pre-commit: Migrate pyupgrade to ruff-format

openstack/tests/unit/cloud/test_stack.py needs some manual fixes but
this is otherwise auto-generated.

Change-Id: If0d202ece232181c16ee4990eb428e9ad6e91cd5
Signed-off-by: Stephen Finucane <stephenfin@redhat.com>

.pre-commit-config.yaml

@@ -18,16 +18,11 @@ repos:
     rev: v1.1.2
     hooks:
       - id: doc8
-  - repo: https://github.com/asottile/pyupgrade
-    rev: v3.19.0
-    hooks:
-      - id: pyupgrade
-        args: ['--py38-plus']
   - repo: https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit
     rev: v0.7.3
     hooks:
       - id: ruff
-        args: ['--fix']
+        args: ['--fix', '--unsafe-fixes']
       - id: ruff-format
   - repo: https://opendev.org/openstack/hacking
     rev: 7.0.0

examples/compute/create.py

@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ def create_keypair(conn):
                 raise e
 
         with open(PRIVATE_KEYPAIR_FILE, 'w') as f:
-            f.write("%s" % keypair.private_key)
+            f.write(str(keypair.private_key))
 
         os.chmod(PRIVATE_KEYPAIR_FILE, 0o400)
 
@@ -71,8 +71,4 @@ def create_server(conn):
 
     server = conn.compute.wait_for_server(server)
 
-    print(
-        "ssh -i {key} root@{ip}".format(
-            key=PRIVATE_KEYPAIR_FILE, ip=server.access_ipv4
-        )
-    )
+    print(f"ssh -i {PRIVATE_KEYPAIR_FILE} root@{server.access_ipv4}")

openstack/__main__.py

@@ -20,8 +20,9 @@ import pbr.version
 
 def show_version(args):
     print(
-        "OpenstackSDK Version %s"
-        % pbr.version.VersionInfo('openstacksdk').version_string_with_vcs()
+        "OpenstackSDK Version {}".format(
+            pbr.version.VersionInfo('openstacksdk').version_string_with_vcs()
+        )
     )
 
 

openstack/accelerator/v2/deployable.py

@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ class Deployable(resource.Resource):
             call = getattr(session, method.lower())
         except AttributeError:
             raise exceptions.ResourceFailure(
-                "Invalid commit method: %s" % method
+                f"Invalid commit method: {method}"
             )
 
         request.url = request.url + "/program"

openstack/baremetal/configdrive.py

@@ -67,9 +67,7 @@ def populate_directory(
                 # Strictly speaking, user data is binary, but in many cases
                 # it's actually a text (cloud-init, ignition, etc).
                 flag = 't' if isinstance(user_data, str) else 'b'
-                with open(
-                    os.path.join(subdir, 'user_data'), 'w%s' % flag
-                ) as fp:
+                with open(os.path.join(subdir, 'user_data'), f'w{flag}') as fp:
                     fp.write(user_data)
 
         yield d
@@ -147,15 +145,14 @@ def pack(path: str) -> str:
             raise RuntimeError(
                 'Error generating the configdrive. Make sure the '
                 '"genisoimage", "mkisofs" or "xorrisofs" tool is installed. '
-                'Error: %s' % error
+                f'Error: {error}'
             )
 
         stdout, stderr = p.communicate()
         if p.returncode != 0:
             raise RuntimeError(
                 'Error generating the configdrive.'
-                'Stdout: "%(stdout)s". Stderr: "%(stderr)s"'
-                % {'stdout': stdout.decode(), 'stderr': stderr.decode()}
+                f'Stdout: "{stdout.decode()}". Stderr: "{stderr.decode()}"'
             )
 
         tmpfile.seek(0)

openstack/baremetal/v1/_proxy.py

@@ -63,9 +63,7 @@ class Proxy(proxy.Proxy):
             kwargs['fields'] = _common.fields_type(fields, resource_type)
         return res.fetch(
             self,
-            error_message="No {resource_type} found for {value}".format(
-                resource_type=resource_type.__name__, value=value
-            ),
+            error_message=f"No {resource_type.__name__} found for {value}",
             **kwargs,
         )
 
@@ -560,9 +558,8 @@ class Proxy(proxy.Proxy):
         try:
             for count in utils.iterate_timeout(
                 timeout,
-                "Timeout waiting for nodes %(nodes)s to reach "
-                "target state '%(state)s'"
-                % {'nodes': log_nodes, 'state': expected_state},
+                f"Timeout waiting for nodes {log_nodes} to reach "
+                f"target state '{expected_state}'",
             ):
                 nodes = [self.get_node(n) for n in remaining]
                 remaining = []

openstack/baremetal/v1/allocation.py

@@ -93,14 +93,13 @@ class Allocation(_common.Resource):
             return self
 
         for count in utils.iterate_timeout(
-            timeout, "Timeout waiting for the allocation %s" % self.id
+            timeout, f"Timeout waiting for the allocation {self.id}"
         ):
             self.fetch(session)
 
             if self.state == 'error' and not ignore_error:
                 raise exceptions.ResourceFailure(
-                    "Allocation %(allocation)s failed: %(error)s"
-                    % {'allocation': self.id, 'error': self.last_error}
+                    f"Allocation {self.id} failed: {self.last_error}"
                 )
             elif self.state != 'allocating':
                 return self

openstack/baremetal/v1/driver.py

@@ -188,8 +188,6 @@ class Driver(resource.Resource):
             retriable_status_codes=_common.RETRIABLE_STATUS_CODES,
         )
 
-        msg = "Failed call to method {method} on driver {driver_name}".format(
-            method=method, driver_name=self.name
-        )
+        msg = f"Failed call to method {method} on driver {self.name}"
         exceptions.raise_from_response(response, error_message=msg)
         return response

openstack/baremetal/v1/node.py

@@ -324,9 +324,8 @@ class Node(_common.Resource):
                 microversion = _common.STATE_VERSIONS[expected_provision_state]
             except KeyError:
                 raise ValueError(
-                    "Node's provision_state must be one of %s for creation, "
-                    "got %s"
-                    % (
+                    "Node's provision_state must be one of {} for creation, "
+                    "got {}".format(
                         ', '.join(_common.STATE_VERSIONS),
                         expected_provision_state,
                     )
@@ -334,7 +333,7 @@ class Node(_common.Resource):
             else:
                 error_message = (
                     "Cannot create a node with initial provision "
-                    "state %s" % expected_provision_state
+                    f"state {expected_provision_state}"
                 )
                 # Nodes cannot be created as available using new API versions
                 maximum = (
@@ -546,8 +545,8 @@ class Node(_common.Resource):
                 expected_state = _common.EXPECTED_STATES[target]
             except KeyError:
                 raise ValueError(
-                    'For target %s the expected state is not '
-                    'known, cannot wait for it' % target
+                    f'For target {target} the expected state is not '
+                    'known, cannot wait for it'
                 )
 
         request = self._prepare_request(requires_id=True)
@@ -561,8 +560,8 @@ class Node(_common.Resource):
         )
 
         msg = (
-            "Failed to set provision state for bare metal node {node} "
-            "to {target}".format(node=self.id, target=target)
+            f"Failed to set provision state for bare metal node {self.id} "
+            f"to {target}"
         )
         exceptions.raise_from_response(response, error_message=msg)
 
@@ -588,9 +587,8 @@ class Node(_common.Resource):
         """
         for count in utils.iterate_timeout(
             timeout,
-            "Timeout waiting for node %(node)s to reach "
-            "power state '%(state)s'"
-            % {'node': self.id, 'state': expected_state},
+            f"Timeout waiting for node {self.id} to reach "
+            f"power state '{expected_state}'",
         ):
             self.fetch(session)
             if self.power_state == expected_state:
@@ -629,9 +627,8 @@ class Node(_common.Resource):
         """
         for count in utils.iterate_timeout(
             timeout,
-            "Timeout waiting for node %(node)s to reach "
-            "target state '%(state)s'"
-            % {'node': self.id, 'state': expected_state},
+            f"Timeout waiting for node {self.id} to reach "
+            f"target state '{expected_state}'",
         ):
             self.fetch(session)
             if self._check_state_reached(
@@ -677,7 +674,7 @@ class Node(_common.Resource):
 
         for count in utils.iterate_timeout(
             timeout,
-            "Timeout waiting for the lock to be released on node %s" % self.id,
+            f"Timeout waiting for the lock to be released on node {self.id}",
         ):
             self.fetch(session)
             if self.reservation is None:
@@ -719,13 +716,8 @@ class Node(_common.Resource):
             or self.provision_state == 'error'
         ):
             raise exceptions.ResourceFailure(
-                "Node %(node)s reached failure state \"%(state)s\"; "
-                "the last error is %(error)s"
-                % {
-                    'node': self.id,
-                    'state': self.provision_state,
-                    'error': self.last_error,
-                }
+                f"Node {self.id} reached failure state \"{self.provision_state}\"; "
+                f"the last error is {self.last_error}"
             )
         # Special case: a failure state for "manage" transition can be
         # "enroll"
@@ -735,10 +727,9 @@ class Node(_common.Resource):
             and self.last_error
         ):
             raise exceptions.ResourceFailure(
-                "Node %(node)s could not reach state manageable: "
+                f"Node {self.id} could not reach state manageable: "
                 "failed to verify management credentials; "
-                "the last error is %(error)s"
-                % {'node': self.id, 'error': self.last_error}
+                f"the last error is {self.last_error}"
             )
 
     def inject_nmi(self, session):
@@ -789,8 +780,8 @@ class Node(_common.Resource):
                 expected = _common.EXPECTED_POWER_STATES[target]
             except KeyError:
                 raise ValueError(
-                    "Cannot use target power state %s with wait, "
-                    "the expected state is not known" % target
+                    f"Cannot use target power state {target} with wait, "
+                    "the expected state is not known"
                 )
 
         session = self._get_session(session)
@@ -816,8 +807,8 @@ class Node(_common.Resource):
         )
 
         msg = (
-            "Failed to set power state for bare metal node {node} "
-            "to {target}".format(node=self.id, target=target)
+            f"Failed to set power state for bare metal node {self.id} "
+            f"to {target}"
         )
         exceptions.raise_from_response(response, error_message=msg)
 
