neutron/quantum/common/wsgi.py

# vim: tabstop=4 shiftwidth=4 softtabstop=4
#
# Copyright 2011, Nicira Networks, Inc.
# All Rights Reserved.
#
#    Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may
#    not use this file except in compliance with the License. You may obtain
#    a copy of the License at
#
#         http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
#    Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
#    distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT
#    WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the
#    License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations
#    under the License.

"""
Utility methods for working with WSGI servers
"""

import json
import logging
import sys
import datetime

from xml.dom import minidom

import eventlet
import eventlet.wsgi
eventlet.patcher.monkey_patch(all=False, socket=True)
import routes
import routes.middleware
import webob.dec
import webob.exc

from quantum import utils
from quantum.common import exceptions as exception

LOG = logging.getLogger('quantum.common.wsgi')


class WritableLogger(object):
    """A thin wrapper that responds to `write` and logs."""

    def __init__(self, logger, level=logging.DEBUG):
        self.logger = logger
        self.level = level

    def write(self, msg):
        self.logger.log(self.level, msg.strip("\n"))


def run_server(application, port):
    """Run a WSGI server with the given application."""
    sock = eventlet.listen(('0.0.0.0', port))
    eventlet.wsgi.server(sock, application)


class Server(object):
    """Server class to manage multiple WSGI sockets and applications."""

    def __init__(self, threads=1000):
        self.pool = eventlet.GreenPool(threads)

    def start(self, application, port, host='0.0.0.0', backlog=128):
        """Run a WSGI server with the given application."""
        socket = eventlet.listen((host, port), backlog=backlog)
        self.pool.spawn_n(self._run, application, socket)

    def wait(self):
        """Wait until all servers have completed running."""
        try:
            self.pool.waitall()
        except KeyboardInterrupt:
            pass

    def _run(self, application, socket):
        """Start a WSGI server in a new green thread."""
        logger = logging.getLogger('eventlet.wsgi.server')
        eventlet.wsgi.server(socket, application, custom_pool=self.pool,
                             log=WritableLogger(logger))


class Middleware(object):
    """
    Base WSGI middleware wrapper. These classes require an application to be
    initialized that will be called next.  By default the middleware will
    simply call its wrapped app, or you can override __call__ to customize its
    behavior.
    """

    def __init__(self, application):
        self.application = application

    def process_request(self, req):
        """
        Called on each request.

        If this returns None, the next application down the stack will be
        executed. If it returns a response then that response will be returned
        and execution will stop here.

        """
        return None

    def process_response(self, response):
        """Do whatever you'd like to the response."""
        return response

    @webob.dec.wsgify
    def __call__(self, req):
        response = self.process_request(req)
        if response:
            return response
        response = req.get_response(self.application)
        return self.process_response(response)


class Request(webob.Request):

    def best_match_content_type(self):
        """Determine the most acceptable content-type.

        Based on the query extension then the Accept header.

        """
        parts = self.path.rsplit('.', 1)
        LOG.debug("Request parts:%s", parts)
        if len(parts) > 1:
            format = parts[1]
            if format in ['json', 'xml']:
                return 'application/{0}'.format(parts[1])

        ctypes = ['application/json', 'application/xml']
        bm = self.accept.best_match(ctypes)
        return bm or 'application/json'

    def get_content_type(self):
        allowed_types = ("application/xml", "application/json")
        if not "Content-Type" in self.headers:
            msg = _("Missing Content-Type")
            LOG.debug(msg)
            raise webob.exc.HTTPBadRequest(msg)
        type = self.content_type
        if type in allowed_types:
            return type
        LOG.debug(_("Wrong Content-Type: %s") % type)
        raise webob.exc.HTTPBadRequest("Invalid content type")


class Application(object):
    """Base WSGI application wrapper. Subclasses need to implement __call__."""

    @classmethod
    def factory(cls, global_config, **local_config):
        """Used for paste app factories in paste.deploy config files.

        Any local configuration (that is, values under the [app:APPNAME]
        section of the paste config) will be passed into the `__init__` method
        as kwargs.

        A hypothetical configuration would look like:

            [app:wadl]
            latest_version = 1.3
            paste.app_factory = nova.api.fancy_api:Wadl.factory

        which would result in a call to the `Wadl` class as

            import quantum.api.fancy_api
            fancy_api.Wadl(latest_version='1.3')

        You could of course re-implement the `factory` method in subclasses,
        but using the kwarg passing it shouldn't be necessary.

        """
        return cls(**local_config)

    def __call__(self, environ, start_response):
        r"""Subclasses will probably want to implement __call__ like this:

        @webob.dec.wsgify(RequestClass=Request)
        def __call__(self, req):
          # Any of the following objects work as responses:

          # Option 1: simple string
          res = 'message\n'

          # Option 2: a nicely formatted HTTP exception page
          res = exc.HTTPForbidden(detail='Nice try')

          # Option 3: a webob Response object (in case you need to play with
          # headers, or you want to be treated like an iterable, or or or)
          res = Response();
          res.app_iter = open('somefile')

          # Option 4: any wsgi app to be run next
          res = self.application

          # Option 5: you can get a Response object for a wsgi app, too, to
          # play with headers etc
          res = req.get_response(self.application)

          # You can then just return your response...
          return res
          # ... or set req.response and return None.
          req.response = res

        See the end of http://pythonpaste.org/webob/modules/dec.html
        for more info.

