Contributing to DevStack ======================== General ------- DevStack is written in UNIX shell script. It uses a number of bash-isms and so is limited to Bash (version 3 and up) and compatible shells. Shell script was chosen because it best illustrates the steps used to set up and interact with OpenStack components. DevStack's official repository is located on GitHub at https://github.com/openstack-dev/devstack.git. Besides the master branch that tracks the OpenStack trunk branches a separate branch is maintained for all OpenStack releases starting with Diablo (stable/diablo). Contributing code to DevStack follows the usual OpenStack process as described in `How To Contribute`__ in the OpenStack wiki. `DevStack's LaunchPad project`__ contains the usual links for blueprints, bugs, tec. __ contribute_ .. _contribute: http://wiki.openstack.org/HowToContribute. __ lp_ .. _lp: https://launchpad.net/~devstack The primary script in DevStack is ``stack.sh``, which performs the bulk of the work for DevStack's use cases. There is a subscript ``functions`` that contains generally useful shell functions and is used by a number of the scripts in DevStack. The ``lib`` directory contains sub-scripts for projects or packages that ``stack.sh`` sources to perform much of the work related to those projects. These sub-scripts contain configuration defaults and functions to configure, start and stop the project or package. These variables and functions are also used by related projects, such as Grenade, to manage a DevStack installation. A number of additional scripts can be found in the ``tools`` directory that may be useful in supporting DevStack installations. Of particular note are ``info.sh`` to collect and report information about the installed system, and ``install_prereqs.sh`` that handles installation of the prerequisite packages for DevStack. It is suitable, for example, to pre-load a system for making a snapshot. Scripts ------- DevStack scripts should generally begin by calling ``env(1)`` in the shebang line:: #!/usr/bin/env bash Sometimes the script needs to know the location of the DevStack install directory. ``TOP_DIR`` should always point there, even if the script itself is located in a subdirectory:: # Keep track of the current DevStack directory. TOP_DIR=$(cd $(dirname "$0") && pwd) Many scripts will utilize shared functions from the ``functions`` file. There are also rc files (``stackrc`` and ``openrc``) that are often included to set the primary configuration of the user environment:: # Keep track of the current DevStack directory. TOP_DIR=$(cd $(dirname "$0") && pwd) # Import common functions source $TOP_DIR/functions # Import configuration source $TOP_DIR/openrc ``stack.sh`` is a rather large monolithic script that flows through from beginning to end. It has been broken down into project-specific subscripts (as noted above) located in ``lib`` to make ``stack.sh`` more manageable and to promote code reuse. These library sub-scripts have a number of fixed entry points, some of which may just be stubs. These entry points will be called by ``stack.sh`` in the following order:: install_XXXX configure_XXXX init_XXXX start_XXXX stop_XXXX cleanup_XXXX There is a sub-script template in ``lib/templates`` to be used in creating new service sub-scripts. The comments in ``<>`` are meta comments describing how to use the template and should be removed. In order to show the dependencies and conditions under which project functions are executed the top-level conditional testing for things like ``is_service_enabled`` should be done in ``stack.sh``. There may be nested conditionals that need to be in the sub-script, such as testing for keystone being enabled in ``configure_swift()``. stackrc ------- ``stackrc`` is the global configuration file for DevStack. It is responsible for calling ``local.conf`` (or ``localrc`` if it exists) so local user configuration is recognized. The criteria for what belongs in ``stackrc`` can be vaguely summarized as follows: * All project repositories and branches handled directly in ``stack.sh`` * Global configuration that may be referenced in ``local.conf``, i.e. ``DEST``, ``DATA_DIR`` * Global service configuration like ``ENABLED_SERVICES`` * Variables used by multiple services that do not have a clear owner, i.e. ``VOLUME_BACKING_FILE_SIZE`` (nova-volumes and cinder) or ``PUBLIC_NETWORK_NAME`` (nova-network and neutron) * Variables that can not be cleanly declared in a project file due to dependency ordering, i.e. the order of sourcing the project files can not be changed for other reasons but the earlier file needs to dereference a variable set in the later file. This should be rare. Also, variable declarations in ``stackrc`` before ``local.conf`` is sourced do NOT allow overriding (the form ``FOO=${FOO:-baz}``); if they did then they can already be changed in ``local.conf`` and can stay in the project file. Documentation ------------- The official DevStack repo on GitHub does not include a gh-pages branch that GitHub uses to create static web sites. That branch is maintained in the `CloudBuilders DevStack repo`__ mirror that supports the http://devstack.org site. This is the primary DevStack documentation along with the DevStack scripts themselves. __ repo_ .. _repo: https://github.com/cloudbuilders/devstack All of the scripts are processed with shocco_ to render them with the