@@ -893,9 +884,7 @@ class Node(_common.Resource):
             retriable_status_codes=retriable_status_codes,
         )
 
-        msg = "Failed to attach VIF {vif} to bare metal node {node}".format(
-            node=self.id, vif=vif_id
-        )
+        msg = f"Failed to attach VIF {vif_id} to bare metal node {self.id}"
         exceptions.raise_from_response(response, error_message=msg)
 
     def detach_vif(self, session, vif_id, ignore_missing=True):
@@ -940,9 +929,7 @@ class Node(_common.Resource):
             )
             return False
 
-        msg = "Failed to detach VIF {vif} from bare metal node {node}".format(
-            node=self.id, vif=vif_id
-        )
+        msg = f"Failed to detach VIF {vif_id} from bare metal node {self.id}"
         exceptions.raise_from_response(response, error_message=msg)
         return True
 
@@ -973,9 +960,7 @@ class Node(_common.Resource):
             request.url, headers=request.headers, microversion=version
         )
 
-        msg = "Failed to list VIFs attached to bare metal node {node}".format(
-            node=self.id
-        )
+        msg = f"Failed to list VIFs attached to bare metal node {self.id}"
         exceptions.raise_from_response(response, error_message=msg)
         return [vif['id'] for vif in response.json()['vifs']]
 
@@ -1015,8 +1000,8 @@ class Node(_common.Resource):
 
             if failed:
                 raise exceptions.ValidationException(
-                    'Validation failed for required interfaces of node {node}:'
-                    ' {failures}'.format(
+                    'Validation failed for required interfaces of node '
+                    '{node}: {failures}'.format(
                         node=self.id, failures=', '.join(failed)
                     )
                 )
@@ -1058,9 +1043,7 @@ class Node(_common.Resource):
             headers=request.headers,
             microversion=version,
         )
-        msg = "Failed to change maintenance mode for node {node}".format(
-            node=self.id
-        )
+        msg = f"Failed to change maintenance mode for node {self.id}"
         exceptions.raise_from_response(response, error_message=msg)
 
     def get_boot_device(self, session):
@@ -1081,9 +1064,7 @@ class Node(_common.Resource):
             retriable_status_codes=_common.RETRIABLE_STATUS_CODES,
         )
 
-        msg = "Failed to get boot device for node {node}".format(
-            node=self.id,
-        )
+        msg = f"Failed to get boot device for node {self.id}"
         exceptions.raise_from_response(response, error_message=msg)
 
         return response.json()
@@ -1138,9 +1119,7 @@ class Node(_common.Resource):
             retriable_status_codes=_common.RETRIABLE_STATUS_CODES,
         )
 
-        msg = "Failed to get supported boot devices for node {node}".format(
-            node=self.id,
-        )
+        msg = f"Failed to get supported boot devices for node {self.id}"
         exceptions.raise_from_response(response, error_message=msg)
 
         return response.json()
@@ -1164,8 +1143,8 @@ class Node(_common.Resource):
         request.url = utils.urljoin(request.url, 'states', 'boot_mode')
         if target not in ('uefi', 'bios'):
             raise ValueError(
-                "Unrecognized boot mode %s."
-                "Boot mode should be one of 'uefi' or 'bios'." % target
+                f"Unrecognized boot mode {target}."
+                "Boot mode should be one of 'uefi' or 'bios'."
             )
         body = {'target': target}
 
@@ -1200,8 +1179,8 @@ class Node(_common.Resource):
         request.url = utils.urljoin(request.url, 'states', 'secure_boot')
         if not isinstance(target, bool):
             raise ValueError(
-                "Invalid target %s. It should be True or False "
-                "corresponding to secure boot state 'on' or 'off'" % target
+                f"Invalid target {target}. It should be True or False "
+                "corresponding to secure boot state 'on' or 'off'"
             )
         body = {'target': target}
 
@@ -1213,9 +1192,7 @@ class Node(_common.Resource):
             retriable_status_codes=_common.RETRIABLE_STATUS_CODES,
         )
 
-        msg = "Failed to change secure boot state for {node}".format(
-            node=self.id
-        )
+        msg = f"Failed to change secure boot state for {self.id}"
         exceptions.raise_from_response(response, error_message=msg)
 
     def add_trait(self, session, trait):
@@ -1237,9 +1214,7 @@ class Node(_common.Resource):
             retriable_status_codes=_common.RETRIABLE_STATUS_CODES,
         )
 
-        msg = "Failed to add trait {trait} for node {node}".format(
-            trait=trait, node=self.id
-        )
+        msg = f"Failed to add trait {trait} for node {self.id}"
         exceptions.raise_from_response(response, error_message=msg)
 
         self.traits = list(set(self.traits or ()) | {trait})
@@ -1342,10 +1317,8 @@ class Node(_common.Resource):
         )
 
         msg = (
-            "Failed to call vendor_passthru for node {node}, verb {verb}"
-            " and method {method}".format(
-                node=self.id, verb=verb, method=method
-            )
+            f"Failed to call vendor_passthru for node {self.id}, verb {verb} "
+            f"and method {method}"
         )
         exceptions.raise_from_response(response, error_message=msg)
 
@@ -1369,9 +1342,7 @@ class Node(_common.Resource):
             retriable_status_codes=_common.RETRIABLE_STATUS_CODES,
         )
 
-        msg = "Failed to list vendor_passthru methods for node {node}".format(
-            node=self.id
-        )
+        msg = f"Failed to list vendor_passthru methods for node {self.id}"
         exceptions.raise_from_response(response, error_message=msg)
 
         return response.json()
@@ -1394,9 +1365,7 @@ class Node(_common.Resource):
             retriable_status_codes=_common.RETRIABLE_STATUS_CODES,
         )
 
-        msg = "Failed to get console for node {node}".format(
-            node=self.id,
-        )
+        msg = f"Failed to get console for node {self.id}"
         exceptions.raise_from_response(response, error_message=msg)
 
         return response.json()
@@ -1414,8 +1383,8 @@ class Node(_common.Resource):
         request.url = utils.urljoin(request.url, 'states', 'console')
         if not isinstance(enabled, bool):
             raise ValueError(
-                "Invalid enabled %s. It should be True or False "
-                "corresponding to console enabled or disabled" % enabled
+                f"Invalid enabled {enabled}. It should be True or False "
+                "corresponding to console enabled or disabled"
             )
         body = {'enabled': enabled}
 
@@ -1427,9 +1396,7 @@ class Node(_common.Resource):
             retriable_status_codes=_common.RETRIABLE_STATUS_CODES,
         )
 
-        msg = "Failed to change console mode for {node}".format(
-            node=self.id,
-        )
+        msg = f"Failed to change console mode for {self.id}"
         exceptions.raise_from_response(response, error_message=msg)
 
     def get_node_inventory(self, session, node_id):
@@ -1457,9 +1424,7 @@ class Node(_common.Resource):
             retriable_status_codes=_common.RETRIABLE_STATUS_CODES,
         )
 
-        msg = "Failed to get inventory for node {node}".format(
-            node=self.id,
-        )
+        msg = f"Failed to get inventory for node {node_id}"
         exceptions.raise_from_response(response, error_message=msg)
         return response.json()
 
@@ -1487,9 +1452,7 @@ class Node(_common.Resource):
             retriable_status_codes=_common.RETRIABLE_STATUS_CODES,
         )
 
-        msg = "Failed to list firmware components for node {node}".format(
-            node=self.id
-        )
+        msg = f"Failed to list firmware components for node {self.id}"
         exceptions.raise_from_response(response, error_message=msg)
 
         return response.json()

openstack/baremetal_introspection/v1/introspection.py

@@ -102,9 +102,7 @@ class Introspection(resource.Resource):
         response = session.get(
             request.url, headers=request.headers, microversion=version
         )
-        msg = "Failed to fetch introspection data for node {id}".format(
-            id=self.id
-        )
+        msg = f"Failed to fetch introspection data for node {self.id}"
         exceptions.raise_from_response(response, error_message=msg)
         return response.json()
 
