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..
Copyright 2018 Rackspace, US Inc.
Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may
not use this file except in compliance with the License. You may obtain a
copy of the License at
http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT
WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the
License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations
under the License.
=======================================
Octavia Certificate Configuration Guide
=======================================
This document is intended for Octavia administrators setting up certificate
authorities for the two-way TLS authentication used in Octavia for command
and control of :term:`Amphora`.
This guide does not apply to the configuration of `TERMINATED_TLS` listeners
on load balancers. See the `Load Balancing Cookbook`_ for instructions on
creating `TERMINATED_TLS` listeners.
.. _Load Balancing Cookbook: ../../user/guides/basic-cookbook.html#deploy-a-tls-terminated-https-load-balancer
Two-way TLS Authentication in Octavia
=====================================
The Octavia controller processes communicate with the Amphora over
a TLS connection much like an HTTPS connection to a website. However, Octavia
validates that both sides are trusted by doing a two-way TLS authentication.
.. note::
This is a simplification of the full TLS handshake process. See the
`TLS 1.3 RFC 8446 <https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc8446>`_ for the full
handshake.
Phase One
---------
When a controller process, such as the Octavia worker process, connects to
an Amphora, the Amphora will present its `server` certificate
to the controller. The controller will then validate it against the `server`
Certificate Authority (CA) certificate stored on the controller. If the
presented certificate is validated against the `server` CA certificate, the
connection goes into phase two of the two-way TLS authentication.
Phase Two
---------
Once phase one is complete, the controller will present its `client`
certificate to the Amphora. The Amphora will then validate the
certificate against the `client` CA certificate stored inside the Amphora.
If this certificate is successfully validated, the rest of the TLS handshake
will continue to establish the secure communication channel between the
controller and the Amphora.
Certificate Lifecycles
----------------------
The `server` certificates are uniquely generated for each amphora by the
controller using the `server` certificate authority certificates and keys.
These `server` certificates are automatically rotated by the Octavia
housekeeping controller process as they near expiration.
The `client` certificates are used for the Octavia controller processes.
These are managed by the operator and due to their use on the control plane
of the cloud, typically have a long lifetime.
See the `Operator Maintenance Guide <operator-maintenance.html#rotating-cryptographic-certificates>`_ for more
information about the certificate lifecycles.
Creating the Certificate Authorities
====================================
As discussed above, this configuration uses two certificate authorities; one
for the `server` certificates, and one for the `client` certificates.
.. note::
Technically Octavia can be run using just one certificate authority by
using it to issue certificates for both roles. However, this weakens the
security as a `server` certificate from an amphora could be used to
impersonate a controller. We recommend you use two certificate authorities
for all deployments outside of testing.
For this document we are going to setup simple OpenSSL based certificate
authorities. However, any standards compliant certificate authority software
can be used to create the required certificates.
1. Create a working directory for the certificate authorities. Make sure to
set the proper permissions on this directory such that others cannot
access the private keys, random bits, etc. being generated here.
.. code-block:: bash
$ mkdir certs
$ chmod 700 certs
$ cd certs
2. Create the OpenSSL configuration file. This can be shared between the
two certificate authorities.
.. code-block:: bash
$ vi openssl.cnf
.. literalinclude:: sample-configs/openssl.cnf
:language: ini
3. Make any locally required configuration changes to the openssl.cnf. Some
settings to consider are:
* The default certificate lifetime is 10 years.
* The default bit length is 2048.
4. Make directories for the two certificate authorities.
.. code-block:: bash
$ mkdir client_ca
$ mkdir server_ca
5. Starting with the `server` certificate authority, prepare the CA.
.. code-block:: bash
$ cd server_ca
$ mkdir certs crl newcerts private
$ chmod 700 private
$ touch index.txt
$ echo 1000 > serial
6. Create the `server` CA key.
* You will need to specify a passphrase to protect the key file.
.. code-block:: bash
$ openssl genrsa -aes256 -out private/ca.key.pem 4096
$ chmod 400 private/ca.key.pem
7. Create the `server` CA certificate.
* You will need to specify the passphrase used in step 6.
* You will also be asked to provide details for the certificate. These are
up to you and should be appropriate for your organization.
* You may want to mention this is the `server` CA in the common name field.
* Since this is the CA certificate, you might want to give it a very long
lifetime, such as twenty years shown in this example command.
