diff --git a/horizon/middleware/base.py b/horizon/middleware/base.py
index aa67c29042..3b39531ebd 100644
--- a/horizon/middleware/base.py
+++ b/horizon/middleware/base.py
@@ -43,6 +43,15 @@ class HorizonMiddleware(object):
 
     logout_reason = None
 
+    def __init__(self, get_response):
+        self.get_response = get_response
+
+    def __call__(self, request):
+        self.process_request(request)
+        response = self.get_response(request)
+        response = self.process_response(request, response)
+        return response
+
     def process_request(self, request):
         """Adds data necessary for Horizon to function to the request."""
 
diff --git a/horizon/middleware/operation_log.py b/horizon/middleware/operation_log.py
index a1673b83d1..55e8e914fd 100644
--- a/horizon/middleware/operation_log.py
+++ b/horizon/middleware/operation_log.py
@@ -52,10 +52,12 @@ class OperationLogMiddleware(object):
         # In order to allow to access from mock in test cases.
         return self._logger
 
-    def __init__(self):
+    def __init__(self, get_response):
         if not getattr(settings, "OPERATION_LOG_ENABLED", False):
             raise MiddlewareNotUsed
 
+        self.get_response = get_response
+
         # set configurations
         _log_option = getattr(settings, "OPERATION_LOG_OPTIONS", {})
         _available_methods = ['POST', 'GET', 'PUT', 'DELETE']
@@ -77,6 +79,11 @@ class OperationLogMiddleware(object):
         ignored_urls = _log_option.get("ignore_urls", _default_ignored_urls)
         self._ignored_urls = [re.compile(url) for url in ignored_urls]
 
+    def __call__(self, request):
+        response = self.get_response(request)
+        response = self.process_response(request, response)
+        return response
+
     def process_response(self, request, response):
         """Log user operation."""
         log_format = self._get_log_format(request)
diff --git a/horizon/test/helpers.py b/horizon/test/helpers.py
index d954e63982..06f5fcdb3d 100644
--- a/horizon/test/helpers.py
+++ b/horizon/test/helpers.py
@@ -141,8 +141,12 @@ class TestCase(django_test.TestCase):
         self._setup_factory()
         self._setup_user()
         self._setup_request()
-        middleware.HorizonMiddleware().process_request(self.request)
-        AuthenticationMiddleware().process_request(self.request)
+        # A dummy get_response function (which is not callable) is passed
+        # because middlewares below are used only to populate request attrs.
+        middleware.HorizonMiddleware('dummy_get_response') \
+            .process_request(self.request)
+        AuthenticationMiddleware('dummy_get_response') \
+            .process_request(self.request)
         os.environ["HORIZON_TEST_RUN"] = "True"
 
     def _setup_test_data(self):
diff --git a/horizon/test/settings.py b/horizon/test/settings.py
index 3952d73ac6..0f9980abf7 100644
--- a/horizon/test/settings.py
+++ b/horizon/test/settings.py
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ INSTALLED_APPS = (
     'openstack_auth'
 )
 
-MIDDLEWARE_CLASSES = (
+MIDDLEWARE = (
     'django.middleware.common.CommonMiddleware',
     'django.middleware.csrf.CsrfViewMiddleware',
     'django.contrib.sessions.middleware.SessionMiddleware',
diff --git a/horizon/test/unit/middleware/test_base.py b/horizon/test/unit/middleware/test_base.py
index 6e60272e08..78db68d2e5 100644
--- a/horizon/test/unit/middleware/test_base.py
+++ b/horizon/test/unit/middleware/test_base.py
@@ -13,9 +13,11 @@
 #    License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations
 #    under the License.
 
-import django
+import mock
+
 from django.conf import settings
 from django.http import HttpResponseRedirect
+from django import test as django_test
 from django.utils import timezone
 
 from horizon import exceptions
@@ -23,32 +25,32 @@ from horizon import middleware
 from horizon.test import helpers as test
 
 
-class MiddlewareTests(test.TestCase):
+class MiddlewareTests(django_test.TestCase):
 
     def setUp(self):
         self._timezone_backup = timezone.get_current_timezone_name()
-        return super(MiddlewareTests, self).setUp()
+        self.factory = test.RequestFactoryWithMessages()
+        self.get_response = mock.Mock()
+        super(MiddlewareTests, self).setUp()
 
     def tearDown(self):
         timezone.activate(self._timezone_backup)
-        return super(MiddlewareTests, self).tearDown()
+        super(MiddlewareTests, self).tearDown()
 
     def test_redirect_login_fail_to_login(self):
         url = settings.LOGIN_URL
         request = self.factory.post(url)
+        self.get_response.return_value = request
 