@@ -127,7 +125,7 @@ class Introspection(resource.Resource):
             return self
 
         for count in utils.iterate_timeout(
-            timeout, "Timeout waiting for introspection on node %s" % self.id
+            timeout, f"Timeout waiting for introspection on node {self.id}"
         ):
             self.fetch(session)
             if self._check_state(ignore_error):
@@ -142,8 +140,7 @@ class Introspection(resource.Resource):
     def _check_state(self, ignore_error):
         if self.state == 'error' and not ignore_error:
             raise exceptions.ResourceFailure(
-                "Introspection of node %(node)s failed: %(error)s"
-                % {'node': self.id, 'error': self.error}
+                f"Introspection of node {self.id} failed: {self.error}"
             )
         else:
             return self.is_finished

openstack/block_storage/_base_proxy.py

@@ -38,8 +38,8 @@ class BaseBlockStorageProxy(proxy.Proxy, metaclass=abc.ABCMeta):
             volume_obj = self.get_volume(volume)
             if not volume_obj:
                 raise exceptions.SDKException(
-                    "Volume {volume} given to create_image could"
-                    " not be found".format(volume=volume)
+                    f"Volume {volume} given to create_image could "
+                    f"not be found"
                 )
             volume_id = volume_obj['id']
         data = self.post(

openstack/block_storage/v2/backup.py

@@ -142,7 +142,7 @@ class Backup(resource.Resource):
         else:
             # Just for safety of the implementation (since PUT removed)
             raise exceptions.ResourceFailure(
-                "Invalid create method: %s" % self.create_method
+                f"Invalid create method: {self.create_method}"
             )
 
         has_body = (

openstack/block_storage/v3/backup.py

@@ -158,7 +158,7 @@ class Backup(resource.Resource):
         else:
             # Just for safety of the implementation (since PUT removed)
             raise exceptions.ResourceFailure(
-                "Invalid create method: %s" % self.create_method
+                f"Invalid create method: {self.create_method}"
             )
 
         has_body = (

openstack/cloud/_baremetal.py

@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ def _normalize_port_list(nics):
             except KeyError:
                 raise TypeError(
                     "Either 'address' or 'mac' must be provided "
-                    "for port %s" % row
+                    f"for port {row}"
                 )
         ports.append(dict(row, address=address))
     return ports
@@ -126,10 +126,9 @@ class BaremetalCloudMixin(openstackcloud._OpenStackCloudMixin):
         if node.provision_state == 'available':
             if node.instance_id:
                 raise exceptions.SDKException(
-                    "Refusing to inspect available machine %(node)s "
+                    f"Refusing to inspect available machine {node.id} "
                     "which is associated with an instance "
-                    "(instance_uuid %(inst)s)"
-                    % {'node': node.id, 'inst': node.instance_id}
+                    f"(instance_uuid {node.instance_id})"
                 )
 
             return_to_available = True
@@ -142,10 +141,9 @@ class BaremetalCloudMixin(openstackcloud._OpenStackCloudMixin):
 
         if node.provision_state not in ('manageable', 'inspect failed'):
             raise exceptions.SDKException(
-                "Machine %(node)s must be in 'manageable', 'inspect failed' "
+                f"Machine {node.id} must be in 'manageable', 'inspect failed' "
                 "or 'available' provision state to start inspection, the "
-                "current state is %(state)s"
-                % {'node': node.id, 'state': node.provision_state}
+                f"current state is {node.provision_state}"
             )
 
         node = self.baremetal.set_node_provision_state(
@@ -229,7 +227,7 @@ class BaremetalCloudMixin(openstackcloud._OpenStackCloudMixin):
         if provision_state not in ('enroll', 'manageable', 'available'):
             raise ValueError(
                 'Initial provision state must be enroll, '
-                'manageable or available, got %s' % provision_state
+                f'manageable or available, got {provision_state}'
             )
 
         # Available is tricky: it cannot be directly requested on newer API
@@ -306,8 +304,8 @@ class BaremetalCloudMixin(openstackcloud._OpenStackCloudMixin):
         invalid_states = ['active', 'cleaning', 'clean wait', 'clean failed']
         if machine['provision_state'] in invalid_states:
             raise exceptions.SDKException(
-                "Error unregistering node '%s' due to current provision "
-                "state '%s'" % (uuid, machine['provision_state'])
+                "Error unregistering node '{}' due to current provision "
+                "state '{}'".format(uuid, machine['provision_state'])
             )
 
         # NOTE(TheJulia) There is a high possibility of a lock being present
@@ -318,8 +316,8 @@ class BaremetalCloudMixin(openstackcloud._OpenStackCloudMixin):
             self.baremetal.wait_for_node_reservation(machine, timeout)
         except exceptions.SDKException as e:
             raise exceptions.SDKException(
-                "Error unregistering node '%s': Exception occured while"
-                " waiting to be able to proceed: %s" % (machine['uuid'], e)
+                "Error unregistering node '{}': Exception occured while "
+                "waiting to be able to proceed: {}".format(machine['uuid'], e)
             )
 
         for nic in _normalize_port_list(nics):
@@ -382,7 +380,7 @@ class BaremetalCloudMixin(openstackcloud._OpenStackCloudMixin):
         machine = self.get_machine(name_or_id)
         if not machine:
             raise exceptions.SDKException(
-                "Machine update failed to find Machine: %s. " % name_or_id
+                f"Machine update failed to find Machine: {name_or_id}. "
             )
 
         new_config = dict(machine._to_munch(), **attrs)
@@ -394,8 +392,7 @@ class BaremetalCloudMixin(openstackcloud._OpenStackCloudMixin):
         except Exception as e:
             raise exceptions.SDKException(
                 "Machine update failed - Error generating JSON patch object "
-                "for submission to the API. Machine: %s Error: %s"
-                % (name_or_id, e)
+                f"for submission to the API. Machine: {name_or_id} Error: {e}"
             )
 
         if not patch:

openstack/cloud/_block_storage.py

@@ -169,7 +169,7 @@ class BlockStorageCloudMixin(openstackcloud._OpenStackCloudMixin):
 
         volume = self.get_volume(name_or_id)
         if not volume:
-            raise exceptions.SDKException("Volume %s not found." % name_or_id)
+            raise exceptions.SDKException(f"Volume {name_or_id} not found.")
 
         volume = self.block_storage.update_volume(volume, **kwargs)
 
@@ -193,9 +193,7 @@ class BlockStorageCloudMixin(openstackcloud._OpenStackCloudMixin):
 
         if not volume:
             raise exceptions.SDKException(
-                "Volume {name_or_id} does not exist".format(
-                    name_or_id=name_or_id
-                )
+                f"Volume {name_or_id} does not exist"
             )
 
         self.block_storage.set_volume_bootable_status(volume, bootable)
@@ -371,14 +369,16 @@ class BlockStorageCloudMixin(openstackcloud._OpenStackCloudMixin):
         dev = self.get_volume_attach_device(volume, server['id'])
         if dev:
             raise exceptions.SDKException(
-                "Volume %s already attached to server %s on device %s"
-                % (volume['id'], server['id'], dev)
+                "Volume {} already attached to server {} on device {}".format(
+                    volume['id'], server['id'], dev
+                )
             )
 
         if volume['status'] != 'available':
             raise exceptions.SDKException(
-                "Volume %s is not available. Status is '%s'"
-                % (volume['id'], volume['status'])
+                "Volume {} is not available. Status is '{}'".format(
+                    volume['id'], volume['status']
+                )
             )
 
         payload = {}
@@ -766,7 +766,7 @@ class BlockStorageCloudMixin(openstackcloud._OpenStackCloudMixin):
         volume_type = self.get_volume_type(name_or_id)
         if not volume_type:
             raise exceptions.SDKException(
-                "VolumeType not found: %s" % name_or_id
+                f"VolumeType not found: {name_or_id}"
             )
 
         return self.block_storage.get_type_access(volume_type)
@@ -786,7 +786,7 @@ class BlockStorageCloudMixin(openstackcloud._OpenStackCloudMixin):
         volume_type = self.get_volume_type(name_or_id)
         if not volume_type:
             raise exceptions.SDKException(
-                "VolumeType not found: %s" % name_or_id
+                f"VolumeType not found: {name_or_id}"
             )
 
         self.block_storage.add_type_access(volume_type, project_id)
@@ -804,7 +804,7 @@ class BlockStorageCloudMixin(openstackcloud._OpenStackCloudMixin):
         volume_type = self.get_volume_type(name_or_id)
         if not volume_type:
             raise exceptions.SDKException(
-                "VolumeType not found: %s" % name_or_id
+                f"VolumeType not found: {name_or_id}"
             )
         self.block_storage.remove_type_access(volume_type, project_id)
 

openstack/cloud/_coe.py

@@ -124,7 +124,7 @@ class CoeCloudMixin(openstackcloud._OpenStackCloudMixin):
         cluster = self.get_coe_cluster(name_or_id)
         if not cluster:
             raise exceptions.SDKException(
-                "COE cluster %s not found." % name_or_id
+                f"COE cluster {name_or_id} not found."
             )
 
         cluster = self.container_infrastructure_management.update_cluster(
@@ -283,7 +283,7 @@ class CoeCloudMixin(openstackcloud._OpenStackCloudMixin):
         cluster_template = self.get_cluster_template(name_or_id)
         if not cluster_template:
             raise exceptions.SDKException(
-                "Cluster template %s not found." % name_or_id
+                f"Cluster template {name_or_id} not found."
             )
 
