys_present:
+        raise BadPolicyYamlFile("blacklisted keys {} present."
+                                .format(", ".join(blacklisted_keys_present)))
+    if not all(isinstance(k, six.string_types) for k in keys):
+        raise BadPolicyYamlFile("keys in yaml aren't all strings?")
+    # check that the dictionary looks like a mapping of str to str
+    if not all(isinstance(v, six.string_types) for v in doc.values()):
+        raise BadPolicyYamlFile("values in yaml aren't all strings?")
+    return doc
+
+
+def policyd_dir_for(service):
+    """Return the policy directory for the named service.
+
+    This assumes the default name of "policy.d" which is kept across all
+    charms.
+
+    :param service: str
+    :returns: the policy.d override directory.
+    :rtype: os.PathLike[str]
+    """
+    return os.path.join("/", "etc", service, "policy.d")
+
+
+def clean_policyd_dir_for(service, keep_paths=None):
+    """Clean out the policyd directory except for items that should be kept.
+
+    The keep_paths, if used, should be set to the full path of the files that
+    should be kept in the policyd directory for the service.  Note that the
+    service name is passed in, and then the policyd_dir_for() function is used.
+    This is so that a coding error doesn't result in a sudden deletion of the
+    charm (say).
+
+    :param service: the service name to use to construct the policy.d dir.
+    :type service: str
+    :param keep_paths: optional list of paths to not delete.
+    :type keep_paths: Union[None, List[str]]
+    """
+    keep_paths = keep_paths or []
+    path = policyd_dir_for(service)
+    if not os.path.exists(path):
+        ch_host.mkdir(path, owner=service, group=service, perms=0o775)
+    _scanner = os.scandir if six.PY3 else _py2_scandir
+    for direntry in _scanner(path):
+        # see if the path should be kept.
+        if direntry.path in keep_paths:
+            continue
+        # we remove any directories; it's ours and there shouldn't be any
+        if direntry.is_dir():
+            shutil.rmtree(direntry.path)
+        else:
+            os.remove(direntry.path)
+
+
+@contextlib.contextmanager
+def _py2_scandir(path):
+    """provide a py2 implementation of os.scandir if this module ever gets used
+    in a py2 charm (unlikely).  uses os.listdir() to get the names in the path,
+    and then mocks the is_dir() function using os.path.isdir() to check for a
+    directory.
+
+    :param path: the path to list the directories for
+    :type path: str
+    :returns: Generator that provides _P27Direntry objects
+    :rtype: ContextManager[_P27Direntry]
+    """
+    for f in os.listdir(path):
+        yield _P27Direntry(f)
+
+
+class _P27Direntry(object):
+    """Mock a scandir Direntry object with enough to use in
+    clean_policyd_dir_for
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, path):
+        self.path = path
+
+    def is_dir(self):
+        return os.path.isdir(self.path)
+
+
+def path_for_policy_file(service, name):
+    """Return the full path for a policy.d file that will be written to the
+    service's policy.d directory.
+
+    It is constructed using policyd_dir_for(), the name and the ".yaml"
+    extension.
+
+    :param service: the service name
+    :type service: str
+    :param name: the name for the policy override
+    :type name: str
+    :returns: the full path name for the file
+    :rtype: os.PathLike[str]
+    """
+    return os.path.join(policyd_dir_for(service), name + ".yaml")
+
+
+def _policy_success_file():
+    """Return the file name for a successful drop of policy.d overrides
+
+    :returns: the path name for the file.
+    :rtype: str
+    """
+    return os.path.join(hookenv.charm_dir(), POLICYD_SUCCESS_FILENAME)
+
+
+def remove_policy_success_file():
+    """Remove the file that indicates successful policyd override."""
+    try:
+        os.remove(_policy_success_file())
+    except Exception:
+        pass
+
+
+def policyd_status_message_prefix():
+    """Return the prefix str for the status line.
+
+    "PO:" indicating that the policy overrides are in place, or "PO (broken):"
+    if the policy is supposed to be working but there is no success file.
+
+    :returns: the prefix
+    :rtype: str
+    """
+    if os.path.isfile(_policy_success_file()):
+        return "PO:"
+    return "PO (broken):"
+
+
+def process_policy_resource_file(resource_file,
+                                 service,
+                                 blacklist_paths=None,
+                                 blacklist_keys=None,
+                                 template_function=None):
+    """Process the resource file (which should contain at least one yaml file)
+    and write those files to the service's policy.d directory.