-        mw = middleware.HorizonMiddleware()
+        mw = middleware.HorizonMiddleware(self.get_response)
         resp = mw.process_exception(request, exceptions.NotAuthenticated())
         resp.client = self.client
 
-        if django.VERSION >= (1, 9):
-            self.assertRedirects(resp, settings.TESTSERVER + url)
-        else:
-            self.assertRedirects(resp, url)
+        self.assertRedirects(resp, settings.TESTSERVER + url)
 
     def test_process_response_redirect_on_ajax_request(self):
         url = settings.LOGIN_URL
-        mw = middleware.HorizonMiddleware()
+        mw = middleware.HorizonMiddleware(self.get_response)
 
         request = self.factory.post(url,
                                     HTTP_X_REQUESTED_WITH='XMLHttpRequest')
@@ -65,7 +67,7 @@ class MiddlewareTests(test.TestCase):
 
     def test_timezone_awareness(self):
         url = settings.LOGIN_REDIRECT_URL
-        mw = middleware.HorizonMiddleware()
+        mw = middleware.HorizonMiddleware(self.get_response)
 
         request = self.factory.get(url)
         request.session['django_timezone'] = 'America/Chicago'
diff --git a/horizon/test/unit/middleware/test_operation_log.py b/horizon/test/unit/middleware/test_operation_log.py
index 1f6af561a1..daf0ef251f 100644
--- a/horizon/test/unit/middleware/test_operation_log.py
+++ b/horizon/test/unit/middleware/test_operation_log.py
@@ -12,25 +12,34 @@
 #    WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the
 #    License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations
 #    under the License.
+
+import mock
 from mock import patch
 
 from django.conf import settings
 from django.core.exceptions import MiddlewareNotUsed
 from django.http import HttpResponseRedirect
+from django import test as django_test
 from django.test.utils import override_settings
 
 from horizon import middleware
 from horizon.test import helpers as test
 
 
-class OperationLogMiddlewareTest(test.TestCase):
+class OperationLogMiddlewareTest(django_test.TestCase):
 
     http_host = u'test_host'
     http_referer = u'/dashboard/test_http_referer'
 
+    def setUp(self):
+        super(OperationLogMiddlewareTest, self).setUp()
+        self.factory = test.RequestFactoryWithMessages()
+
     def test_middleware_not_used(self):
+        get_response = mock.Mock()
         with self.assertRaises(MiddlewareNotUsed):
-            middleware.OperationLogMiddleware()
+            middleware.OperationLogMiddleware(get_response)
+        self.assertFalse(get_response.called)
 
     def _test_ready_for_post(self):
         url = settings.LOGIN_URL
@@ -63,11 +72,13 @@ class OperationLogMiddlewareTest(test.TestCase):
     @patch(('horizon.middleware.operation_log.OperationLogMiddleware.'
             'OPERATION_LOG'))
     def test_process_response_for_post(self, mock_logger):
-        olm = middleware.OperationLogMiddleware()
         request, response = self._test_ready_for_post()
+        get_response = mock.Mock(return_value=response)
+        olm = middleware.OperationLogMiddleware(get_response)
 
-        resp = olm.process_response(request, response)
+        resp = olm(request)
 
+        get_response.assert_called_once_with(request)
         self.assertTrue(mock_logger.info.called)
         self.assertEqual(302, resp.status_code)
         log_args = mock_logger.info.call_args[0]
@@ -86,11 +97,13 @@ class OperationLogMiddlewareTest(test.TestCase):
     @patch(('horizon.middleware.operation_log.OperationLogMiddleware.'
             'OPERATION_LOG'))
     def test_process_response_for_get(self, mock_logger):
-        olm = middleware.OperationLogMiddleware()
         request, response = self._test_ready_for_get()
+        get_response = mock.Mock(return_value=response)
+        olm = middleware.OperationLogMiddleware(get_response)
 
-        resp = olm.process_response(request, response)
+        resp = olm(request)
 