         cluster_template = (

openstack/cloud/_compute.py

@@ -111,9 +111,7 @@ class ComputeCloudMixin(_network_common.NetworkCommonCloudMixin):
             ):
                 return flavor
         raise exceptions.SDKException(
-            "Could not find a flavor with {ram} and '{include}'".format(
-                ram=ram, include=include
-            )
+            f"Could not find a flavor with {ram} and '{include}'"
         )
 
     def search_keypairs(self, name_or_id=None, filters=None):
@@ -622,8 +620,8 @@ class ComputeCloudMixin(_network_common.NetworkCommonCloudMixin):
             server_obj = self.get_server(server, bare=True)
             if not server_obj:
                 raise exceptions.SDKException(
-                    "Server {server} could not be found and therefore"
-                    " could not be snapshotted.".format(server=server)
+                    f"Server {server} could not be found and therefore "
+                    f"could not be snapshotted."
                 )
             server = server_obj
         image = self.compute.create_server_image(
@@ -853,8 +851,8 @@ class ComputeCloudMixin(_network_common.NetworkCommonCloudMixin):
                 kwargs['nics'] = [kwargs['nics']]
             else:
                 raise exceptions.SDKException(
-                    'nics parameter to create_server takes a list of dicts.'
-                    ' Got: {nics}'.format(nics=kwargs['nics'])
+                    'nics parameter to create_server takes a list of dicts. '
+                    'Got: {nics}'.format(nics=kwargs['nics'])
                 )
 
         if network and ('nics' not in kwargs or not kwargs['nics']):
@@ -902,8 +900,8 @@ class ComputeCloudMixin(_network_common.NetworkCommonCloudMixin):
                 fixed_ip = nic.pop(ip_key, None)
                 if fixed_ip and net.get('fixed_ip'):
                     raise exceptions.SDKException(
-                        "Only one of v4-fixed-ip, v6-fixed-ip or fixed_ip"
-                        " may be given"
+                        "Only one of v4-fixed-ip, v6-fixed-ip or fixed_ip "
+                        "may be given"
                     )
                 if fixed_ip:
                     net['fixed_ip'] = fixed_ip
@@ -917,8 +915,8 @@ class ComputeCloudMixin(_network_common.NetworkCommonCloudMixin):
                 net['tag'] = nic.pop('tag')
             if nic:
                 raise exceptions.SDKException(
-                    "Additional unsupported keys given for server network"
-                    " creation: {keys}".format(keys=nic.keys())
+                    f"Additional unsupported keys given for server network "
+                    f"creation: {nic.keys()}"
                 )
             networks.append(net)
         if networks:
@@ -1220,23 +1218,21 @@ class ComputeCloudMixin(_network_common.NetworkCommonCloudMixin):
                 )
 
             self.log.debug(
-                'Server %(server)s reached ACTIVE state without'
-                ' being allocated an IP address.'
-                ' Deleting server.',
-                {'server': server['id']},
+                f'Server {server["id"]} reached ACTIVE state without '
+                f'being allocated an IP address. Deleting server.',
             )
             try:
                 self._delete_server(server=server, wait=wait, timeout=timeout)
             except Exception as e:
                 raise exceptions.SDKException(
-                    'Server reached ACTIVE state without being'
-                    ' allocated an IP address AND then could not'
-                    ' be deleted: {}'.format(e),
+                    f'Server reached ACTIVE state without being '
+                    f'allocated an IP address AND then could not '
+                    f'be deleted: {e}',
                     extra_data=dict(server=server),
                 )
             raise exceptions.SDKException(
-                'Server reached ACTIVE state without being'
-                ' allocated an IP address.',
+                'Server reached ACTIVE state without being '
+                'allocated an IP address.',
                 extra_data=dict(server=server),
             )
         return None
@@ -1378,9 +1374,9 @@ class ComputeCloudMixin(_network_common.NetworkCommonCloudMixin):
             deleted = self.delete_floating_ip(ip['id'], retry=delete_ip_retry)
             if not deleted:
                 raise exceptions.SDKException(
-                    "Tried to delete floating ip {floating_ip}"
-                    " associated with server {id} but there was"
-                    " an error deleting it. Not deleting server.".format(
+                    "Tried to delete floating ip {floating_ip} "
+                    "associated with server {id} but there was "
+                    "an error deleting it. Not deleting server.".format(
                         floating_ip=ip['floating_ip_address'], id=server['id']
                     )
                 )
@@ -1725,7 +1721,7 @@ class ComputeCloudMixin(_network_common.NetworkCommonCloudMixin):
         aggregate = self.get_aggregate(name_or_id)
         if not aggregate:
             raise exceptions.SDKException(
-                "Host aggregate %s not found." % name_or_id
+                f"Host aggregate {name_or_id} not found."
             )
 
         return self.compute.set_aggregate_metadata(aggregate, metadata)
@@ -1742,7 +1738,7 @@ class ComputeCloudMixin(_network_common.NetworkCommonCloudMixin):
         aggregate = self.get_aggregate(name_or_id)
         if not aggregate:
             raise exceptions.SDKException(
-                "Host aggregate %s not found." % name_or_id
+                f"Host aggregate {name_or_id} not found."
             )
 
         return self.compute.add_host_to_aggregate(aggregate, host_name)
@@ -1759,7 +1755,7 @@ class ComputeCloudMixin(_network_common.NetworkCommonCloudMixin):
         aggregate = self.get_aggregate(name_or_id)
         if not aggregate:
             raise exceptions.SDKException(
-                "Host aggregate %s not found." % name_or_id
+                f"Host aggregate {name_or_id} not found."
             )
 
         return self.compute.remove_host_from_aggregate(aggregate, host_name)
@@ -1823,9 +1819,8 @@ class ComputeCloudMixin(_network_common.NetworkCommonCloudMixin):
                 # implementation detail - and the error message is actually
                 # less informative.
                 raise exceptions.SDKException(
-                    "Date given, {date}, is invalid. Please pass in a date"
-                    " string in ISO 8601 format -"
-                    " YYYY-MM-DDTHH:MM:SS".format(date=date)
+                    f"Date given, {date}, is invalid. Please pass in a date "
+                    f"string in ISO 8601 format (YYYY-MM-DDTHH:MM:SS)"
                 )
 
         if isinstance(start, str):
@@ -1844,7 +1839,7 @@ class ComputeCloudMixin(_network_common.NetworkCommonCloudMixin):
         if not isinstance(userdata, bytes):
             # If the userdata passed in is bytes, just send it unmodified
             if not isinstance(userdata, str):
-                raise TypeError("%s can't be encoded" % type(userdata))
+                raise TypeError(f"{type(userdata)} can't be encoded")
             # If it's not bytes, make it bytes
             userdata = userdata.encode('utf-8', 'strict')
 

openstack/cloud/_dns.py

@@ -78,8 +78,7 @@ class DnsCloudMixin(openstackcloud._OpenStackCloudMixin):
             zone_type = zone_type.upper()
             if zone_type not in ('PRIMARY', 'SECONDARY'):
                 raise exceptions.SDKException(
-                    "Invalid type %s, valid choices are PRIMARY or SECONDARY"
-                    % zone_type
+                    f"Invalid type {zone_type}, valid choices are PRIMARY or SECONDARY"
                 )
 
         zone = {
@@ -119,7 +118,7 @@ class DnsCloudMixin(openstackcloud._OpenStackCloudMixin):
         """
         zone = self.get_zone(name_or_id)
         if not zone:
-            raise exceptions.SDKException("Zone %s not found." % name_or_id)
+            raise exceptions.SDKException(f"Zone {name_or_id} not found.")
 
         return self.dns.update_zone(zone['id'], **kwargs)
 
@@ -156,7 +155,7 @@ class DnsCloudMixin(openstackcloud._OpenStackCloudMixin):
         else:
             zone_obj = self.get_zone(zone)
         if zone_obj is None:
-            raise exceptions.SDKException("Zone %s not found." % zone)
+            raise exceptions.SDKException(f"Zone {zone} not found.")
         return list(self.dns.recordsets(zone_obj))
 
     def get_recordset(self, zone, name_or_id):
@@ -175,7 +174,7 @@ class DnsCloudMixin(openstackcloud._OpenStackCloudMixin):
         else:
             zone_obj = self.get_zone(zone)
         if not zone_obj:
-            raise exceptions.SDKException("Zone %s not found." % zone)
+            raise exceptions.SDKException(f"Zone {name_or_id} not found.")
         return self.dns.find_recordset(
             zone=zone_obj, name_or_id=name_or_id, ignore_missing=True
         )
@@ -206,7 +205,7 @@ class DnsCloudMixin(openstackcloud._OpenStackCloudMixin):
         else:
             zone_obj = self.get_zone(zone)
         if not zone_obj:
-            raise exceptions.SDKException("Zone %s not found." % zone)
+            raise exceptions.SDKException(f"Zone {zone} not found.")
 