+
+    The optional template_function is a function that accepts a python
+    string and has an opportunity to modify the document
+    prior to it being read by the yaml.safe_load() function and written to
+    disk. Note that this function does *not* say how the templating is done -
+    this is up to the charm to implement its chosen method.
+
+    The param blacklist_paths are paths (that are in the service's policy.d
+    directory that should not be touched).
+
+    The param blacklist_keys are keys that must not appear in the yaml file.
+    If they do, then the whole policy.d file fails.
+
+    The yaml file extracted from the resource_file (which is a zipped file) has
+    its file path reconstructed.  This, also, must not match any path in the
+    black list.
+
+    If any error occurs, then the policy.d directory is cleared, the error is
+    written to the log, and the status line will eventually show as failed.
+
+    :param resource_file: The zipped file to open and extract yaml files form.
+    :type resource_file: Union[AnyStr, os.PathLike[AnyStr]]
+    :param service: the service name to construct the policy.d directory for.
+    :type service: str
+    :param blacklist_paths: optional list of paths to leave alone
+    :type blacklist_paths: Union[None, List[str]]
+    :param blacklist_keys: optional list of keys that mustn't appear in the
+                           yaml file's
+    :type blacklist_keys: Union[None, List[str]]
+    :param template_function: Optional function that can modify the yaml
+                              document.
+    :type template_function: Union[None, Callable[[AnyStr], AnyStr]]
+    :returns: True if the processing was successful, False if not.
+    :rtype: boolean
+    """
+    blacklist_paths = blacklist_paths or []
+    completed = False
+    try:
+        with open_and_filter_yaml_files(resource_file) as (zfp, gen):
+            # first clear out the policy.d directory and clear success
+            remove_policy_success_file()
+            clean_policyd_dir_for(service, blacklist_paths)
+            for name, ext, filename, zipinfo in gen:
+                # construct a name for the output file.
+                yaml_filename = path_for_policy_file(service, name)
+                if yaml_filename in blacklist_paths:
+                    raise BadPolicyZipFile("policy.d name {} is blacklisted"
+                                           .format(yaml_filename))
+                with zfp.open(zipinfo) as fp:
+                    doc = fp.read()
+                    # if template_function is not None, then offer the document
+                    # to the template function
+                    if ext in POLICYD_TEMPLATE_EXTS:
+                        if (template_function is None or not
+                                callable(template_function)):
+                            raise BadPolicyZipFile(
+                                "Template {} but no template_function is "
+                                "available".format(filename))
+                        doc = template_function(doc)
+                    yaml_doc = read_and_validate_yaml(doc, blacklist_keys)
+                with open(yaml_filename, "wt") as f:
+                    yaml.dump(yaml_doc, f)
+        # Every thing worked, so we mark up a success.
+        completed = True
+    except (BadZipFile, BadPolicyZipFile, BadPolicyYamlFile) as e:
+        hookenv.log("Processing {} failed: {}".format(resource_file, str(e)),
+                    level=POLICYD_LOG_LEVEL_DEFAULT)
+    except IOError as e:
+        # technically this shouldn't happen; it would be a programming error as
+        # the filename comes from Juju and thus, should exist.
+        hookenv.log(
+            "File {} failed with IOError.  This really shouldn't happen"
+            " -- error: {}".format(resource_file, str(e)),
+            level=POLICYD_LOG_LEVEL_DEFAULT)
+    except Exception as e:
+        import traceback
+        hookenv.log("General Exception({}) during policyd processing"
+                    .format(str(e)),
+                    level=POLICYD_LOG_LEVEL_DEFAULT)
+        hookenv.log(traceback.format_exc())
+    finally:
+        if not completed:
+            hookenv.log("Processing {} failed: cleaning policy.d directory"
+                        .format(resource_file),
+                        level=POLICYD_LOG_LEVEL_DEFAULT)
+            clean_policyd_dir_for(service, blacklist_paths)
+        else:
+            # touch the success filename
+            hookenv.log("policy.d overrides installed.",
+                        level=POLICYD_LOG_LEVEL_DEFAULT)
+            open(_policy_success_file(), "w").close()
+        return completed