comments as text describing the script below. For this reason we tend to be a little verbose in the comments _ABOVE_ the code they pertain to. Shocco also supports Markdown formatting in the comments; use it sparingly. Specifically, ``stack.sh`` uses Markdown headers to divide the script into logical sections. .. _shocco: https://github.com/dtroyer/shocco/tree/rst_support The script used to drive shocco is tools/build_docs.sh. Exercises --------- The scripts in the exercises directory are meant to 1) perform basic operational checks on certain aspects of OpenStack; and b) document the use of the OpenStack command-line clients. In addition to the guidelines above, exercise scripts MUST follow the structure outlined here. ``swift.sh`` is perhaps the clearest example of these guidelines. These scripts are executed serially by ``exercise.sh`` in testing situations. * Begin and end with a banner that stands out in a sea of script logs to aid in debugging failures, particularly in automated testing situations. If the end banner is not displayed, the script ended prematurely and can be assumed to have failed. :: echo "**************************************************" echo "Begin DevStack Exercise: $0" echo "**************************************************" ... set +o xtrace echo "**************************************************" echo "End DevStack Exercise: $0" echo "**************************************************" * The scripts will generally have the shell ``xtrace`` attribute set to display the actual commands being executed, and the ``errexit`` attribute set to exit the script on non-zero exit codes:: # This script exits on an error so that errors don't compound and you see # only the first error that occurred. set -o errexit # Print the commands being run so that we can see the command that triggers # an error. It is also useful for following allowing as the install occurs. set -o xtrace * Settings and configuration are stored in ``exerciserc``, which must be sourced after ``openrc`` or ``stackrc``:: # Import exercise configuration source $TOP_DIR/exerciserc * There are a couple of helper functions in the common ``functions`` sub-script that will check for non-zero exit codes and unset environment variables and print a message and exit the script. These should be called after most client commands that are not otherwise checked to short-circuit long timeouts (instance boot failure, for example):: swift post $CONTAINER die_if_error "Failure creating container $CONTAINER" FLOATING_IP=`euca-allocate-address | cut -f2` die_if_not_set FLOATING_IP "Failure allocating floating IP" * If you want an exercise to be skipped when for example a service wasn't enabled for the exercise to be run, you can exit your exercise with the special exitcode 55 and it will be detected as skipped. * The exercise scripts should only use the various OpenStack client binaries to interact with OpenStack. This specifically excludes any ``*-manage`` tools as those assume direct access to configuration and databases, as well as direct database access from the exercise itself. * If specific configuration needs to be present for the exercise to complete, it should be staged in ``stack.sh``, or called from ``stack.sh`` (see ``files/keystone_data.sh`` for an example of this). * The ``OS_*`` environment variables should be the only ones used for all authentication to OpenStack clients as documented in the CLIAuth_ wiki page. .. _CLIAuth: http://wiki.openstack.org/CLIAuth * The exercise MUST clean up after itself if successful. If it is not successful, it is assumed that state will be left behind; this allows a chance for developers to look around and attempt to debug the problem. The exercise SHOULD clean up or graciously handle possible artifacts left over from previous runs if executed again. It is acceptable to require a reboot or even a re-install of DevStack to restore a clean test environment. Bash Style Guidelines ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Devstack defines a bash set of best practices for maintaining large collections of bash scripts. These should be considered as part of the review process. We have a preliminary enforcing script for this called bash8 (only a small number of these rules are enforced). Whitespace Rules ---------------- - lines should not include trailing whitespace - there should be no hard tabs in the file - indents are 4 spaces, and all indentation should be some multiple of them Control Structure Rules ----------------------- - then should be on the same line as the if - do should be on the same line as the for Example:: if [[ -r $TOP_DIR/local.conf ]]; then LRC=$(get_meta_section_files $TOP_DIR/local.conf local) for lfile in $LRC; do if [[ "$lfile" == "localrc" ]]; then if [[ -r $TOP_DIR/localrc ]]; then warn $LINENO "localrc and local.conf:[[local]] both exist, using localrc" else echo "# Generated file, do not edit" >$TOP_DIR/.localrc.auto get_meta_section $TOP_DIR/local.conf local $lfile >>$TOP_DIR/.localrc.auto fi fi done fi Variables and Functions ----------------------- - functions should be used whenever possible for clarity - functions should use ``local`` variables as much as possible to ensure they are isolated from the rest of the environment - local variables should be lower case, global variables should be upper case - function names should_have_underscores, NotCamelCase.