         # We capitalize the type in case the user sends in lowercase
         recordset_type = recordset_type.upper()
@@ -239,9 +238,7 @@ class DnsCloudMixin(openstackcloud._OpenStackCloudMixin):
 
         rs = self.get_recordset(zone, name_or_id)
         if not rs:
-            raise exceptions.SDKException(
-                "Recordset %s not found." % name_or_id
-            )
+            raise exceptions.SDKException(f"Recordset {name_or_id} not found.")
 
         rs = self.dns.update_recordset(recordset=rs, **kwargs)
 

openstack/cloud/_identity.py

@@ -167,6 +167,8 @@ class IdentityCloudMixin(openstackcloud._OpenStackCloudMixin):
             domain_id=domain_id,
             ignore_missing=False,
         )
+        if not project:
+            raise exceptions.SDKException(f"Project {name_or_id} not found.")
         if enabled is not None:
             kwargs.update({'enabled': enabled})
         project = self.identity.update_project(project, **kwargs)
@@ -218,11 +220,7 @@ class IdentityCloudMixin(openstackcloud._OpenStackCloudMixin):
             self.identity.delete_project(project)
             return True
         except exceptions.SDKException:
-            self.log.exception(
-                "Error in deleting project {project}".format(
-                    project=name_or_id
-                )
-            )
+            self.log.exception(f"Error in deleting project {name_or_id}")
             return False
 
     @_utils.valid_kwargs('domain_id', 'name')
@@ -577,9 +575,7 @@ class IdentityCloudMixin(openstackcloud._OpenStackCloudMixin):
         service = self.get_service(name_or_id=service_name_or_id)
         if service is None:
             raise exceptions.SDKException(
-                "service {service} not found".format(
-                    service=service_name_or_id
-                )
+                f"service {service_name_or_id} not found"
             )
 
         endpoints_args = []
@@ -786,7 +782,7 @@ class IdentityCloudMixin(openstackcloud._OpenStackCloudMixin):
 
             return True
         except exceptions.SDKException:
-            self.log.exception("Failed to delete domain %s" % domain_id)
+            self.log.exception(f"Failed to delete domain {domain_id}")
             raise
 
     def list_domains(self, **filters):
@@ -928,8 +924,8 @@ class IdentityCloudMixin(openstackcloud._OpenStackCloudMixin):
             dom = self.get_domain(domain)
             if not dom:
                 raise exceptions.SDKException(
-                    "Creating group {group} failed: Invalid domain "
-                    "{domain}".format(group=name, domain=domain)
+                    f"Creating group {name} failed: Invalid domain "
+                    f"{domain}"
                 )
             group_ref['domain_id'] = dom['id']
 
@@ -1124,11 +1120,11 @@ class IdentityCloudMixin(openstackcloud._OpenStackCloudMixin):
 
         for k in ['role', 'group', 'user']:
             if k in filters:
-                filters['%s_id' % k] = filters.pop(k)
+                filters[f'{k}_id'] = filters.pop(k)
 
         for k in ['domain', 'project']:
             if k in filters:
-                filters['scope_%s_id' % k] = filters.pop(k)
+                filters[f'scope_{k}_id'] = filters.pop(k)
 
         if 'system' in filters:
             system_scope = filters.pop('system')

openstack/cloud/_image.py

@@ -113,16 +113,17 @@ class ImageCloudMixin(openstackcloud._OpenStackCloudMixin):
         """
         if output_path is None and output_file is None:
             raise exceptions.SDKException(
-                'No output specified, an output path or file object'
-                ' is necessary to write the image data to'
+                'No output specified, an output path or file object '
+                'is necessary to write the image data to'
             )
         elif output_path is not None and output_file is not None:
             raise exceptions.SDKException(
-                'Both an output path and file object were provided,'
-                ' however only one can be used at once'
+                'Both an output path and file object were provided, '
+                'however only one can be used at once'
             )
 
         image = self.image.find_image(name_or_id, ignore_missing=False)
+
         return self.image.download_image(
             image, output=output_file or output_path, chunk_size=chunk_size
         )

openstack/cloud/_network.py

@@ -579,7 +579,7 @@ class NetworkCloudMixin(_network_common.NetworkCommonCloudMixin):
 
         network = self.get_network(name_or_id)
         if not network:
-            raise exceptions.SDKException("Network %s not found." % name_or_id)
+            raise exceptions.SDKException(f"Network {name_or_id} not found.")
 
         network = self.network.update_network(network, **kwargs)
 
@@ -1356,7 +1356,7 @@ class NetworkCloudMixin(_network_common.NetworkCommonCloudMixin):
         )
         if not curr_policy:
             raise exceptions.SDKException(
-                "QoS policy %s not found." % name_or_id
+                f"QoS policy {name_or_id} not found."
             )
 
         return self.network.update_qos_policy(curr_policy, **kwargs)
@@ -1426,9 +1426,7 @@ class NetworkCloudMixin(_network_common.NetworkCommonCloudMixin):
         )
         if not policy:
             raise exceptions.NotFoundException(
-                "QoS policy {name_or_id} not Found.".format(
-                    name_or_id=policy_name_or_id
-                )
+                f"QoS policy {policy_name_or_id} not Found."
             )
 
         # Translate None from search interface to empty {} for kwargs below
@@ -1460,9 +1458,7 @@ class NetworkCloudMixin(_network_common.NetworkCommonCloudMixin):
         )
         if not policy:
             raise exceptions.NotFoundException(
-                "QoS policy {name_or_id} not Found.".format(
-                    name_or_id=policy_name_or_id
-                )
+                f"QoS policy {policy_name_or_id} not Found."
             )
 
         return self.network.get_qos_bandwidth_limit_rule(rule_id, policy)
@@ -1498,9 +1494,7 @@ class NetworkCloudMixin(_network_common.NetworkCommonCloudMixin):
         )
         if not policy:
             raise exceptions.NotFoundException(
-                "QoS policy {name_or_id} not Found.".format(
-                    name_or_id=policy_name_or_id
-                )
+                f"QoS policy {policy_name_or_id} not Found."
             )
 
         if kwargs.get("direction") is not None:
@@ -1544,9 +1538,7 @@ class NetworkCloudMixin(_network_common.NetworkCommonCloudMixin):
         )
         if not policy:
             raise exceptions.NotFoundException(
-                "QoS policy {name_or_id} not Found.".format(
-                    name_or_id=policy_name_or_id
-                )
+                f"QoS policy {policy_name_or_id} not Found."
             )
 
         if kwargs.get("direction") is not None:
@@ -1594,9 +1586,7 @@ class NetworkCloudMixin(_network_common.NetworkCommonCloudMixin):
         )
         if not policy:
             raise exceptions.NotFoundException(
-                "QoS policy {name_or_id} not Found.".format(
-                    name_or_id=policy_name_or_id
-                )
+                f"QoS policy {policy_name_or_id} not Found."
             )
 
         try:
@@ -1657,9 +1647,7 @@ class NetworkCloudMixin(_network_common.NetworkCommonCloudMixin):
         )
         if not policy:
             raise exceptions.NotFoundException(
-                "QoS policy {name_or_id} not Found.".format(
-                    name_or_id=policy_name_or_id
-                )
+                f"QoS policy {policy_name_or_id} not Found."
             )
 
         # Translate None from search interface to empty {} for kwargs below
@@ -1686,9 +1674,7 @@ class NetworkCloudMixin(_network_common.NetworkCommonCloudMixin):
         )
         if not policy:
             raise exceptions.NotFoundException(
-                "QoS policy {name_or_id} not Found.".format(
-                    name_or_id=policy_name_or_id
-                )
+                f"QoS policy {policy_name_or_id} not Found."
             )
 
         return self.network.get_qos_dscp_marking_rule(rule_id, policy)
@@ -1718,9 +1704,7 @@ class NetworkCloudMixin(_network_common.NetworkCommonCloudMixin):
         )
         if not policy:
             raise exceptions.NotFoundException(
-                "QoS policy {name_or_id} not Found.".format(
-                    name_or_id=policy_name_or_id
-                )
+                f"QoS policy {policy_name_or_id} not Found."
             )
 
         return self.network.create_qos_dscp_marking_rule(
@@ -1752,9 +1736,7 @@ class NetworkCloudMixin(_network_common.NetworkCommonCloudMixin):
         )
         if not policy:
             raise exceptions.NotFoundException(
-                "QoS policy {name_or_id} not Found.".format(
-                    name_or_id=policy_name_or_id
-                )
+                f"QoS policy {policy_name_or_id} not Found."
             )
 
         if not kwargs:
@@ -1792,9 +1774,7 @@ class NetworkCloudMixin(_network_common.NetworkCommonCloudMixin):
         )
         if not policy:
             raise exceptions.NotFoundException(
-                "QoS policy {name_or_id} not Found.".format(
-                    name_or_id=policy_name_or_id
-                )
+                f"QoS policy {policy_name_or_id} not Found."
             )
 
         try:
@@ -1859,9 +1839,7 @@ class NetworkCloudMixin(_network_common.NetworkCommonCloudMixin):
         )
         if not policy:
             raise exceptions.NotFoundException(
-                "QoS policy {name_or_id} not Found.".format(
-                    name_or_id=policy_name_or_id
-                )
+                f"QoS policy {policy_name_or_id} not Found."
             )
 