hooks/charmhelpers/contrib/openstack/utils.py

@@ -84,7 +84,8 @@ from charmhelpers.fetch import (
     SourceConfigError,
     GPGKeyError,
     get_upstream_version,
-    filter_missing_packages
+    filter_missing_packages,
+    ubuntu_apt_pkg as apt,
 )
 
 from charmhelpers.fetch.snap import (
@@ -96,6 +97,10 @@ from charmhelpers.fetch.snap import (
 from charmhelpers.contrib.storage.linux.utils import is_block_device, zap_disk
 from charmhelpers.contrib.storage.linux.loopback import ensure_loopback_device
 from charmhelpers.contrib.openstack.exceptions import OSContextError
+from charmhelpers.contrib.openstack.policyd import (
+    policyd_status_message_prefix,
+    POLICYD_CONFIG_NAME,
+)
 
 CLOUD_ARCHIVE_URL = "http://ubuntu-cloud.archive.canonical.com/ubuntu"
 CLOUD_ARCHIVE_KEY_ID = '5EDB1B62EC4926EA'
@@ -443,8 +448,6 @@ def get_os_codename_package(package, fatal=True):
                 # Second item in list is Version
                 return line.split()[1]
 
-    import apt_pkg as apt
-
     cache = apt_cache()
 
     try:
@@ -658,7 +661,6 @@ def openstack_upgrade_available(package):
                          a newer version of package.
     """
 
-    import apt_pkg as apt
     src = config('openstack-origin')
     cur_vers = get_os_version_package(package)
     if not cur_vers:
@@ -864,6 +866,12 @@ def _determine_os_workload_status(
         message = "Unit is ready"
         juju_log(message, 'INFO')
 
+    try:
+        if config(POLICYD_CONFIG_NAME):
+            message = "{} {}".format(policyd_status_message_prefix(), message)
+    except Exception:
+        pass
+
     return state, message
 
 

hooks/charmhelpers/contrib/storage/linux/ceph.py

@@ -301,6 +301,7 @@ class ReplicatedPool(Pool):
                  percent_data=10.0, app_name=None):
         super(ReplicatedPool, self).__init__(service=service, name=name)
         self.replicas = replicas
+        self.percent_data = percent_data
         if pg_num:
             # Since the number of placement groups were specified, ensure
             # that there aren't too many created.
@@ -324,12 +325,24 @@ class ReplicatedPool(Pool):
                 update_pool(client=self.service,
                             pool=self.name,
                             settings={'size': str(self.replicas)})
+                nautilus_or_later = cmp_pkgrevno('ceph-common', '14.2.0') >= 0
+                if nautilus_or_later:
+                    # Ensure we set the expected pool ratio
+                    update_pool(client=self.service,
+                                pool=self.name,
+                                settings={'target_size_ratio': str(self.percent_data / 100.0)})
                 try:
                     set_app_name_for_pool(client=self.service,
                                           pool=self.name,
                                           name=self.app_name)
                 except CalledProcessError:
                     log('Could not set app name for pool {}'.format(self.name, level=WARNING))
+                if 'pg_autoscaler' in enabled_manager_modules():
+                    try:
+                        enable_pg_autoscale(self.service, self.name)
+                    except CalledProcessError as e:
+                        log('Could not configure auto scaling for pool {}: {}'.format(
+                            self.name, e, level=WARNING))
             except CalledProcessError:
                 raise
 
@@ -382,6 +395,18 @@ class ErasurePool(Pool):
                                           name=self.app_name)
                 except CalledProcessError:
                     log('Could not set app name for pool {}'.format(self.name, level=WARNING))
+                nautilus_or_later = cmp_pkgrevno('ceph-common', '14.2.0') >= 0
+                if nautilus_or_later:
+                    # Ensure we set the expected pool ratio
+                    update_pool(client=self.service,
+                                pool=self.name,
+                                settings={'target_size_ratio': str(self.percent_data / 100.0)})
+                if 'pg_autoscaler' in enabled_manager_modules():
+                    try:
+                        enable_pg_autoscale(self.service, self.name)
+                    except CalledProcessError as e:
+                        log('Could not configure auto scaling for pool {}: {}'.format(
+                            self.name, e, level=WARNING))
             except CalledProcessError:
                 raise
 
@@ -389,6 +414,32 @@ class ErasurePool(Pool):
        Returns json formatted output"""
 
 
+def enabled_manager_modules():
+    """Return a list of enabled manager modules.
+
+    :rtype: List[str]
+    """
+    cmd = ['ceph', 'mgr', 'module', 'ls']
+    try:
+        modules = check_output(cmd)
+    except CalledProcessError as e:
+        log("Failed to list ceph modules: {}".format(e), WARNING)
+        return []
+    modules = json.loads(modules)
+    return modules['enabled_modules']
+
+
+def enable_pg_autoscale(service, pool_name):
+    """
+    Enable Ceph's PG autoscaler for the specified pool.
+
+    :param service: six.string_types. The Ceph user name to run the command under
+    :param pool_name: six.string_types. The name of the pool to enable sutoscaling on
+    :raise: CalledProcessError if the command fails
+    """
+    check_call(['ceph', '--id', service, 'osd', 'pool', 'set', pool_name, 'pg_autoscale_mode', 'on'])
+
+
 def get_mon_map(service):
     """
     Returns the current monitor map.

