minor cleanup to ch_openstack_images
removed create, create add together doesn't make sense removed incomplete sentence Change-Id: Ic195901b07a358812857bc2b7d542543a0c2fdae
This commit is contained in:
Shilla Saebi
parent
7048c6ffe5
commit
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@ -1,4 +1,8 @@
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
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<!DOCTYPE chapter [
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<!-- Some useful entities borrowed from HTML -->
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<!ENTITY nbsp " ">
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]>
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<chapter xmlns="http://docbook.org/ns/docbook"
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xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude"
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xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" version="5.0"
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@ -10,12 +14,14 @@
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some of these, the requirement can be fulfilled by installing
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the <link
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xlink:href="https://cloudinit.readthedocs.org/en/latest/"
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>cloud-init</link> package. You should read this section
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before creating your own image to be sure that the image
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supports the OpenStack features you plan on using.<itemizedlist>
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><package>cloud-init</package></link> package. Read
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this section before you create your own image to be sure that
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the image supports the OpenStack features that you plan on
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using.</para>
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<itemizedlist>
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<listitem>
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<para>Disk partitions and resize root partition on
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boot (cloud-init)</para>
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<para>Disk partitions and resize root partition on boot
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(<package>cloud-init</package>)</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>No hard-coded MAC address information</para>
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@ -28,107 +34,111 @@
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>Access instance using ssh public key
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(cloud-init)</para>
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(<package>cloud-init</package>)</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>Process user data and other metadata
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(cloud-init)</para>
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(<package>cloud-init</package>)</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>Paravirtualized Xen support in Linux kernel (Xen
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hypervisor only with Linux kernel version <
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3.0)</para>
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</listitem>
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</itemizedlist></para>
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</itemizedlist>
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<section xml:id="support-resizing">
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<title>Disk partitions and resize root partition on boot
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(cloud-init)</title>
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<para>When you create a new Linux image, the first decision
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you will need to make is how to partition the disks. The
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choice of partition method can affect the resizing
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functionality, as described below.</para>
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<para>When you create a Linux image, you must decide how to
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partition the disks. The choice of partition method can
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affect the resizing functionality, as described in the
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following sections.</para>
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<para>The size of the disk in a virtual machine image is
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determined when you initially create the image. However,
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OpenStack lets you launch instances with different size
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drives by specifying different flavors. For example, if
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your image was created with a 5 GB disk, and you launch an
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instance with a flavor of <literal>m1.small</literal>. The
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resulting virtual machine instance has, by default,
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a primary disk size of 10 GB. When an instance's disk is resized
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up, zeros are just added to the end.</para>
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<para>Your image needs to be able to resize its partitions on
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boot to match the size requested by the user. Otherwise,
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after the instance boots, you will need to manually resize
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the partitions if you want to access the additional
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storage you have access to when the disk size associated
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with the flavor exceeds the disk size your image was
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created with.</para>
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your image was created with a 5 GB disk, and you
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launch an instance with a flavor of
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<literal>m1.small</literal>. The resulting virtual
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machine instance has, by default, a primary disk size of
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10 GB. When the disk for an instance is resized up,
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zeros are just added to the end.</para>
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<para>Your image must be able to resize its partitions on boot
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to match the size requested by the user. Otherwise, after
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the instance boots, you must manually resize the
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partitions to access the additional storage to which you
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have access when the disk size associated with the flavor
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exceeds the disk size with which your image was
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created.</para>
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<simplesect>
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<title>Xen: 1 ext3/ext4 partition (no LVM, no /boot, no
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swap)</title>
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<para>If you are using the OpenStack XenAPI driver, the
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Compute service will automatically adjust the
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partition and filesystem for your instance on boot.