         # Translate None from search interface to empty {} for kwargs below
@@ -1891,9 +1869,7 @@ class NetworkCloudMixin(_network_common.NetworkCommonCloudMixin):
         )
         if not policy:
             raise exceptions.NotFoundException(
-                "QoS policy {name_or_id} not Found.".format(
-                    name_or_id=policy_name_or_id
-                )
+                f"QoS policy {policy_name_or_id} not Found."
             )
 
         return self.network.get_qos_minimum_bandwidth_rule(rule_id, policy)
@@ -1927,9 +1903,7 @@ class NetworkCloudMixin(_network_common.NetworkCommonCloudMixin):
         )
         if not policy:
             raise exceptions.NotFoundException(
-                "QoS policy {name_or_id} not Found.".format(
-                    name_or_id=policy_name_or_id
-                )
+                f"QoS policy {policy_name_or_id} not Found."
             )
 
         kwargs['min_kbps'] = min_kbps
@@ -1963,9 +1937,7 @@ class NetworkCloudMixin(_network_common.NetworkCommonCloudMixin):
         )
         if not policy:
             raise exceptions.NotFoundException(
-                "QoS policy {name_or_id} not Found.".format(
-                    name_or_id=policy_name_or_id
-                )
+                f"QoS policy {policy_name_or_id} not Found."
             )
 
         if not kwargs:
@@ -2005,9 +1977,7 @@ class NetworkCloudMixin(_network_common.NetworkCommonCloudMixin):
         )
         if not policy:
             raise exceptions.NotFoundException(
-                "QoS policy {name_or_id} not Found.".format(
-                    name_or_id=policy_name_or_id
-                )
+                f"QoS policy {policy_name_or_id} not Found."
             )
 
         try:
@@ -2235,7 +2205,7 @@ class NetworkCloudMixin(_network_common.NetworkCommonCloudMixin):
 
         curr_router = self.get_router(name_or_id)
         if not curr_router:
-            raise exceptions.SDKException("Router %s not found." % name_or_id)
+            raise exceptions.SDKException(f"Router {name_or_id} not found.")
 
         return self.network.update_router(curr_router, **router)
 
@@ -2348,7 +2318,7 @@ class NetworkCloudMixin(_network_common.NetworkCommonCloudMixin):
         network = self.get_network(network_name_or_id, filters)
         if not network:
             raise exceptions.SDKException(
-                "Network %s not found." % network_name_or_id
+                f"Network {network_name_or_id} not found."
             )
 
         if disable_gateway_ip and gateway_ip:
@@ -2378,7 +2348,7 @@ class NetworkCloudMixin(_network_common.NetworkCommonCloudMixin):
             subnetpool = self.get_subnetpool(subnetpool_name_or_id)
             if not subnetpool:
                 raise exceptions.SDKException(
-                    "Subnetpool %s not found." % subnetpool_name_or_id
+                    f"Subnetpool {subnetpool_name_or_id} not found."
                 )
 
         # Be friendly on ip_version and allow strings
@@ -2523,7 +2493,7 @@ class NetworkCloudMixin(_network_common.NetworkCommonCloudMixin):
 
         curr_subnet = self.get_subnet(name_or_id)
         if not curr_subnet:
-            raise exceptions.SDKException("Subnet %s not found." % name_or_id)
+            raise exceptions.SDKException(f"Subnet {name_or_id} not found.")
 
         return self.network.update_subnet(curr_subnet, **subnet)
 

openstack/cloud/_network_common.py

@@ -174,11 +174,11 @@ class NetworkCommonCloudMixin(openstackcloud._OpenStackCloudMixin):
                 if nat_source:
                     raise exceptions.SDKException(
                         'Multiple networks were found matching '
-                        '{nat_net} which is the network configured '
+                        f'{self._nat_source} which is the network configured '
                         'to be the NAT source. Please check your '
                         'cloud resources. It is probably a good idea '
                         'to configure this network by ID rather than '
-                        'by name.'.format(nat_net=self._nat_source)
+                        'by name.'
                     )
                 external_ipv4_floating_networks.append(network)
                 nat_source = network
@@ -192,11 +192,11 @@ class NetworkCommonCloudMixin(openstackcloud._OpenStackCloudMixin):
                 if nat_destination:
                     raise exceptions.SDKException(
                         'Multiple networks were found matching '
-                        '{nat_net} which is the network configured '
+                        f'{self._nat_destination} which is the network configured '
                         'to be the NAT destination. Please check your '
                         'cloud resources. It is probably a good idea '
                         'to configure this network by ID rather than '
-                        'by name.'.format(nat_net=self._nat_destination)
+                        'by name.'
                     )
                 nat_destination = network
             elif self._nat_destination is None:
@@ -230,12 +230,12 @@ class NetworkCommonCloudMixin(openstackcloud._OpenStackCloudMixin):
                 if default_network:
                     raise exceptions.SDKException(
                         'Multiple networks were found matching '
-                        '{default_net} which is the network '
+                        f'{self._default_network} which is the network '
                         'configured to be the default interface '
                         'network. Please check your cloud resources. '
                         'It is probably a good idea '
                         'to configure this network by ID rather than '
-                        'by name.'.format(default_net=self._default_network)
+                        'by name.'
                     )
                 default_network = network
 
@@ -243,58 +243,50 @@ class NetworkCommonCloudMixin(openstackcloud._OpenStackCloudMixin):
         for net_name in self._external_ipv4_names:
             if net_name not in [net['name'] for net in external_ipv4_networks]:
                 raise exceptions.SDKException(
-                    "Networks: {network} was provided for external IPv4 "
-                    "access and those networks could not be found".format(
-                        network=net_name
-                    )
+                    f"Networks: {net_name} was provided for external IPv4 "
+                    "access and those networks could not be found"
                 )
 
         for net_name in self._internal_ipv4_names:
             if net_name not in [net['name'] for net in internal_ipv4_networks]:
                 raise exceptions.SDKException(
-                    "Networks: {network} was provided for internal IPv4 "
-                    "access and those networks could not be found".format(
-                        network=net_name
-                    )
+                    f"Networks: {net_name} was provided for internal IPv4 "
+                    "access and those networks could not be found"
                 )
 
         for net_name in self._external_ipv6_names:
             if net_name not in [net['name'] for net in external_ipv6_networks]:
                 raise exceptions.SDKException(
-                    "Networks: {network} was provided for external IPv6 "
-                    "access and those networks could not be found".format(
-                        network=net_name
-                    )
+                    f"Networks: {net_name} was provided for external IPv6 "
+                    "access and those networks could not be found"
                 )
 
         for net_name in self._internal_ipv6_names:
             if net_name not in [net['name'] for net in internal_ipv6_networks]:
                 raise exceptions.SDKException(
-                    "Networks: {network} was provided for internal IPv6 "
-                    "access and those networks could not be found".format(
-                        network=net_name
-                    )
+                    f"Networks: {net_name} was provided for internal IPv6 "
+                    "access and those networks could not be found"
                 )
 
         if self._nat_destination and not nat_destination:
             raise exceptions.SDKException(
-                'Network {network} was configured to be the '
+                f'Network {self._nat_destination} was configured to be the '
                 'destination for inbound NAT but it could not be '
-                'found'.format(network=self._nat_destination)
+                'found'
             )
 
         if self._nat_source and not nat_source:
             raise exceptions.SDKException(
-                'Network {network} was configured to be the '
+                f'Network {self._nat_source} was configured to be the '
                 'source for inbound NAT but it could not be '
-                'found'.format(network=self._nat_source)
+                'found'
             )
 
         if self._default_network and not default_network:
             raise exceptions.SDKException(
-                'Network {network} was configured to be the '
+                f'Network {self._default_network} was configured to be the '
                 'default network interface but it could not be '
-                'found'.format(network=self._default_network)
+                'found'
             )
 
         self._external_ipv4_networks = external_ipv4_networks
@@ -812,7 +804,7 @@ class NetworkCommonCloudMixin(openstackcloud._OpenStackCloudMixin):
                 except exceptions.NotFoundException:
                     raise exceptions.NotFoundException(
                         "unable to find network for floating ips with ID "
-                        "{}".format(network_name_or_id)
+                        f"{network_name_or_id}"
                     )
                 network_id = network['id']
             else:
@@ -879,8 +871,8 @@ class NetworkCommonCloudMixin(openstackcloud._OpenStackCloudMixin):
                     )
                 else:
                     raise exceptions.SDKException(
-                        "Attempted to create FIP on port {port} "
-                        "but something went wrong".format(port=port)
+                        f"Attempted to create FIP on port {port} "
+                        "but something went wrong"
                     )
         return fip
 