hooks/charmhelpers/core/host.py

@@ -1075,3 +1075,30 @@ def install_ca_cert(ca_cert, name=None):
     log("Installing new CA cert at: {}".format(cert_file), level=INFO)
     write_file(cert_file, ca_cert)
     subprocess.check_call(['update-ca-certificates', '--fresh'])
+
+
+def get_system_env(key, default=None):
+    """Get data from system environment as represented in ``/etc/environment``.
+
+    :param key: Key to look up
+    :type key: str
+    :param default: Value to return if key is not found
+    :type default: any
+    :returns: Value for key if found or contents of default parameter
+    :rtype: any
+    :raises: subprocess.CalledProcessError
+    """
+    env_file = '/etc/environment'
+    # use the shell and env(1) to parse the global environments file.  This is
+    # done to get the correct result even if the user has shell variable
+    # substitutions or other shell logic in that file.
+    output = subprocess.check_output(
+        ['env', '-i', '/bin/bash', '-c',
+         'set -a && source {} && env'.format(env_file)],
+        universal_newlines=True)
+    for k, v in (line.split('=', 1)
+                 for line in output.splitlines() if '=' in line):
+        if k == key:
+            return v
+    else:
+        return default

hooks/charmhelpers/core/host_factory/ubuntu.py

@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@ UBUNTU_RELEASES = (
     'bionic',
     'cosmic',
     'disco',
+    'eoan',
 )
 
 
@@ -93,7 +94,7 @@ def cmp_pkgrevno(package, revno, pkgcache=None):
     the pkgcache argument is None. Be sure to add charmhelpers.fetch if
     you call this function, or pass an apt_pkg.Cache() instance.
     """
-    import apt_pkg
+    from charmhelpers.fetch import apt_pkg
     if not pkgcache:
         from charmhelpers.fetch import apt_cache
         pkgcache = apt_cache()

hooks/charmhelpers/fetch/__init__.py

@@ -103,6 +103,8 @@ if __platform__ == "ubuntu":
     apt_unhold = fetch.apt_unhold
     import_key = fetch.import_key
     get_upstream_version = fetch.get_upstream_version
+    apt_pkg = fetch.ubuntu_apt_pkg
+    get_apt_dpkg_env = fetch.get_apt_dpkg_env
 elif __platform__ == "centos":
     yum_search = fetch.yum_search
 

hooks/charmhelpers/fetch/ubuntu.py

@@ -13,14 +13,14 @@
 # limitations under the License.
 
 from collections import OrderedDict
-import os
 import platform
 import re
 import six
-import time
 import subprocess
+import sys
+import time
 
-from charmhelpers.core.host import get_distrib_codename
+from charmhelpers.core.host import get_distrib_codename, get_system_env
 
 from charmhelpers.core.hookenv import (
     log,
@@ -29,6 +29,7 @@ from charmhelpers.core.hookenv import (
     env_proxy_settings,
 )
 from charmhelpers.fetch import SourceConfigError, GPGKeyError
+from charmhelpers.fetch import ubuntu_apt_pkg
 
 PROPOSED_POCKET = (
     "# Proposed\n"
@@ -216,18 +217,42 @@ def filter_missing_packages(packages):
     )
 
 
-def apt_cache(in_memory=True, progress=None):
+def apt_cache(*_, **__):
-    """Build and return an apt cache."""
+    """Shim returning an object simulating the apt_pkg Cache.
-    from apt import apt_pkg
+
-    apt_pkg.init()
+    :param _: Accept arguments for compability, not used.
-    if in_memory:
+    :type _: any
-        apt_pkg.config.set("Dir::Cache::pkgcache", "")
+    :param __: Accept keyword arguments for compability, not used.
-        apt_pkg.config.set("Dir::Cache::srcpkgcache", "")
+    :type __: any
-    return apt_pkg.Cache(progress)
+    :returns:Object used to interrogate the system apt and dpkg databases.
+    :rtype:ubuntu_apt_pkg.Cache
+    """
+    if 'apt_pkg' in sys.modules:
+        # NOTE(fnordahl): When our consumer use the upstream ``apt_pkg`` module
+        # in conjunction with the apt_cache helper function, they may expect us
+        # to call ``apt_pkg.init()`` for them.
+        #
+        # Detect this situation, log a warning and make the call to
+        # ``apt_pkg.init()`` to avoid the consumer Python interpreter from
+        # crashing with a segmentation fault.
+        log('Support for use of upstream ``apt_pkg`` module in conjunction'
+            'with charm-helpers is deprecated since 2019-06-25', level=WARNING)
+        sys.modules['apt_pkg'].init()
+    return ubuntu_apt_pkg.Cache()
 
 
 def apt_install(packages, options=None, fatal=False):
-    """Install one or more packages."""
+    """Install one or more packages.
+
+    :param packages: Package(s) to install
+    :type packages: Option[str, List[str]]
+    :param options: Options to pass on to apt-get
+    :type options: Option[None, List[str]]
+    :param fatal: Whether the command's output should be checked and
+                  retried.
+    :type fatal: bool
+    :raises: subprocess.CalledProcessError
+    """
     if options is None:
         options = ['--option=Dpkg::Options::=--force-confold']
 