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Automatic resize will occur if the following are all true:<itemizedlist>
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<para>If you use the OpenStack XenAPI driver, the Compute
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service automatically adjusts the partition and file
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system for your instance on boot. Automatic resize
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occurs if the following conditions are all
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true:</para>
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<itemizedlist>
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<listitem>
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<para><literal>auto_disk_config=True</literal>
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is set as a property on the image in the
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Image Registry.</para>
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<para><literal>auto_disk_config=True</literal> is
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set as a property on the image in the image
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registry.</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>The disk on the image has only one
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partition.</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>The file system on the one partition is
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ext3 or ext4.</para>
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<para>The file system on the one partition is ext3
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or ext4.</para>
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</listitem>
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</itemizedlist></para>
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<para>Therefore, if you are using Xen, we recommend that
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when you create your images, you create a single ext3
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or ext4 partition (not managed by LVM). Otherwise,
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read on.</para>
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</itemizedlist>
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<para>Therefore, if you use Xen, we recommend that when
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you create your images, you create a single ext3 or
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ext4 partition (not managed by LVM). Otherwise, read
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on.</para>
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</simplesect>
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<simplesect>
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<title>Non-Xen with cloud-init/cloud-tools: 1 ext3/ext4
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<title>Non-Xen with cloud-init/cloud-tools: One ext3/ext4
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partition (no LVM, no /boot, no swap)</title>
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<para>Your image must be configured to deal with two issues:<itemizedlist>
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<para>You must configure these items for your
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image:</para>
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<itemizedlist>
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<listitem>
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<para>The image's partition table describes
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<para>The partition table for the image describes
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the original size of the image</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>The image's filesystem fills the
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<para>The file system for the image fills the
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original size of the image</para>
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</listitem>
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</itemizedlist></para>
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<para>Then, during the boot process:<itemizedlist>
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</itemizedlist>
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<para>Then, during the boot process, you must:</para>
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<itemizedlist>
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<listitem>
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<para>the partition table must be modified to
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be made aware of the additional space<itemizedlist>
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<para>Modify the partition table to make it aware
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of the additional space:</para>
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<itemizedlist>
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<listitem>
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<para>If you are not using LVM, you
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must modify the table to extend the
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existing root partition to
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encompass this additional
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space</para>
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<para>If you do not use LVM, you must
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modify the table to extend the
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existing root partition to encompass
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this additional space.</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>If you are using LVM, you can
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create add a new LVM entry to the
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partition table, create a new LVM
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physical volume, add it to the
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volume group, and extend the
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<para>If you use LVM, you can add a new
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LVM entry to the partition table,
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create a new LVM physical volume, add
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it to the volume group, and extend the
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logical partition with the root
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volume</para>
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volume.</para>
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</listitem>
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</itemizedlist></para>
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</itemizedlist>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>the root volume filesystem must be
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resized</para>
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<para>Resize the root volume file system.</para>
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</listitem>
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</itemizedlist></para>
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</itemizedlist>
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<para>The simplest way to support this in your image is to
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install the <link
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xlink:href="https://launchpad.net/cloud-utils"
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@ -136,42 +146,46 @@
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<command>growpart</command> tool for extending
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partitions), the <link
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xlink:href="https://launchpad.net/cloud-initramfs-tools"
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>cloud-initramfs-tools</link> package (which will
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support resizing root partition on the first boot),
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>cloud-initramfs-tools</link> package (which
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supports resizing root partition on the first boot),
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and the <link
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xlink:href="https://launchpad.net/cloud-init"
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>cloud-init</link> package into your image. With
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these installed, the image will perform the root
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partition resize on boot. For example, in the
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<filename>/etc/rc.local</filename> file. These
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packages are in the Ubuntu and Debian package
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repository, as well as the EPEL repository (for
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Fedora/RHEL/CentOS/Scientific Linux guests).</para>
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<para>If you are not able to install
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><package>cloud-init</package></link> package
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into your image. With these installed, the image
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performs the root partition resize on boot. For
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example, in the <filename>/etc/rc.local</filename>
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file. These packages are in the Ubuntu and Debian
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package repository, as well as the EPEL repository
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(for Fedora/RHEL/CentOS/Scientific Linux
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guests).</para>
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<para>If you cannot install
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<literal>cloud-initramfs-tools</literal>, Robert
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Plestenjak has a github project called <link
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xlink:href="https://github.com/flegmatik/linux-rootfs-resize"
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>linux-rootfs-resize</link> that contains scripts
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that will update a ramdisk using
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<command>growpart</command> so that the image will
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resize properly on boot.</para>
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<para>If you are able to install the cloud-utils and
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cloud-init packages, we recommend that when you create
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your images, you create a single ext3 or ext4
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partition (not managed by LVM).</para>
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that update a ramdisk by using
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<command>growpart</command> so that the image
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resizes properly on boot.</para>
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<para>If you can install the cloud-utils and
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<package>cloud-init</package> packages, we
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recommend that when you create your images, you create
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a single ext3 or ext4 partition (not managed by
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LVM).</para>
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</simplesect>
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<simplesect>
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<title>Non-Xen without cloud-init/cloud-tools: LVM</title>
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<para>If you cannot install cloud-init and cloud-tools
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inside of your guest, and you want to support resize,
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you will need to write a script that your image will
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run on boot to modify the partition table. In this
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case, we recommend using LVM to manage your
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partitions. Due to a limitation in the Linux kernel
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(as of this writing), you cannot modify a partition
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table of a raw disk that has partition currently
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mounted, but you can do this for LVM.</para>
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<para>Your script will need to do something like the following:<orderedlist>
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<title>Non-Xen without
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<package>cloud-init</package>/<package>cloud-tools</package>:
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LVM</title>
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<para>If you cannot install <package>cloud-init</package>
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and <package>cloud-tools</package> inside of your
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guest, and you want to support resize, you must write
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a script that your image runs on boot to modify the
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partition table. In this case, we recommend using LVM
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to manage your partitions. Due to a limitation in the
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Linux kernel (as of this writing), you cannot modify a
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partition table of a raw disk that has partitions
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currently mounted, but you can do this for LVM.</para>
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<para>Your script must do something like the following:<orderedlist>
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<listitem>
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<para>Detect if any additional space is
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available on the disk. For example, parse
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@ -210,29 +224,28 @@
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/dev/mapper/<replaceable>node-root</replaceable></command>.</para>
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</listitem>
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</orderedlist></para>
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<para>You do not need to have a <filename>/boot</filename>
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partition, unless your image is an older Linux
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<para>You do not need a <filename>/boot</filename>
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partition unless your image is an older Linux
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distribution that requires that
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<filename>/boot</filename> is not managed by LVM.