@@ -970,9 +962,7 @@ class NetworkCommonCloudMixin(openstackcloud._OpenStackCloudMixin):
         try:
             proxy._json_response(
                 self.compute.delete(f'/os-floating-ips/{floating_ip_id}'),
-                error_message='Unable to delete floating IP {fip_id}'.format(
-                    fip_id=floating_ip_id
-                ),
+                error_message=f'Unable to delete floating IP {floating_ip_id}',
             )
         except exceptions.NotFoundException:
             return False
@@ -1123,8 +1113,8 @@ class NetworkCommonCloudMixin(openstackcloud._OpenStackCloudMixin):
             raise exceptions.SDKException(
                 f"unable to find floating IP {floating_ip_id}"
             )
-        error_message = "Error attaching IP {ip} to instance {id}".format(
-            ip=floating_ip_id, id=server_id
+        error_message = (
+            f"Error attaching IP {floating_ip_id} to instance {server_id}"
         )
         body = {'address': f_ip['floating_ip_address']}
         if fixed_address:
@@ -1174,9 +1164,7 @@ class NetworkCommonCloudMixin(openstackcloud._OpenStackCloudMixin):
             self.network.update_ip(floating_ip_id, port_id=None)
         except exceptions.SDKException:
             raise exceptions.SDKException(
-                "Error detaching IP {ip} from server {server_id}".format(
-                    ip=floating_ip_id, server_id=server_id
-                )
+                f"Error detaching IP {floating_ip_id} from server {server_id}"
             )
 
         return True
@@ -1187,8 +1175,8 @@ class NetworkCommonCloudMixin(openstackcloud._OpenStackCloudMixin):
             raise exceptions.SDKException(
                 f"unable to find floating IP {floating_ip_id}"
             )
-        error_message = "Error detaching IP {ip} from instance {id}".format(
-            ip=floating_ip_id, id=server_id
+        error_message = (
+            f"Error detaching IP {floating_ip_id} from instance {server_id}"
         )
         return proxy._json_response(
             self.compute.post(
@@ -1533,27 +1521,25 @@ class NetworkCommonCloudMixin(openstackcloud._OpenStackCloudMixin):
                     )
                     if not nat_network:
                         raise exceptions.SDKException(
-                            'NAT Destination {nat_destination} was configured'
-                            ' but not found on the cloud. Please check your'
-                            ' config and your cloud and try again.'.format(
-                                nat_destination=nat_destination
-                            )
+                            f'NAT Destination {nat_destination} was '
+                            f'configured but not found on the cloud. Please '
+                            f'check your config and your cloud and try again.'
                         )
                 else:
                     nat_network = self.get_nat_destination()
 
                 if not nat_network:
                     raise exceptions.SDKException(
-                        'Multiple ports were found for server {server}'
-                        ' but none of the networks are a valid NAT'
-                        ' destination, so it is impossible to add a'
-                        ' floating IP. If you have a network that is a valid'
-                        ' destination for NAT and we could not find it,'
-                        ' please file a bug. But also configure the'
-                        ' nat_destination property of the networks list in'
-                        ' your clouds.yaml file. If you do not have a'
-                        ' clouds.yaml file, please make one - your setup'
-                        ' is complicated.'.format(server=server['id'])
+                        f'Multiple ports were found for server {server["id"]} '
+                        f'but none of the networks are a valid NAT '
+                        f'destination, so it is impossible to add a '
+                        f'floating IP. If you have a network that is a valid '
+                        f'destination for NAT and we could not find it, '
+                        f'please file a bug. But also configure the '
+                        f'nat_destination property of the networks list in '
+                        f'your clouds.yaml file. If you do not have a '
+                        f'clouds.yaml file, please make one - your setup '
+                        f'is complicated.'
                     )
 
                 maybe_ports = []
@@ -1562,11 +1548,9 @@ class NetworkCommonCloudMixin(openstackcloud._OpenStackCloudMixin):
                         maybe_ports.append(maybe_port)
                 if not maybe_ports:
                     raise exceptions.SDKException(
-                        'No port on server {server} was found matching'
-                        ' your NAT destination network {dest}. Please '
-                        ' check your config'.format(
-                            server=server['id'], dest=nat_network['name']
-                        )
+                        f'No port on server {server["id"]} was found matching '
+                        f'your NAT destination network {nat_network["name"]}.'
+                        f'Please check your config'
                     )
                 ports = maybe_ports
 
@@ -1914,7 +1898,7 @@ class NetworkCommonCloudMixin(openstackcloud._OpenStackCloudMixin):
 
         if group is None:
             raise exceptions.SDKException(
-                "Security group %s not found." % name_or_id
+                f"Security group {name_or_id} not found."
             )
 
         if self._use_neutron_secgroups():
@@ -2006,7 +1990,7 @@ class NetworkCommonCloudMixin(openstackcloud._OpenStackCloudMixin):
         secgroup = self.get_security_group(secgroup_name_or_id)
         if not secgroup:
             raise exceptions.SDKException(
-                "Security group %s not found." % secgroup_name_or_id
+                f"Security group {secgroup_name_or_id} not found."
             )
 
         if self._use_neutron_secgroups():

openstack/cloud/_object_store.py

@@ -114,11 +114,9 @@ class ObjectStoreCloudMixin(openstackcloud._OpenStackCloudMixin):
             return False
         except exceptions.ConflictException:
             raise exceptions.SDKException(
-                'Attempt to delete container {container} failed. The'
-                ' container is not empty. Please delete the objects'
-                ' inside it before deleting the container'.format(
-                    container=name
-                )
+                f'Attempt to delete container {name} failed. The '
+                f'container is not empty. Please delete the objects '
+                f'inside it before deleting the container'
             )
 
     def update_container(self, name, headers):
@@ -142,8 +140,8 @@ class ObjectStoreCloudMixin(openstackcloud._OpenStackCloudMixin):
         """
         if access not in OBJECT_CONTAINER_ACLS:
             raise exceptions.SDKException(
-                "Invalid container access specified: %s.  Must be one of %s"
-                % (access, list(OBJECT_CONTAINER_ACLS.keys()))
+                f"Invalid container access specified: {access}. "
+                f"Must be one of {list(OBJECT_CONTAINER_ACLS.keys())}"
             )
         return self.object_store.set_container_metadata(
             name, read_ACL=OBJECT_CONTAINER_ACLS[access], refresh=refresh
@@ -159,7 +157,7 @@ class ObjectStoreCloudMixin(openstackcloud._OpenStackCloudMixin):
         """
         container = self.get_container(name, skip_cache=True)
         if not container:
-            raise exceptions.SDKException("Container not found: %s" % name)
+            raise exceptions.SDKException(f"Container not found: {name}")
         acl = container.read_ACL or ''
         for key, value in OBJECT_CONTAINER_ACLS.items():
             # Convert to string for the comparison because swiftclient
@@ -168,7 +166,7 @@ class ObjectStoreCloudMixin(openstackcloud._OpenStackCloudMixin):
             if str(acl) == str(value):
                 return key
         raise exceptions.SDKException(
-            "Could not determine container access for ACL: %s." % acl
+            f"Could not determine container access for ACL: {acl}."
         )
 
     def get_object_capabilities(self):
@@ -423,13 +421,9 @@ class ObjectStoreCloudMixin(openstackcloud._OpenStackCloudMixin):
     def _get_object_endpoint(self, container, obj=None, query_string=None):
         endpoint = urllib.parse.quote(container)
         if obj:
-            endpoint = '{endpoint}/{object}'.format(
-                endpoint=endpoint, object=urllib.parse.quote(obj)
-            )
+            endpoint = f'{endpoint}/{urllib.parse.quote(obj)}'
         if query_string:
-            endpoint = '{endpoint}?{query_string}'.format(
-                endpoint=endpoint, query_string=query_string
-            )
+            endpoint = f'{endpoint}?{query_string}'
         return endpoint
 
     def stream_object(
@@ -517,9 +511,7 @@ class ObjectStoreCloudMixin(openstackcloud._OpenStackCloudMixin):
                 keystoneauth1.exceptions.RetriableConnectionFailure,
                 exceptions.HttpException,
             ) as e:
-                error_text = "Exception processing async task: {}".format(
-                    str(e)
-                )
+                error_text = f"Exception processing async task: {str(e)}"
                 if raise_on_error:
                     self.log.exception(error_text)
                     raise

openstack/cloud/_utils.py

@@ -159,21 +159,21 @@ def _get_entity(cloud, resource, name_or_id, filters, **kwargs):
     # If a uuid is passed short-circuit it calling the
     # get_<resource_name>_by_id method
     if getattr(cloud, 'use_direct_get', False) and _is_uuid_like(name_or_id):
-        get_resource = getattr(cloud, 'get_%s_by_id' % resource, None)
+        get_resource = getattr(cloud, f'get_{resource}_by_id', None)
         if get_resource:
             return get_resource(name_or_id)
 
     search = (
         resource
         if callable(resource)
-        else getattr(cloud, 'search_%ss' % resource, None)
+        else getattr(cloud, f'search_{resource}s', None)
     )
     if search:
         entities = search(name_or_id, filters, **kwargs)
         if entities:
             if len(entities) > 1:
                 raise exceptions.SDKException(
-                    "Multiple matches found for %s" % name_or_id
+                    f"Multiple matches found for {name_or_id}"
                 )
             return entities[0]
     return None
@@ -213,8 +213,8 @@ def valid_kwargs(*valid_args):
         for k in kwargs:
             if k not in argspec.args[1:] and k not in valid_args:
                 raise TypeError(
-                    "{f}() got an unexpected keyword argument "
-                    "'{arg}'".format(f=inspect.stack()[1][3], arg=k)
+                    f"{inspect.stack()[1][3]}() got an unexpected keyword argument "
+                    f"'{k}'"
                 )
         return func(*args, **kwargs)
 