+        get_response.assert_called_once_with(request)
         self.assertTrue(mock_logger.info.called)
         self.assertEqual(302, resp.status_code)
         log_args = mock_logger.info.call_args[0]
@@ -106,11 +119,13 @@ class OperationLogMiddlewareTest(test.TestCase):
             'OPERATION_LOG'))
     def test_process_response_for_get_no_target(self, mock_logger):
         """In default setting, Get method is not logged"""
-        olm = middleware.OperationLogMiddleware()
         request, response = self._test_ready_for_get()
+        get_response = mock.Mock(return_value=response)
+        olm = middleware.OperationLogMiddleware(get_response)
 
-        resp = olm.process_response(request, response)
+        resp = olm(request)
 
+        get_response.assert_called_once_with(request)
         self.assertEqual(0, mock_logger.info.call_count)
         self.assertEqual(302, resp.status_code)
 
@@ -118,12 +133,14 @@ class OperationLogMiddlewareTest(test.TestCase):
     @patch(('horizon.middleware.operation_log.OperationLogMiddleware.'
             'OPERATION_LOG'))
     def test_process_exception(self, mock_logger):
-        olm = middleware.OperationLogMiddleware()
         request, response = self._test_ready_for_post()
+        get_response = mock.Mock(return_value=response)
+        olm = middleware.OperationLogMiddleware(get_response)
         exception = Exception("Unexpected error occurred.")
 
         olm.process_exception(request, exception)
 
+        self.assertFalse(get_response.called)
         log_args = mock_logger.info.call_args[0]
         logging_str = log_args[0] % log_args[1]
         self.assertTrue(mock_logger.info.called)
@@ -140,7 +157,8 @@ class OperationLogMiddlewareTest(test.TestCase):
     @patch(('horizon.middleware.operation_log.OperationLogMiddleware.'
             'OPERATION_LOG'))
     def test_get_log_format(self, mock_logger):
-        olm = middleware.OperationLogMiddleware()
+        get_response = mock.Mock()
+        olm = middleware.OperationLogMiddleware(get_response)
         request, _ = self._test_ready_for_get()
 
         self.assertEqual(olm._default_format, olm._get_log_format(request))
@@ -149,7 +167,8 @@ class OperationLogMiddlewareTest(test.TestCase):
     @patch(('horizon.middleware.operation_log.OperationLogMiddleware.'
             'OPERATION_LOG'))
     def test_get_log_format_no_user(self, mock_logger):
-        olm = middleware.OperationLogMiddleware()
+        get_response = mock.Mock()
+        olm = middleware.OperationLogMiddleware(get_response)
         request, _ = self._test_ready_for_get()
         delattr(request, "user")
 
@@ -159,7 +178,8 @@ class OperationLogMiddlewareTest(test.TestCase):
     @patch(('horizon.middleware.operation_log.OperationLogMiddleware.'
             'OPERATION_LOG'))
     def test_get_log_format_unknown_method(self, mock_logger):
-        olm = middleware.OperationLogMiddleware()
+        get_response = mock.Mock()
+        olm = middleware.OperationLogMiddleware(get_response)
         request, _ = self._test_ready_for_get()
         request.method = "FAKE"
 
@@ -169,7 +189,8 @@ class OperationLogMiddlewareTest(test.TestCase):
     @patch(('horizon.middleware.operation_log.OperationLogMiddleware.'
             'OPERATION_LOG'))
     def test_get_log_format_ignored_url(self, mock_logger):
-        olm = middleware.OperationLogMiddleware()
+        get_response = mock.Mock()
+        olm = middleware.OperationLogMiddleware(get_response)
         request, _ = self._test_ready_for_get("/api/policy")
 
         self.assertIsNone(olm._get_log_format(request))
diff --git a/horizon/test/unit/tabs/test_tabs.py b/horizon/test/unit/tabs/test_tabs.py
index 91a3421b15..235674011d 100644
--- a/horizon/test/unit/tabs/test_tabs.py
+++ b/horizon/test/unit/tabs/test_tabs.py
@@ -335,7 +335,7 @@ class TabExceptionTests(test.TestCase):
         TabWithTableView.tab_group_class.tabs.append(RedirectExceptionTab)
         view = TabWithTableView.as_view()
         req = self.factory.get("/")
-        mw = middleware.HorizonMiddleware()
+        mw = middleware.HorizonMiddleware('dummy_get_response')
         try:
             resp = view(req)
         except Exception as e:
diff --git a/horizon/test/unit/test_messages.py b/horizon/test/unit/test_messages.py
index 50f30ae25c..bbd976d1a7 100644
--- a/horizon/test/unit/test_messages.py
+++ b/horizon/test/unit/test_messages.py
@@ -34,7 +34,8 @@ class MessageTests(test.TestCase):
         messages.error(req, string)
         self.assertItemsEqual(req.horizon['async_messages'], [expected])
         res = http.HttpResponse()
-        res = middleware.HorizonMiddleware().process_response(req, res)
+        res = middleware.HorizonMiddleware('dummy_get_response') \
+            .process_response(req, res)
         self.assertEqual(json.dumps([expected]),
                          res['X-Horizon-Messages'])
 