@@ -244,7 +269,17 @@ def apt_install(packages, options=None, fatal=False):
 
 
 def apt_upgrade(options=None, fatal=False, dist=False):
-    """Upgrade all packages."""
+    """Upgrade all packages.
+
+    :param options: Options to pass on to apt-get
+    :type options: Option[None, List[str]]
+    :param fatal: Whether the command's output should be checked and
+                  retried.
+    :type fatal: bool
+    :param dist: Whether ``dist-upgrade`` should be used over ``upgrade``
+    :type dist: bool
+    :raises: subprocess.CalledProcessError
+    """
     if options is None:
         options = ['--option=Dpkg::Options::=--force-confold']
 
@@ -265,7 +300,15 @@ def apt_update(fatal=False):
 
 
 def apt_purge(packages, fatal=False):
-    """Purge one or more packages."""
+    """Purge one or more packages.
+
+    :param packages: Package(s) to install
+    :type packages: Option[str, List[str]]
+    :param fatal: Whether the command's output should be checked and
+                  retried.
+    :type fatal: bool
+    :raises: subprocess.CalledProcessError
+    """
     cmd = ['apt-get', '--assume-yes', 'purge']
     if isinstance(packages, six.string_types):
         cmd.append(packages)
@@ -276,7 +319,14 @@ def apt_purge(packages, fatal=False):
 
 
 def apt_autoremove(purge=True, fatal=False):
-    """Purge one or more packages."""
+    """Purge one or more packages.
+    :param purge: Whether the ``--purge`` option should be passed on or not.
+    :type purge: bool
+    :param fatal: Whether the command's output should be checked and
+                  retried.
+    :type fatal: bool
+    :raises: subprocess.CalledProcessError
+    """
     cmd = ['apt-get', '--assume-yes', 'autoremove']
     if purge:
         cmd.append('--purge')
@@ -660,21 +710,22 @@ def _run_with_retries(cmd, max_retries=CMD_RETRY_COUNT, retry_exitcodes=(1,),
                       retry_message="", cmd_env=None):
     """Run a command and retry until success or max_retries is reached.
 
-    :param: cmd: str: The apt command to run.
+    :param cmd: The apt command to run.
-    :param: max_retries: int: The number of retries to attempt on a fatal
+    :type cmd: str
-        command. Defaults to CMD_RETRY_COUNT.
+    :param max_retries: The number of retries to attempt on a fatal
-    :param: retry_exitcodes: tuple: Optional additional exit codes to retry.
+                        command. Defaults to CMD_RETRY_COUNT.
-        Defaults to retry on exit code 1.
+    :type max_retries: int
-    :param: retry_message: str: Optional log prefix emitted during retries.
+    :param retry_exitcodes: Optional additional exit codes to retry.
-    :param: cmd_env: dict: Environment variables to add to the command run.
+                            Defaults to retry on exit code 1.
+    :type retry_exitcodes: tuple
+    :param retry_message: Optional log prefix emitted during retries.
+    :type retry_message: str
+    :param: cmd_env: Environment variables to add to the command run.
+    :type cmd_env: Option[None, Dict[str, str]]
     """
-
+    env = get_apt_dpkg_env()
-    env = None
-    kwargs = {}
     if cmd_env:
-        env = os.environ.copy()
         env.update(cmd_env)
-        kwargs['env'] = env
 
     if not retry_message:
         retry_message = "Failed executing '{}'".format(" ".join(cmd))
@@ -686,8 +737,7 @@ def _run_with_retries(cmd, max_retries=CMD_RETRY_COUNT, retry_exitcodes=(1,),
     retry_results = (None,) + retry_exitcodes
     while result in retry_results:
         try:
-            # result = subprocess.check_call(cmd, env=env)
+            result = subprocess.check_call(cmd, env=env)
-            result = subprocess.check_call(cmd, **kwargs)
         except subprocess.CalledProcessError as e:
             retry_count = retry_count + 1
             if retry_count > max_retries:
@@ -700,22 +750,18 @@ def _run_with_retries(cmd, max_retries=CMD_RETRY_COUNT, retry_exitcodes=(1,),
 def _run_apt_command(cmd, fatal=False):
     """Run an apt command with optional retries.
 
