260 lines
14 KiB
XML
260 lines
14 KiB
XML
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
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<chapter xmlns="http://docbook.org/ns/docbook"
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xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude"
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xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"
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version="5.0"
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xml:id="security-legal-requirements">
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<?dbhtml stop-chunking?>
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<title>Security and legal requirements</title>
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<para>This chapter discusses the legal and security requirements you
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need to consider for the different OpenStack scenarios.</para>
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<section xml:id="legal-requirements">
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<title>Legal requirements</title>
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<para>Many jurisdictions have legislative and regulatory
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requirements governing the storage and management of data in
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cloud environments. Common areas of regulation include:</para>
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<itemizedlist>
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<listitem>
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<para>Data retention policies ensuring storage of
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persistent data and records management to meet data
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archival requirements.</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>Data ownership policies governing the possession and
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responsibility for data.</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>Data sovereignty policies governing the storage of
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data in foreign countries or otherwise separate
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jurisdictions.</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>Data compliance policies governing certain types of
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information needing to reside in certain locations due to
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regulatory issues - and more importantly, cannot reside in
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other locations for the same reason.</para>
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</listitem>
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</itemizedlist>
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<para>Examples of such legal frameworks include the <link
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xlink:href="http://ec.europa.eu/justice/data-protection/">data
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protection framework</link> of the European Union and the
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requirements of the <link
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xlink:href="http://www.finra.org/Industry/Regulation/FINRARules/">
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Financial Industry Regulatory Authority</link> in the United
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States. Consult a local regulatory body for more information.
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</para>
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</section>
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<section xml:id="security-overview">
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<title>Security</title>
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<para>When deploying OpenStack in an enterprise as a private
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cloud, despite activating a firewall and binding
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employees with security agreements, cloud architecture
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should not make assumptions about safety and protection.
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In addition to considering the users, operators, or administrators
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who will use the environment, consider also negative or hostile users who
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would attack or compromise the security of your deployment regardless
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of firewalls or security agreements.</para>
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<para>Attack vectors increase further in a public facing OpenStack
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deployment. For example, the API endpoints and the
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software behind it become vulnerable to hostile
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entities attempting to gain unauthorized access or prevent access
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to services. This can result in loss of reputation and you must
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protect against it through auditing and appropriate
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filtering.</para>
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<para>It's important to understand that user authentication
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requests encase sensitive information such as user names,
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passwords, and authentication tokens. For this reason, place
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the API services behind hardware that performs SSL termination.</para>
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<warning>
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<para>Be mindful of consistency when utilizing third party
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clouds to explore authentication options.</para>
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</warning>
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</section>
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<section xml:id="security-domains">
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<title>Security domains</title>
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<para>A security domain comprises users, applications, servers or
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networks that share common trust requirements and expectations
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within a system. Typically, security domains have the same
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authentication and authorization requirements and users.</para>
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<para>You can map security domains individually to the
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installation, or combine them. For example, some
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deployment topologies combine both guest and data domains onto
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one physical network. In other cases these networks
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are physically separate. Map out the security domains against
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specific OpenStack topologies needs. The domains and their trust requirements
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depend on whether the cloud instance is public, private, or
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hybrid.</para>
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<simplesect>
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<title>Public security domains</title>
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<para>The public security domain is an untrusted area of
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the cloud infrastructure. It can refer to the Internet as a
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whole or simply to networks over which the user has no
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authority. Always consider this domain untrusted. For example,
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in a hybrid cloud deployment, any information traversing
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between and beyond the clouds is in the public domain and
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untrustworthy.</para>
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</simplesect>
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<simplesect>
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<title>Guest security domains</title>
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<para>Typically used for compute instance-to-instance traffic, the
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guest security domain handles compute data generated by
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instances on the cloud but not services that support the
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operation of the cloud, such as API calls. Public cloud
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providers and private cloud providers who do not have
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stringent controls on instance use or who allow unrestricted
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Internet access to instances should consider this domain to be
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untrusted. Private cloud providers may want to consider this
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network as internal and therefore trusted only if they have
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controls in place to assert that they trust instances and all
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their tenants.</para>
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</simplesect>
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<simplesect>
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<title>Management security domains</title>
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<para>The management security domain is where services interact.
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The networks in this domain transport confidential data such as configuration
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parameters, user names, and passwords. Trust this domain when it is
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behind an organization's firewall in deployments.</para>
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</simplesect>
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<simplesect>
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<title>Data security domains</title>
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<para>The data security domain is concerned primarily with
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information pertaining to the storage services within
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OpenStack. The data that crosses this network has integrity and
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confidentiality requirements. Depending on the type of deployment there
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may also be availability requirements. The trust level of this network
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is heavily dependent on deployment decisions and does not have a default
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level of trust.</para>
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</simplesect>
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</section>
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<section xml:id="hypervisor-security">
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<title>Hypervisor-security</title>
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<para>The hypervisor also requires a security assessment. In a
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public cloud, organizations typically do not have control
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over the choice of hypervisor. For example, Amazon uses
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its own particular version of Xen. Properly securing your
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hypervisor is important. Attacks made upon the
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unsecured hypervisor are called a
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<firstterm>hypervisor breakout</firstterm>.