        """
        raise NotImplementedError(_('You must implement __call__'))


class Debug(Middleware):
    """
    Helper class that can be inserted into any WSGI application chain
    to get information about the request and response.
    """

    @webob.dec.wsgify
    def __call__(self, req):
        print ("*" * 40) + " REQUEST ENVIRON"
        for key, value in req.environ.items():
            print key, "=", value
        print
        resp = req.get_response(self.application)

        print ("*" * 40) + " RESPONSE HEADERS"
        for (key, value) in resp.headers.iteritems():
            print key, "=", value
        print

        resp.app_iter = self.print_generator(resp.app_iter)

        return resp

    @staticmethod
    def print_generator(app_iter):
        """
        Iterator that prints the contents of a wrapper string iterator
        when iterated.
        """
        print ("*" * 40) + " BODY"
        for part in app_iter:
            sys.stdout.write(part)
            sys.stdout.flush()
            yield part
        print


class Router(object):
    """
    WSGI middleware that maps incoming requests to WSGI apps.
    """

    @classmethod
    def factory(cls, global_config, **local_config):
        """
        Returns an instance of the WSGI Router class
        """
        return cls()

    def __init__(self, mapper):
        """
        Create a router for the given routes.Mapper.

        Each route in `mapper` must specify a 'controller', which is a
        WSGI app to call.  You'll probably want to specify an 'action' as
        well and have your controller be a wsgi.Controller, who will route
        the request to the action method.

        Examples:
          mapper = routes.Mapper()
          sc = ServerController()

          # Explicit mapping of one route to a controller+action
          mapper.connect(None, "/svrlist", controller=sc, action="list")

          # Actions are all implicitly defined
          mapper.resource("network", "networks", controller=nc)

          # Pointing to an arbitrary WSGI app.  You can specify the
          # {path_info:.*} parameter so the target app can be handed just that
          # section of the URL.
          mapper.connect(None, "/v1.0/{path_info:.*}", controller=BlogApp())
        """
        self.map = mapper
        self._router = routes.middleware.RoutesMiddleware(self._dispatch,
                                                          self.map)

    @webob.dec.wsgify
    def __call__(self, req):
        """
        Route the incoming request to a controller based on self.map.
        If no match, return a 404.
        """
        LOG.debug("HERE - wsgi.Router.__call__")
        return self._router

    @staticmethod
    @webob.dec.wsgify
    def _dispatch(req):
        """
        Called by self._router after matching the incoming request to a route
        and putting the information into req.environ.  Either returns 404
        or the routed WSGI app's response.
        """
        match = req.environ['wsgiorg.routing_args'][1]
        if not match:
            return webob.exc.HTTPNotFound()
        app = match['controller']
        return app


class Controller(object):
    """WSGI app that dispatched to methods.

    WSGI app that reads routing information supplied by RoutesMiddleware
    and calls the requested action method upon itself.  All action methods
    must, in addition to their normal parameters, accept a 'req' argument
    which is the incoming wsgi.Request.  They raise a webob.exc exception,
    or return a dict which will be serialized by requested content type.

    """

    @webob.dec.wsgify(RequestClass=Request)
    def __call__(self, req):
        """
        Call the method specified in req.environ by RoutesMiddleware.
        """
        LOG.debug("HERE - wsgi.Controller.__call__")
        arg_dict = req.environ['wsgiorg.routing_args'][1]
        action = arg_dict['action']
        method = getattr(self, action)
        del arg_dict['controller']
        del arg_dict['action']
        if 'format' in arg_dict:
            del arg_dict['format']
        arg_dict['req'] = req
        result = method(**arg_dict)

        if type(result) is dict:
            content_type = req.best_match_content_type()
            default_xmlns = self.get_default_xmlns(req)
            body = self._serialize(result, content_type, default_xmlns)

            response = webob.Response()
            response.headers['Content-Type'] = content_type
            response.body = body
            msg_dict = dict(url=req.url, status=response.status_int)
            msg = _("%(url)s returned with HTTP %(status)d") % msg_dict
            LOG.debug(msg)
            return response
        else:
            return result

    def _serialize(self, data, content_type, default_xmlns):
        """Serialize the given dict to the provided content_type.

        Uses self._serialization_metadata if it exists, which is a dict mapping
        MIME types to information needed to serialize to that type.

        """
        _metadata = getattr(type(self), '_serialization_metadata', {})

        serializer = Serializer(_metadata, default_xmlns)
        try:
            return serializer.serialize(data, content_type)
        except exception.InvalidContentType:
            raise webob.exc.HTTPNotAcceptable()

    def _deserialize(self, data, content_type):
        """Deserialize the request body to the specefied content type.