-    :param: cmd: str: The apt command to run.
+    :param cmd: The apt command to run.
-    :param: fatal: bool: Whether the command's output should be checked and
+    :type cmd: str
-        retried.
+    :param fatal: Whether the command's output should be checked and
+                  retried.
+    :type fatal: bool
     """
-    # Provide DEBIAN_FRONTEND=noninteractive if not present in the environment.
-    cmd_env = {
-        'DEBIAN_FRONTEND': os.environ.get('DEBIAN_FRONTEND', 'noninteractive')}
-
     if fatal:
         _run_with_retries(
-            cmd, cmd_env=cmd_env, retry_exitcodes=(1, APT_NO_LOCK,),
+            cmd, retry_exitcodes=(1, APT_NO_LOCK,),
             retry_message="Couldn't acquire DPKG lock")
     else:
-        env = os.environ.copy()
+        subprocess.call(cmd, env=get_apt_dpkg_env())
-        env.update(cmd_env)
-        subprocess.call(cmd, env=env)
 
 
 def get_upstream_version(package):
@@ -723,7 +769,6 @@ def get_upstream_version(package):
 
     @returns None (if not installed) or the upstream version
     """
-    import apt_pkg
     cache = apt_cache()
     try:
         pkg = cache[package]
@@ -735,4 +780,18 @@ def get_upstream_version(package):
         # package is known, but no version is currently installed.
         return None
 
-    return apt_pkg.upstream_version(pkg.current_ver.ver_str)
+    return ubuntu_apt_pkg.upstream_version(pkg.current_ver.ver_str)
+
+
+def get_apt_dpkg_env():
+    """Get environment suitable for execution of APT and DPKG tools.
+
+    We keep this in a helper function instead of in a global constant to
+    avoid execution on import of the library.
+    :returns: Environment suitable for execution of APT and DPKG tools.
+    :rtype: Dict[str, str]
+    """
+    # The fallback is used in the event of ``/etc/environment`` not containing
+    # avalid PATH variable.
+    return {'DEBIAN_FRONTEND': 'noninteractive',
+            'PATH': get_system_env('PATH', '/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin')}