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You may elect to use a swap per</para>
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<filename>/boot</filename> is not managed by LVM.</para>
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</simplesect>
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</section>
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<section xml:id="mac-adddress">
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<title>No hard-coded MAC address information</title>
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<para>You must remove the network persistence rules in the
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image as their presence will result in the network
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interface in the instance coming up as an interface other
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than eth0. This is because your image has a record of the
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MAC address of the network interface card when it was
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first installed, and this MAC address will be different
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each time the instance boots up. You should alter the
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following files:<itemizedlist>
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image because they cause the network interface in the
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instance to come up as an interface other than eth0. This
|
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is because your image has a record of the MAC address of
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the network interface card when it was first installed,
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and this MAC address is different each time that the
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instance boots. You should alter the following
|
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files:</para>
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<itemizedlist>
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<listitem>
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<para>Replace
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<filename>/etc/udev/rules.d/70-persistent-net.rules</filename>
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with an empty file (contains network
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persistence rules, including MAC
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address)</para>
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with an empty file (contains network persistence
|
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rules, including MAC address)</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>Replace
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@ -245,23 +258,22 @@
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<filename>/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0</filename>
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on Fedora-based images</para>
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</listitem>
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</itemizedlist><note>
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<para>If you delete the network persistent rules
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files, you may get a udev kernel warning at boot
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time, which is why we recommend replacing them
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with empty files instead.</para>
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</note></para>
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</itemizedlist>
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<note>
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<para>If you delete the network persistent rules files,
|
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you may get a udev kernel warning at boot time, which
|
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is why we recommend replacing them with empty files
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instead.</para>
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</note>
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</section>
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<section xml:id="ensure-ssh-server">
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<title>Ensure ssh server runs</title>
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<para>You must install an ssh server into the image and ensure
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that it starts up on boot, or you will not be able to
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connect to your instance using ssh when it boots inside of
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OpenStack. This package is typically called
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that it starts up on boot, or you cannot connect to your
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instance by using ssh when it boots inside of OpenStack.