.. code-block:: bash
$ openssl req -config ../openssl.cnf -key private/ca.key.pem -new -x509 -days 7300 -sha256 -extensions v3_ca -out certs/ca.cert.pem
8. Moving to the `client` certificate authority, prepare the CA.
.. code-block:: bash
$ cd ../client_ca
$ mkdir certs crl csr newcerts private
$ chmod 700 private
$ touch index.txt
$ echo 1000 > serial
9. Create the `client` CA key.
* You will need to specify a passphrase to protect the key file.
.. code-block:: bash
$ openssl genrsa -aes256 -out private/ca.key.pem 4096
$ chmod 400 private/ca.key.pem
10. Create the `client` CA certificate.
* You will need to specify the passphrase used in step 9.
* You will also be asked to provide details for the certificate. These are
up to you and should be appropriate for your organization.
* You may want to mention this is the `client` CA in the common name field.
* Since this is the CA certificate, you might want to give it a very long
lifetime, such as twenty years shown in this example command.
.. code-block:: bash
$ openssl req -config ../openssl.cnf -key private/ca.key.pem -new -x509 -days 7300 -sha256 -extensions v3_ca -out certs/ca.cert.pem
11. Create a key for the `client` certificate to use.
* You can create one certificate and key to be used by all of the
controllers or you can create a unique certificate and key for each
controller.
* You will need to specify a passphrase to protect the key file.
.. code-block:: bash
$ openssl genrsa -aes256 -out private/client.key.pem 2048
12. Create the certificate request for the `client` certificate used on the
controllers.
* You will need to specify the passphrase used in step 11.
* You will also be asked to provide details for the certificate. These are
up to you and should be appropriate for your organization.
* You must fill in the common name field.
* You may want to mention this is the `client` certificate in the common
name field, or the individual controller information.
.. code-block:: bash
$ openssl req -config ../openssl.cnf -new -sha256 -key private/client.key.pem -out csr/client.csr.pem
13. Sign the `client` certificate request.
* You will need to specify the CA passphrase used in step 9.
* Since this certificate is used on the control plane, you might want to
give it a very long lifetime, such as twenty years shown in this example
command.
.. code-block:: bash
$ openssl ca -config ../openssl.cnf -extensions usr_cert -days 7300 -notext -md sha256 -in csr/client.csr.pem -out certs/client.cert.pem
14. Create a concatenated `client` certificate and key file.
* You will need to specify the CA passphrase used in step 11.
.. code-block:: bash
$ openssl rsa -in private/client.key.pem -out private/client.cert-and-key.pem
$ cat certs/client.cert.pem >> private/client.cert-and-key.pem
Configuring Octavia
===================
In this section we will configure Octavia to use the certificates and keys
created during the `Creating the Certificate Authorities`_ section.
1. Copy the required files over to your Octavia controllers.
* Only the Octavia worker, health manager, and housekeeping processes will
need access to these files.
* The first command should return you to the "certs" directory created in
step 1 of the `Creating the Certificate Authorities`_ section.
* These commands assume you are running the octavia processes under the
"octavia" user.
* Note, some of these steps should be run with "sudo" and are indicated by
the "#" prefix.
.. code-block:: bash
$ cd ..
# mkdir /etc/octavia/certs
# chmod 700 /etc/octavia/certs
# cp server_ca/private/ca.key.pem /etc/octavia/certs/server_ca.key.pem
# chmod 700 /etc/octavia/certs/server_ca.key.pem
# cp server_ca/certs/ca.cert.pem /etc/octavia/certs/server_ca.cert.pem
# cp client_ca/certs/ca.cert.pem /etc/octavia/certs/client_ca.cert.pem
# cp client_ca/private/client.cert-and-key.pem /etc/octavia/certs/client.cert-and-key.pem
# chmod 700 /etc/octavia/certs/client.cert-key.pem
# chown -R octavia.octavia /etc/octavia/certs
2. Configure the [certificates] section of the octavia.conf file.
* Only the Octavia worker, health manager, and housekeeping processes will
need these settings.
* The "<server CA passphrase>" should be replaced with the passphrase
that was used in step 6 of the `Creating the Certificate Authorities`_
section.