hooks/charmhelpers/fetch/ubuntu_apt_pkg.py

@@ -0,0 +1,237 @@
+# Copyright 2019 Canonical Ltd
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#  http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+
+"""Provide a subset of the ``python-apt`` module API.
+
+Data collection is done through subprocess calls to ``apt-cache`` and
+``dpkg-query`` commands.
+
+The main purpose for this module is to avoid dependency on the
+``python-apt`` python module.
+
+The indicated python module is a wrapper around the ``apt`` C++ library
+which is tightly connected to the version of the distribution it was
+shipped on.  It is not developed in a backward/forward compatible manner.
+
+This in turn makes it incredibly hard to distribute as a wheel for a piece
+of python software that supports a span of distro releases [0][1].
+
+Upstream feedback like [2] does not give confidence in this ever changing,
+so with this we get rid of the dependency.
+
+0: https://github.com/juju-solutions/layer-basic/pull/135
+1: https://bugs.launchpad.net/charm-octavia/+bug/1824112
+2: https://bugs.debian.org/cgi-bin/bugreport.cgi?bug=845330#10
+"""
+
+import locale
+import os
+import subprocess
+
+
+class _container(dict):
+    """Simple container for attributes."""
+    __getattr__ = dict.__getitem__
+    __setattr__ = dict.__setitem__
+
+
+class Package(_container):
+    """Simple container for package attributes."""
+
+
+class Version(_container):
+    """Simple container for version attributes."""
+
+
+class Cache(object):
+    """Simulation of ``apt_pkg`` Cache object."""
+    def __init__(self, progress=None):
+        pass
+
+    def __getitem__(self, package):
+        """Get information about a package from apt and dpkg databases.
+
+        :param package: Name of package
+        :type package: str
+        :returns: Package object
+        :rtype: object
+        :raises: KeyError, subprocess.CalledProcessError
+        """
+        apt_result = self._apt_cache_show([package])[package]
+        apt_result['name'] = apt_result.pop('package')
+        pkg = Package(apt_result)
+        dpkg_result = self._dpkg_list([package]).get(package, {})
+        current_ver = None
+        installed_version = dpkg_result.get('version')
+        if installed_version:
+            current_ver = Version({'ver_str': installed_version})
+        pkg.current_ver = current_ver
+        pkg.architecture = dpkg_result.get('architecture')
+        return pkg
+
+    def _dpkg_list(self, packages):
+        """Get data from system dpkg database for package.
+
+        :param packages: Packages to get data from
+        :type packages: List[str]
+        :returns: Structured data about installed packages, keys like
+                  ``dpkg-query --list``
+        :rtype: dict
+        :raises: subprocess.CalledProcessError
+        """
+        pkgs = {}
+        cmd = ['dpkg-query', '--list']
+        cmd.extend(packages)
+        if locale.getlocale() == (None, None):
+            # subprocess calls out to locale.getpreferredencoding(False) to
+            # determine encoding.  Workaround for Trusty where the
+            # environment appears to not be set up correctly.
+            locale.setlocale(locale.LC_ALL, 'en_US.UTF-8')
+        try:
+            output = subprocess.check_output(cmd,
+                                             stderr=subprocess.STDOUT,
+                                             universal_newlines=True)
+        except subprocess.CalledProcessError as cp:
+            # ``dpkg-query`` may return error and at the same time have
+            # produced useful output, for example when asked for multiple
+            # packages where some are not installed
+            if cp.returncode != 1:
+                raise
+            output = cp.output
+        headings = []
+        for line in output.splitlines():
+            if line.startswith('||/'):
+                headings = line.split()
+                headings.pop(0)
+                continue
+            elif (line.startswith('|') or line.startswith('+') or
+                  line.startswith('dpkg-query:')):
+                continue
+            else:
+                data = line.split(None, 4)
+                status = data.pop(0)
+                if status != 'ii':
+                    continue
+                pkg = {}
+                pkg.update({k.lower(): v for k, v in zip(headings, data)})
+                if 'name' in pkg:
+                    pkgs.update({pkg['name']: pkg})
+        return pkgs
+
+    def _apt_cache_show(self, packages):
+        """Get data from system apt cache for package.
+
+        :param packages: Packages to get data from
+        :type packages: List[str]
+        :returns: Structured data about package, keys like
+                  ``apt-cache show``
+        :rtype: dict
+        :raises: subprocess.CalledProcessError
+        """
+        pkgs = {}
+        cmd = ['apt-cache', 'show', '--no-all-versions']
+        cmd.extend(packages)
+        if locale.getlocale() == (None, None):
+            # subprocess calls out to locale.getpreferredencoding(False) to
+            # determine encoding.  Workaround for Trusty where the
+            # environment appears to not be set up correctly.
+            locale.setlocale(locale.LC_ALL, 'en_US.UTF-8')
+        try:
+            output = subprocess.check_output(cmd,
+                                             stderr=subprocess.STDOUT,
+                                             universal_newlines=True)
+            previous = None
+            pkg = {}
+            for line in output.splitlines():
+                if not line:
+                    if 'package' in pkg:
+                        pkgs.update({pkg['package']: pkg})
+                        pkg = {}
+                    continue
+                if line.startswith(' '):
+                    if previous and previous in pkg:
+                        pkg[previous] += os.linesep + line.lstrip()
+                    continue
+                if ':' in line:
+                    kv = line.split(':', 1)
+                    key = kv[0].lower()
+                    if key == 'n':
+                        continue
+                    previous = key
+                    pkg.update({key: kv[1].lstrip()})
+        except subprocess.CalledProcessError as cp:
+            # ``apt-cache`` returns 100 if none of the packages asked for
+            # exist in the apt cache.
+            if cp.returncode != 100:
+                raise
+        return pkgs
+
+
+def init():
+    """Compability shim that does nothing."""
+    pass
+
+
+def upstream_version(version):
+    """Extracts upstream version from a version string.
+
+    Upstream reference: https://salsa.debian.org/apt-team/apt/blob/master/
+                                apt-pkg/deb/debversion.cc#L259
+
+    :param version: Version string
+    :type version: str
+    :returns: Upstream version
+    :rtype: str
+    """
+    if version:
+        version = version.split(':')[-1]
+        version = version.split('-')[0]
+    return version
+
+
+def version_compare(a, b):
+    """Compare the given versions.
+
+    Call out to ``dpkg`` to make sure the code doing the comparison is
+    compatible with what the ``apt`` library would do.  Mimic the return
+    values.
+
+    Upstream reference:
+    https://apt-team.pages.debian.net/python-apt/library/apt_pkg.html
+            ?highlight=version_compare#apt_pkg.version_compare
+
+    :param a: version string
+    :type a: str
+    :param b: version string
+    :type b: str
+    :returns: >0 if ``a`` is greater than ``b``, 0 if a equals b,
+              <0 if ``a`` is smaller than ``b``
+    :rtype: int
+    :raises: subprocess.CalledProcessError, RuntimeError
+    """
+    for op in ('gt', 1), ('eq', 0), ('lt', -1):
+        try:
+            subprocess.check_call(['dpkg', '--compare-versions',
+                                   a, op[0], b],
+                                  stderr=subprocess.STDOUT,
+                                  universal_newlines=True)
+            return op[1]
+        except subprocess.CalledProcessError as cp:
+            if cp.returncode == 1:
+                continue
+            raise
+    else:
+        raise RuntimeError('Unable to compare "{}" and "{}", according to '
+                           'our logic they are neither greater, equal nor '
+                           'less than each other.')