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This package is typically called
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<literal>openssh-server</literal>.</para>
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</section>
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<section xml:id="disable-firewall">
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<title>Disable firewall</title>
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<para>In general, we recommend that you disable any firewalls
|
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@ -272,7 +284,7 @@
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connect to your instance.</para>
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</section>
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<section xml:id="ssh-public-key">
|
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<title>Access instance using ssh public key
|
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<title>Access instance by using ssh public key
|
||||
(cloud-init)</title>
|
||||
<para>The typical way that users access virtual machines
|
||||
running on OpenStack is to ssh using public key
|
||||
@ -281,28 +293,32 @@
|
||||
from the OpenStack metadata service or config drive, at
|
||||
boot time.</para>
|
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<simplesect>
|
||||
<title>Use cloud-init to fetch the public key</title>
|
||||
<para>The cloud-init package will automatically fetch the
|
||||
public key from the metadata server and place the key
|
||||
in an account. The account varies by distribution. On
|
||||
Ubuntu-based virtual machines, the account is called
|
||||
"ubuntu". On Fedora-based virtual machines, the
|
||||
account is called "ec2-user".</para>
|
||||
<title>Use <package>cloud-init</package> to fetch the
|
||||
public key</title>
|
||||
<para>The <package>cloud-init</package> package
|
||||
automatically fetches the public key from the metadata
|
||||
server and places the key in an account. The account
|
||||
varies by distribution. On Ubuntu-based virtual
|
||||
machines, the account is called
|
||||
<literal>ubuntu</literal>. On Fedora-based virtual
|
||||
machines, the account is called
|
||||
<literal>ec2-user</literal>.</para>
|
||||
<para>You can change the name of the account used by
|
||||
cloud-init by editing the
|
||||
<package>cloud-init</package> by editing the
|
||||
<filename>/etc/cloud/cloud.cfg</filename> file and
|
||||
adding a line with a different user. For example, to
|
||||
configure cloud-init to put the key in an account
|
||||
named <literal>admin</literal>, edit the configuration
|
||||
file so it has the line:</para>
|
||||
configure <package>cloud-init</package> to put the key
|
||||
in an account named <literal>admin</literal>, edit the
|
||||
configuration file so it has the line:</para>
|
||||
<programlisting>user: admin</programlisting>
|
||||
</simplesect>
|
||||
<simplesect>
|
||||
<title>Write a custom script to fetch the public
|
||||
key</title>
|
||||
<para>If you are unable or unwilling to install cloud-init
|
||||
inside the guest, you can write a custom script to
|
||||
fetch the public key and add it to a user account.</para>
|
||||
<para>If you are unable or unwilling to install
|
||||
<package>cloud-init</package> inside the guest,
|
||||
you can write a custom script to fetch the public key
|
||||
and add it to a user account.</para>
|
||||
<para>To fetch the ssh public key and add it to the root
|
||||
account, edit the <filename>/etc/rc.local</filename>
|
||||
file and add the following lines before the line
|
||||
@ -357,17 +373,16 @@ done</programlisting>
|
||||
<section xml:id="metadata">
|
||||
<title>Process user data and other metadata
|
||||
(cloud-init)</title>
|
||||
<para>In addition to the ssh public key, an image may need to
|
||||
retrieve additional information from OpenStack, such as
|
||||
<link
|
||||
<para>In addition to the ssh public key, an image might need
|
||||
additional information from OpenStack, such as <link
|
||||
xlink:href="http://docs.openstack.org/user-guide/content/user-data.html"
|
||||
>user data</link> that the user submitted when
|
||||
requesting the image. For example, you might want to set the
|
||||
host name of the instance when it is booted. Or, you might
|
||||
wish to configure your image so that it executes user data
|
||||
content as a script on boot.</para>
|
||||
<para>This information is accessible through the metadata service
|
||||
or the <link
|
||||
requesting the image. For example, you might want to set
|
||||
the host name of the instance when it is booted. Or, you
|
||||
might wish to configure your image so that it executes
|
||||
user data content as a script on boot.</para>
|
||||
<para>This information is accessible through the metadata
|
||||
service or the <link
|
||||
xlink:href="http://docs.openstack.org/user-guide/content/config-drive.html"
|
||||
>config drive</link>. As the OpenStack metadata
|
||||
service is compatible with version 2009-04-04 of the
|
||||
@ -378,9 +393,10 @@ done</programlisting>
|
||||
retrieve user data.</para>
|
||||
|
||||
<para>The easiest way to support this type of functionality is
|
||||
to install the cloud-init package into your image, which
|
||||
is configured by default to treat user data as an
|
||||
executable script, and will set the host name.</para>
|
||||
to install the <package>cloud-init</package> package into
|
||||
your image, which is configured by default to treat user
|
||||
data as an executable script, and sets the host