        Uses self._serialization_metadata if it exists, which is a dict mapping
        MIME types to information needed to serialize to that type.

        """
        _metadata = getattr(type(self), '_serialization_metadata', {})
        serializer = Serializer(_metadata)
        return serializer.deserialize(data, content_type)

    def get_default_xmlns(self, req):
        """Provide the XML namespace to use if none is otherwise specified."""
        return None


class Serializer(object):
    """Serializes and deserializes dictionaries to certain MIME types."""

    def __init__(self, metadata=None, default_xmlns=None):
        """Create a serializer based on the given WSGI environment.

        'metadata' is an optional dict mapping MIME types to information
        needed to serialize a dictionary to that type.

        """
        self.metadata = metadata or {}
        self.default_xmlns = default_xmlns

    def _get_serialize_handler(self, content_type):
        handlers = {
            'application/json': self._to_json,
            'application/xml': self._to_xml,
        }

        try:
            return handlers[content_type]
        except Exception:
            raise exception.InvalidContentType(content_type=content_type)

    def serialize(self, data, content_type):
        """Serialize a dictionary into the specified content type."""
        return self._get_serialize_handler(content_type)(data)

    def deserialize(self, datastring, content_type):
        """Deserialize a string to a dictionary.

        The string must be in the format of a supported MIME type.

        """
        return self.get_deserialize_handler(content_type)(datastring)

    def get_deserialize_handler(self, content_type):
        handlers = {
            'application/json': self._from_json,
            'application/xml': self._from_xml,
        }

        try:
            return handlers[content_type]
        except Exception:
            raise exception.InvalidContentType(content_type=content_type)

    def _from_json(self, datastring):
        return utils.loads(datastring)

    def _from_xml(self, datastring):
        xmldata = self.metadata.get('application/xml', {})
        plurals = set(xmldata.get('plurals', {}))
        node = minidom.parseString(datastring).childNodes[0]
        return {node.nodeName: self._from_xml_node(node, plurals)}

    def _from_xml_node(self, node, listnames):
        """Convert a minidom node to a simple Python type.

        listnames is a collection of names of XML nodes whose subnodes should
        be considered list items.

        """
        if len(node.childNodes) == 1 and node.childNodes[0].nodeType == 3:
            return node.childNodes[0].nodeValue
        elif node.nodeName in listnames:
            return [self._from_xml_node(n, listnames) for n in node.childNodes]
        else:
            result = dict()
            for attr in node.attributes.keys():
                result[attr] = node.attributes[attr].nodeValue
            for child in node.childNodes:
                if child.nodeType != node.TEXT_NODE:
                    result[child.nodeName] = self._from_xml_node(child,
                                                                 listnames)
            return result

    def _to_json(self, data):
        return utils.dumps(data)

    def _to_xml(self, data):
        metadata = self.metadata.get('application/xml', {})
        # We expect data to contain a single key which is the XML root.
        root_key = data.keys()[0]
        doc = minidom.Document()
        node = self._to_xml_node(doc, metadata, root_key, data[root_key])

        xmlns = node.getAttribute('xmlns')
        if not xmlns and self.default_xmlns:
            node.setAttribute('xmlns', self.default_xmlns)

        return node.toprettyxml(indent='    ')

    def _to_xml_node(self, doc, metadata, nodename, data):
        """Recursive method to convert data members to XML nodes."""
        result = doc.createElement(nodename)

        # Set the xml namespace if one is specified
        # TODO(justinsb): We could also use prefixes on the keys
        xmlns = metadata.get('xmlns', None)
        if xmlns:
            result.setAttribute('xmlns', xmlns)
        if type(data) is list:
            collections = metadata.get('list_collections', {})
            if nodename in collections:
                metadata = collections[nodename]
                for item in data:
                    node = doc.createElement(metadata['item_name'])
                    node.setAttribute(metadata['item_key'], str(item))
                    result.appendChild(node)
                return result
            singular = metadata.get('plurals', {}).get(nodename, None)
            if singular is None:
                if nodename.endswith('s'):
                    singular = nodename[:-1]
                else:
                    singular = 'item'
            for item in data:
                node = self._to_xml_node(doc, metadata, singular, item)
                result.appendChild(node)
        elif type(data) is dict:
            collections = metadata.get('dict_collections', {})
            if nodename in collections:
                metadata = collections[nodename]
                for k, v in data.items():
                    node = doc.createElement(metadata['item_name'])
                    node.setAttribute(metadata['item_key'], str(k))
                    text = doc.createTextNode(str(v))
                    node.appendChild(text)
                    result.appendChild(node)
                return result
            attrs = metadata.get('attributes', {}).get(nodename, {})
            for k, v in data.items():
                if k in attrs:
                    result.setAttribute(k, str(v))
                else:
                    node = self._to_xml_node(doc, metadata, k, v)
                    result.appendChild(node)
        else:
            # Type is atom
            node = doc.createTextNode(str(data))
            result.appendChild(node)
        return result