tox.ini

@@ -1,10 +1,15 @@
-# Classic charm: ./tox.ini
+# Classic charm (with amulet): ./tox.ini
 # This file is managed centrally by release-tools and should not be modified
-# within individual charm repos.
+# within individual charm repos.  See the 'global' dir contents for available
+# choices of tox.ini for OpenStack Charms:
+#     https://github.com/openstack-charmers/release-tools
 [tox]
-envlist = pep8,py27,py37
+envlist = pep8,py3
 skipsdist = True
-skip_missing_interpreters = True
+# NOTE: Avoid build/test env pollution by not enabling sitepackages.
+sitepackages = False
+# NOTE: Avoid false positives by not skipping missing interpreters.
+skip_missing_interpreters = False
 
 [testenv]
 setenv = VIRTUAL_ENV={envdir}
@@ -13,15 +18,14 @@ setenv = VIRTUAL_ENV={envdir}
          AMULET_SETUP_TIMEOUT=5400
 install_command =
   pip install {opts} {packages}
-commands = stestr run {posargs}
+commands = stestr run --slowest {posargs}
 whitelist_externals = juju
-passenv = HOME TERM AMULET_* CS_API_* OS_*
+passenv = HOME TERM AMULET_* CS_* OS_* TEST_*
 
-[testenv:py27]
+[testenv:py3]
-basepython = python2.7
+basepython = python3
 deps = -r{toxinidir}/requirements.txt
        -r{toxinidir}/test-requirements.txt
-commands = /bin/true
 
 [testenv:py35]
 basepython = python3.5
@@ -42,7 +46,7 @@ deps = -r{toxinidir}/requirements.txt
 basepython = python3
 deps = -r{toxinidir}/requirements.txt
        -r{toxinidir}/test-requirements.txt
-commands = flake8 {posargs} hooks unit_tests tests actions lib
+commands = flake8 {posargs} hooks unit_tests tests actions lib files
            charm-proof
 
 [testenv:cover]
@@ -56,7 +60,7 @@ setenv =
     PYTHON=coverage run
 commands =
     coverage erase
-    stestr run {posargs}
+    stestr run --slowest {posargs}
     coverage combine
     coverage html -d cover
     coverage xml -o cover/coverage.xml
@@ -77,7 +81,7 @@ omit =
 basepython = python3
 commands = {posargs}
 
-[testenv:func27-noop]
+[testenv:func-noop]
 # DRY RUN - For Debug
 basepython = python2.7
 deps = -r{toxinidir}/requirements.txt
@@ -85,7 +89,7 @@ deps = -r{toxinidir}/requirements.txt
 commands =
     bundletester -vl DEBUG -r json -o func-results.json --test-pattern "gate-*" -n --no-destroy
 
-[testenv:func27]
+[testenv:func]
 # Charm Functional Test
 # Run all gate tests which are +x (expected to always pass)
 basepython = python2.7
@@ -94,7 +98,7 @@ deps = -r{toxinidir}/requirements.txt
 commands =
     bundletester -vl DEBUG -r json -o func-results.json --test-pattern "gate-*" --no-destroy
 
-[testenv:func27-smoke]
+[testenv:func-smoke]
 # Charm Functional Test
 # Run a specific test as an Amulet smoke test (expected to always pass)
 basepython = python2.7
@@ -103,16 +107,7 @@ deps = -r{toxinidir}/requirements.txt
 commands =
     bundletester -vl DEBUG -r json -o func-results.json gate-basic-bionic-stein --no-destroy
 
-[testenv:func27-dfs]
+[testenv:func-dev]
-# Charm Functional Test
-# Run all deploy-from-source tests which are +x (may not always pass!)
-basepython = python2.7
-deps = -r{toxinidir}/requirements.txt
-       -r{toxinidir}/test-requirements.txt
-commands =
-    bundletester -vl DEBUG -r json -o func-results.json --test-pattern "dfs-*" --no-destroy
-
-[testenv:func27-dev]
 # Charm Functional Test
 # Run all development test targets which are +x (may not always pass!)
 basepython = python2.7