.. code-block:: ini
[certificates]
cert_generator = local_cert_generator
ca_certificate = /etc/octavia/certs/server_ca.cert.pem
ca_private_key = /etc/octavia/certs/server_ca.key.pem
ca_private_key_passphrase = <server CA key passphrase>
3. Configure the [controller_worker] section of the octavia.conf file.
* Only the Octavia worker, health manager, and housekeeping processes will
need these settings.
.. code-block:: ini
[controller_worker]
client_ca = /etc/octavia/certs/client_ca.cert.pem
4. Configure the [haproxy_amphora] section of the octavia.conf file.
* Only the Octavia worker, health manager, and housekeeping processes will
need these settings.
.. code-block:: ini
[haproxy_amphora]
client_cert = /etc/octavia/certs/client.cert-and-key.pem
server_ca = /etc/octavia/certs/server_ca.cert.pem
5. Start the controller processes.
.. code-block:: bash
# systemctl start octavia-worker
# systemctl start octavia-healthmanager
# systemctl start octavia-housekeeping

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# OpenSSL root CA configuration file.
[ ca ]
# `man ca`
default_ca = CA_default
[ CA_default ]
# Directory and file locations.
dir = ./
certs = $dir/certs
crl_dir = $dir/crl
new_certs_dir = $dir/newcerts
database = $dir/index.txt
serial = $dir/serial
RANDFILE = $dir/private/.rand
# The root key and root certificate.
private_key = $dir/private/ca.key.pem
certificate = $dir/certs/ca.cert.pem
# For certificate revocation lists.
crlnumber = $dir/crlnumber
crl = $dir/crl/ca.crl.pem
crl_extensions = crl_ext
default_crl_days = 30
# SHA-1 is deprecated, so use SHA-2 instead.
default_md = sha256
name_opt = ca_default
cert_opt = ca_default
default_days = 3650
preserve = no
policy = policy_strict
[ policy_strict ]
# The root CA should only sign intermediate certificates that match.
# See the POLICY FORMAT section of `man ca`.
countryName = match
stateOrProvinceName = match
organizationName = match
organizationalUnitName = optional
commonName = supplied
emailAddress = optional
[ req ]
# Options for the `req` tool (`man req`).
default_bits = 2048
distinguished_name = req_distinguished_name
string_mask = utf8only
# SHA-1 is deprecated, so use SHA-2 instead.
default_md = sha256
# Extension to add when the -x509 option is used.
x509_extensions = v3_ca
[ req_distinguished_name ]
# See <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_signing_request>.
countryName = Country Name (2 letter code)
stateOrProvinceName = State or Province Name
localityName = Locality Name
0.organizationName = Organization Name
organizationalUnitName = Organizational Unit Name
commonName = Common Name
emailAddress = Email Address
# Optionally, specify some defaults.
countryName_default = US
stateOrProvinceName_default = Oregon
localityName_default =
0.organizationName_default = OpenStack
organizationalUnitName_default = Octavia
emailAddress_default =
commonName_default = example.org
[ v3_ca ]
# Extensions for a typical CA (`man x509v3_config`).
subjectKeyIdentifier = hash
authorityKeyIdentifier = keyid:always,issuer
basicConstraints = critical, CA:true
keyUsage = critical, digitalSignature, cRLSign, keyCertSign
[ usr_cert ]
# Extensions for client certificates (`man x509v3_config`).
basicConstraints = CA:FALSE
nsCertType = client, email
nsComment = "OpenSSL Generated Client Certificate"
subjectKeyIdentifier = hash
authorityKeyIdentifier = keyid,issuer
keyUsage = critical, nonRepudiation, digitalSignature, keyEncipherment
extendedKeyUsage = clientAuth, emailProtection
[ server_cert ]
# Extensions for server certificates (`man x509v3_config`).
basicConstraints = CA:FALSE
nsCertType = server
nsComment = "OpenSSL Generated Server Certificate"
subjectKeyIdentifier = hash
authorityKeyIdentifier = keyid,issuer:always
keyUsage = critical, digitalSignature, keyEncipherment
extendedKeyUsage = serverAuth
[ crl_ext ]
# Extension for CRLs (`man x509v3_config`).
authorityKeyIdentifier=keyid:always

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:maxdepth: 1
../contributor/guides/dev-quick-start.rst
guides/certificates.rst
guides/operator-maintenance.rst
guides/upgrade.rst
octavia-status