@@ -48,6 +49,7 @@ class MessageTests(test.TestCase):
         messages.error(req, string)
         self.assertItemsEqual(req.horizon['async_messages'], [expected])
         res = http.HttpResponse()
-        res = middleware.HorizonMiddleware().process_response(req, res)
+        res = middleware.HorizonMiddleware('dummy_get_response') \
+            .process_response(req, res)
         self.assertEqual(json.dumps([expected]),
                          res['X-Horizon-Messages'])
diff --git a/horizon/themes.py b/horizon/themes.py
index ba8ad07f89..e75d07f308 100644
--- a/horizon/themes.py
+++ b/horizon/themes.py
@@ -99,6 +99,15 @@ class ThemeMiddleware(object):
     the Cookie's theme value for use later in the Django chain.
     """
 
+    def __init__(self, get_response):
+        self.get_response = get_response
+
+    def __call__(self, request):
+        self.process_request(request)
+        response = self.get_response(request)
+        response = self.process_response(request, response)
+        return response
+
     def process_request(self, request):
 
         # Determine which theme the user has configured and store in local
diff --git a/openstack_auth/tests/settings.py b/openstack_auth/tests/settings.py
index 93a9dcb91f..4b1a43d2b4 100644
--- a/openstack_auth/tests/settings.py
+++ b/openstack_auth/tests/settings.py
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ INSTALLED_APPS = [
     'openstack_auth.tests'
 ]
 
-MIDDLEWARE_CLASSES = [
+MIDDLEWARE = [
     'django.middleware.common.CommonMiddleware',
     'django.middleware.csrf.CsrfViewMiddleware',
     'django.contrib.sessions.middleware.SessionMiddleware',
diff --git a/openstack_dashboard/contrib/developer/profiler/middleware.py b/openstack_dashboard/contrib/developer/profiler/middleware.py
index 9268774cc7..91089a18c0 100644
--- a/openstack_dashboard/contrib/developer/profiler/middleware.py
+++ b/openstack_dashboard/contrib/developer/profiler/middleware.py
@@ -39,10 +39,16 @@ class ProfilerClientMiddleware(object):
         ('HTTP_X_TRACE_HMAC', 'X-Trace-HMAC')
     ]
 
-    def __init__(self):
+    def __init__(self, get_response):
         if not PROFILER_ENABLED:
             raise exceptions.MiddlewareNotUsed()
         super(ProfilerClientMiddleware, self).__init__()
+        self.get_response = get_response
+
+    def __call__(self, request):
+        self.process_request(request)
+        response = self.get_response(request)
+        return response
 
     def is_async_profiling(self, request):
         return self.profiler_headers[0][0] in request.META
@@ -62,14 +68,20 @@ class ProfilerClientMiddleware(object):
 
 
 class ProfilerMiddleware(object):
-    def __init__(self):
+    def __init__(self, get_response):
         self.name = PROFILER_CONF.get('facility_name', 'horizon')
         self.hmac_keys = PROFILER_CONF.get('keys', [])
+        self.get_response = get_response
         if PROFILER_ENABLED:
             api.init_notifier(PROFILER_CONF.get('notifier_connection_string'))
         else:
             raise exceptions.MiddlewareNotUsed()
 
+    def __call__(self, request):
+        response = self.get_response(request)
+        response = self.process_response(request, response)
+        return response
+
     @staticmethod
     def is_authenticated(request):
         return hasattr(request, "user") and request.user.is_authenticated
diff --git a/openstack_dashboard/settings.py b/openstack_dashboard/settings.py
index 69cb0f4018..b94c47c54e 100644
--- a/openstack_dashboard/settings.py
+++ b/openstack_dashboard/settings.py
@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ OPENSTACK_IMAGE_BACKEND = {
     ]
 }
 
-MIDDLEWARE_CLASSES = (
+MIDDLEWARE = (
     'django.middleware.common.CommonMiddleware',
     'django.middleware.csrf.CsrfViewMiddleware',
     'django.contrib.sessions.middleware.SessionMiddleware',