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Hypervisor breakout describes the event of a
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compromised or malicious instance breaking out of the resource
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controls of the hypervisor and gaining access to the bare
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metal operating system and hardware resources.</para>
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<para>There is not an issue if the security of instances is not important.
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However, enterprises need to avoid vulnerability. The only way to
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do this is to avoid the situation where the instances are running
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on a public cloud. That does not mean that there is a
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need to own all of the infrastructure on which an OpenStack
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installation operates; it suggests avoiding situations in which
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sharing hardware with others occurs.</para>
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</section>
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<section xml:id="security-baremetal">
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<title>Baremetal security</title>
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<para>There are other services worth considering that provide a
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bare metal instance instead of a cloud. In other cases, it is
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possible to replicate a second private cloud by integrating
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with a private Cloud-as-a-Service deployment. The
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organization does not buy the hardware, but also does not share
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with other tenants. It is also possible to use a provider that
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hosts a bare-metal "public" cloud instance for which the
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hardware is dedicated only to one customer, or a provider that
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offers private Cloud-as-a-Service.</para>
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<para>It is important to realize that each cloud
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implements services differently. What keeps data secure in one
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cloud may not do the same in another. Be sure to know the
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security requirements of every cloud that handles the
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organization's data or workloads.</para>
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<para>More information on OpenStack Security can be found in the
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<link xlink:href="http://docs.openstack.org/security-guide"><citetitle>OpenStack
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Security Guide</citetitle></link>.</para>
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</section>
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<section xml:id="networking-security">
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<title>Networking Security</title>
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<para>Consider security implications and requirements before designing the
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physical and logical network topologies. Make sure that the networks are
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properly segregated and traffic flows are going to the correct
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destinations without crossing through locations that are undesirable.
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Consider the following example factors:</para>
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<itemizedlist>
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<listitem>
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<para>Firewalls</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>Overlay interconnects for joining separated tenant networks</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>Routing through or avoiding specific networks</para>
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</listitem>
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</itemizedlist>
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<para>How networks attach to hypervisors can expose security
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vulnerabilities. To mitigate against exploiting hypervisor breakouts,
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separate networks from other systems and schedule instances for the
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network onto dedicated compute nodes. This prevents attackers
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from having access to the networks from a compromised instance.</para>
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</section>
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<section xml:id="security-multi-site">
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<title>Multi-site security</title>
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<para>Securing a multi-site OpenStack installation brings
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extra challenges. Tenants may expect a tenant-created network
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to be secure. In a multi-site installation the use of a
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non-private connection between sites may be required. This may
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mean that traffic would be visible to third parties and, in
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cases where an application requires security, this issue
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requires mitigation. In these instances, install a VPN or
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encrypted connection between sites to conceal sensitive traffic.</para>
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<para>Another security consideration with regard to multi-site
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deployments is Identity. Centralize authentication within a
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multi-site deployment. Centralization provides a
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single authentication point for users across the deployment,
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as well as a single point of administration for traditional
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create, read, update, and delete operations. Centralized
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authentication is also useful for auditing purposes because
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all authentication tokens originate from the same
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source.</para>
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<para>Just as tenants in a single-site deployment need isolation
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from each other, so do tenants in multi-site installations.
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The extra challenges in multi-site designs revolve around
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ensuring that tenant networks function across regions.
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Unfortunately, OpenStack Networking does not presently support
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a mechanism to provide this functionality, therefore an
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external system may be necessary to manage these mappings.
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Tenant networks may contain sensitive information requiring
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that this mapping be accurate and consistent to ensure that a
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tenant in one site does not connect to a different tenant in
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another site.</para>
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</section>
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<section xml:id="openstack-components-multi-site">
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<title>OpenStack components</title>
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<para>Most OpenStack installations require a bare minimum set of
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pieces to function. These include OpenStack Identity
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(keystone) for authentication, OpenStack Compute
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(nova) for compute, OpenStack Image service (glance) for image
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storage, OpenStack Networking (neutron) for networking, and
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potentially an object store in the form of OpenStack Object
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Storage (swift). Bringing multi-site into play also demands extra
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components in order to coordinate between regions. Centralized
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Identity service is necessary to provide the single authentication
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point. Centralized dashboard is also recommended to provide a
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single login point and a mapped experience to the API and CLI
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options available. If needed, use a centralized Object Storage service,
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installing the required swift proxy service alongside the Object
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Storage service.</para>
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<para>It may also be helpful to install a few extra options in
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order to facilitate certain use cases. For instance,
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installing DNS service may assist in automatically generating
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DNS domains for each region with an automatically-populated
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zone full of resource records for each instance. This
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facilitates using DNS as a mechanism for determining which
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region would be selected for certain applications.</para>
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<para>Another useful tool for managing a multi-site installation
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is OpenStack Orchestration (heat). The Orchestration module
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allows the use of templates to define a set of instances to
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be launched together or for scaling existing sets. It can
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set up matching or differentiated groupings based on
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regions. For instance, if an application requires an equally
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balanced number of nodes across sites, the same heat template
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can be used to cover each site with small alterations to only
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the region name.</para>
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</section>
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</chapter>
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