|
||||
name.</para>
|
||||
</section>
|
||||
<section xml:id="write-to-console">
|
||||
<title>Ensure image writes boot log to console</title>
|
||||
@ -394,11 +410,12 @@ done</programlisting>
|
||||
looks something like this:</para>
|
||||
<programlisting>linux /boot/vmlinuz-3.2.0-49-virtual root=UUID=6d2231e4-0975-4f35-a94f-56738c1a8150 ro console=ttyS0</programlisting>
|
||||
<para>If <literal>console=ttyS0</literal> does not appear, you
|
||||
will need to modify your grub configuration. In general,
|
||||
you should not update the grub.cfg directly, since it is
|
||||
automatically generated. Instead, you should edit
|
||||
<filename>/etc/default/grub</filename> and modify the
|
||||
value of the <literal>GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT</literal>
|
||||
must modify your grub configuration. In general, you
|
||||
should not update the <filename>grub.cfg</filename>
|
||||
directly, since it is automatically generated. Instead,
|
||||
you should edit <filename>/etc/default/grub</filename> and
|
||||
modify the value of the
|
||||
<literal>GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT</literal>
|
||||
variable:
|
||||
<programlisting language="bash">GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT="console=ttyS0"</programlisting></para>
|
||||
<para>Next, update the grub configuration. On Debian-based
|
||||
@ -417,8 +434,8 @@ done</programlisting>
|
||||
guests). If you are running the Xen hypervisor with
|
||||
paravirtualization, and you want to create an image for an
|
||||
older Linux distribution that has a pre 3.0 kernel, you
|
||||
will need to ensure that the image boots a kernel that has
|
||||
been compiled with Xen support.</para>
|
||||
must ensure that the image boots a kernel that has been
|
||||
compiled with Xen support.</para>
|
||||
</section>
|
||||
<section xml:id="image-cache-management">
|
||||
<title>Manage the image cache</title>
|
||||
@ -429,8 +446,8 @@ done</programlisting>
|
||||
compute nodes share one common
|
||||
<filename>/var/lib/nova/instances/</filename>
|
||||
directory.</para>
|
||||
<para>For information about libvirt images in OpenStack, refer
|
||||
to <link
|
||||
<para>For information about libvirt images in OpenStack, see
|
||||
<link
|
||||
xlink:href="http://www.pixelbeat.org/docs/openstack_libvirt_images/"
|
||||
>The life of an OpenStack libvirt image from Pádraig
|
||||
Brady</link>.</para>
|
||||
@ -448,18 +465,29 @@ done</programlisting>
|
||||
<tbody>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>preallocate_images=none</td>
|
||||
<td>(StrOpt) VM image preallocation mode: "none"
|
||||
=> no storage provisioning is done up
|
||||
front, "space" => storage is fully
|
||||
allocated at instance start. If this is set to
|
||||
'space', the $instance_dir/ images will be
|
||||
<link
|
||||
<td><para>(StrOpt) VM image preallocation
|
||||
mode:</para><itemizedlist>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para><literal>none</literal>. No
|
||||
storage provisioning occurs up
|
||||
front.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
<listitem>
|
||||
<para><literal>space</literal>.
|
||||
Storage is fully allocated at
|
||||
instance start. The
|
||||
<literal>$instance_dir/</literal>
|
||||
images are <link
|
||||
xlink:href="http://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/online/pages/man2/fallocate.2.html"
|
||||
>fallocate</link>d to immediately
|
||||
determine if enough space is available, and to
|
||||
possibly improve VM I/O performance due to
|
||||
ongoing allocation avoidance, and better
|
||||
locality of block allocations.</td>
|
||||
determine if enough space is
|
||||
available, and to possibly improve
|
||||
VM I/O performance due to ongoing
|
||||
allocation avoidance, and better
|
||||
locality of block
|
||||
allocations.</para>
|
||||
</listitem>
|
||||
</itemizedlist></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>remove_unused_base_images=True</td>
|
||||
@ -472,13 +500,13 @@ done</programlisting>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>remove_unused_original_minimum_age_seconds=86400</td>
|
||||
<td>(IntOpt) Unused unresized base images younger
|
||||
than this will not be removed. Default is
|
||||
86400 seconds, or 24 hours.</td>
|
||||
than this are not removed. Default is 86400
|
||||
seconds, or 24 hours.</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>remove_unused_resized_minimum_age_seconds=3600</td>
|
||||
<td>(IntOpt) Unused resized base images younger
|
||||
than this will not be removed. Default is 3600
|
||||
than this are not removed. Default is 3600
|
||||
seconds, or one hour.</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
@ -494,7 +522,7 @@ a0d1d5d3_20
|
||||
2012-02-18 04:24:17 41389 INFO nova.virt.libvirt.imagecache [-] Removable base files: /var/lib/nova/instances/_base/06a057b9c7b0b27e3b496f53d1e88810
|
||||
a0d1d5d3 /var/lib/nova/instances/_base/06a057b9c7b0b27e3b496f53d1e88810a0d1d5d3_20
|
||||
2012-02-18 04:24:17 41389 INFO nova.virt.libvirt.imagecache [-] Removing base file: /var/lib/nova/instances/_base/06a057b9c7b0b27e3b496f53d1e88810a0d1d5d3</computeroutput></screen>
|
||||
<para>Since 86400 seconds (24 hours) is the default time for
|
||||
<para>Because 86400 seconds (24 hours) is the default time for
|
||||
<literal>remove_unused_original_minimum_age_seconds</literal>,
|
||||
you can either wait for that time interval to see the base
|
||||
image removed, or set the value to a shorter time period
|
||||
|
||||
Loading…
Reference in New Issue
Block a user