@@ -270,9 +270,7 @@ def safe_dict_min(key, data):
             except ValueError:
                 raise exceptions.SDKException(
                     "Search for minimum value failed. "
-                    "Value for {key} is not an integer: {value}".format(
-                        key=key, value=d[key]
-                    )
+                    f"Value for {key} is not an integer: {d[key]}"
                 )
             if (min_value is None) or (val < min_value):
                 min_value = val
@@ -303,9 +301,7 @@ def safe_dict_max(key, data):
             except ValueError:
                 raise exceptions.SDKException(
                     "Search for maximum value failed. "
-                    "Value for {key} is not an integer: {value}".format(
-                        key=key, value=d[key]
-                    )
+                    f"Value for {key} is not an integer: {d[key]}"
                 )
             if (max_value is None) or (val > max_value):
                 max_value = val
@@ -423,7 +419,7 @@ def generate_patches_from_kwargs(operation, **kwargs):
     """
     patches = []
     for k, v in kwargs.items():
-        patch = {'op': operation, 'value': v, 'path': '/%s' % k}
+        patch = {'op': operation, 'value': v, 'path': f'/{k}'}
         patches.append(patch)
     return sorted(patches)
 

openstack/cloud/exc.py

@@ -29,9 +29,7 @@ class OpenStackCloudUnavailableFeature(OpenStackCloudException):
 class OpenStackCloudCreateException(OpenStackCloudException):
     def __init__(self, resource, resource_id, extra_data=None, **kwargs):
         super().__init__(
-            message="Error creating {resource}: {resource_id}".format(
-                resource=resource, resource_id=resource_id
-            ),
+            message=f"Error creating {resource}: {resource_id}",
             extra_data=extra_data,
             **kwargs,
         )

openstack/cloud/meta.py

@@ -245,7 +245,7 @@ def find_best_address(addresses, public=False, cloud_public=True):
         for address in addresses:
             try:
                 for count in utils.iterate_timeout(
-                    5, "Timeout waiting for %s" % address, wait=0.1
+                    5, f"Timeout waiting for {address}", wait=0.1
                 ):
                     # Return the first one that is reachable
                     try:
@@ -275,10 +275,10 @@ def find_best_address(addresses, public=False, cloud_public=True):
     if do_check:
         log = _log.setup_logging('openstack')
         log.debug(
-            "The cloud returned multiple addresses %s:, and we could not "
+            f"The cloud returned multiple addresses {addresses}:, and we could not "
             "connect to port 22 on either. That might be what you wanted, "
             "but we have no clue what's going on, so we picked the first one "
-            "%s" % (addresses, addresses[0])
+            f"{addresses[0]}"
         )
     return addresses[0]
 
@@ -379,7 +379,7 @@ def get_groups_from_server(cloud, server, server_vars):
         if extra_group:
             groups.append(extra_group)
 
-    groups.append('instance-%s' % server['id'])
+    groups.append('instance-{}'.format(server['id']))
 
     for key in ('flavor', 'image'):
         if 'name' in server_vars[key]:
@@ -439,11 +439,11 @@ def _get_supplemental_addresses(cloud, server):
                     if fixed_net is None:
                         log = _log.setup_logging('openstack')
                         log.debug(
-                            "The cloud returned floating ip %(fip)s attached"
-                            " to server %(server)s but the fixed ip associated"
-                            " with the floating ip in the neutron listing"
-                            " does not exist in the nova listing. Something"
-                            " is exceptionally broken.",
+                            "The cloud returned floating ip %(fip)s attached "
+                            "to server %(server)s but the fixed ip associated "
+                            "with the floating ip in the neutron listing "
+                            "does not exist in the nova listing. Something "
+                            "is exceptionally broken.",
                             dict(fip=fip['id'], server=server['id']),
                         )
                     else:

openstack/cloud/openstackcloud.py

@@ -540,13 +540,8 @@ class _OpenStackCloudMixin(_services_mixin.ServicesMixin):
             raise
         except Exception as e:
             raise exceptions.SDKException(
-                "Error getting {service} endpoint on {cloud}:{region}: "
-                "{error}".format(
-                    service=service_key,
-                    cloud=self.name,
-                    region=self.config.get_region_name(service_key),
-                    error=str(e),
-                )
+                f"Error getting {service_key} endpoint on {self.name}:{self.config.get_region_name(service_key)}: "
+                f"{str(e)}"
             )
         return endpoint
 
@@ -611,15 +606,14 @@ class _OpenStackCloudMixin(_services_mixin.ServicesMixin):
         (service_name, resource_name) = resource_type.split('.')
         if not hasattr(self, service_name):
             raise exceptions.SDKException(
-                "service %s is not existing/enabled" % service_name
+                f"service {service_name} is not existing/enabled"
             )
         service_proxy = getattr(self, service_name)
         try:
             resource_type = service_proxy._resource_registry[resource_name]
         except KeyError:
             raise exceptions.SDKException(
-                "Resource %s is not known in service %s"
-                % (resource_name, service_name)
+                f"Resource {resource_name} is not known in service {service_name}"
             )
 
         if name_or_id:
@@ -745,6 +739,6 @@ def cleanup_task(graph, service, fn):
         fn()
     except Exception:
         log = _log.setup_logging('openstack.project_cleanup')
-        log.exception('Error in the %s cleanup function' % service)
+        log.exception(f'Error in the {service} cleanup function')
     finally:
         graph.node_done(service)

openstack/compute/v2/server.py

@@ -894,7 +894,7 @@ class Server(resource.Resource, metadata.MetadataMixin, tag.TagMixin):
         """
         action = CONSOLE_TYPE_ACTION_MAPPING.get(console_type)
         if not action:
-            raise ValueError("Unsupported console type %s" % console_type)
+            raise ValueError(f"Unsupported console type {console_type}")
         body = {action: {'type': console_type}}
         resp = self._action(session, body)
         return resp.json().get('console')
@@ -967,12 +967,12 @@ class Server(resource.Resource, metadata.MetadataMixin, tag.TagMixin):
             body['host'] = host
             if not force:
                 raise ValueError(
-                    "Live migration on this cloud implies 'force'"
-                    " if the 'host' option has been given and it is not"
-                    " possible to disable. It is recommended to not use 'host'"
-                    " at all on this cloud as it is inherently unsafe, but if"
-                    " it is unavoidable, please supply 'force=True' so that it"
-                    " is clear you understand the risks."
+                    "Live migration on this cloud implies 'force' "
+                    "if the 'host' option has been given and it is not "
+                    "possible to disable. It is recommended to not use 'host' "
+                    "at all on this cloud as it is inherently unsafe, but if "
+                    "it is unavoidable, please supply 'force=True' so that it "
+                    "is clear you understand the risks."
                 )
         self._action(
             session,
@@ -994,8 +994,8 @@ class Server(resource.Resource, metadata.MetadataMixin, tag.TagMixin):
         }
         if block_migration == 'auto':
             raise ValueError(
-                "Live migration on this cloud does not support 'auto' as"
-                " a parameter to block_migration, but only True and False."
+                "Live migration on this cloud does not support 'auto' as "
+                "a parameter to block_migration, but only True and False."
             )
         body['block_migration'] = block_migration or False
         body['disk_over_commit'] = disk_over_commit or False
@@ -1003,12 +1003,12 @@ class Server(resource.Resource, metadata.MetadataMixin, tag.TagMixin):
             body['host'] = host
             if not force:
                 raise ValueError(
-                    "Live migration on this cloud implies 'force'"
-                    " if the 'host' option has been given and it is not"
-                    " possible to disable. It is recommended to not use 'host'"
-                    " at all on this cloud as it is inherently unsafe, but if"
-                    " it is unavoidable, please supply 'force=True' so that it"
-                    " is clear you understand the risks."
+                    "Live migration on this cloud implies 'force' "
+                    "if the 'host' option has been given and it is not "
+                    "possible to disable. It is recommended to not use 'host' "
+                    "at all on this cloud as it is inherently unsafe, but if "
+                    "it is unavoidable, please supply 'force=True' so that it "
+                    "is clear you understand the risks."
                 )
         self._action(
             session,

openstack/compute/v2/server_group.py

@@ -122,7 +122,7 @@ class ServerGroup(resource.Resource):
             )
         else:
             raise exceptions.ResourceFailure(
-                "Invalid create method: %s" % self.create_method
+                f"Invalid create method: {self.create_method}"
             )
 
         has_body = (

openstack/config/cloud_region.py

@@ -190,10 +190,8 @@ def from_conf(conf, session=None, service_types=None, **kwargs):
                 _disable_service(
                     config_dict,
                     st,
-                    reason="No section for project '{project}' (service type "
-                    "'{service_type}') was present in the config.".format(
-                        project=project_name, service_type=st
-                    ),
+                    reason=f"No section for project '{project_name}' (service type "
+                    f"'{st}') was present in the config.",
                 )
                 continue
         opt_dict: ty.Dict[str, str] = {}
@@ -212,16 +210,10 @@ def from_conf(conf, session=None, service_types=None, **kwargs):
             # *that* blow up.
             reason = (
                 "Encountered an exception attempting to process config "
-                "for project '{project}' (service type "
-                "'{service_type}'): {exception}".format(
-                    project=project_name, service_type=st, exception=e
-                )
-            )
-            _logger.warning(
-                "Disabling service '{service_type}': {reason}".format(
-                    service_type=st, reason=reason
-                )
+                f"for project '{project_name}' (service type "
+                f"'{st}'): {e}"
             )
+            _logger.warning(f"Disabling service '{st}': {reason}")
             _disable_service(config_dict, st, reason=reason)
             continue
         # Load them into config_dict under keys prefixed by ${service_type}_
@@ -699,9 +691,8 @@ class CloudRegion:
             # cert verification
             if not verify:
                 self.log.debug(
-                    'Turning off SSL warnings for %(full_name)s since '
-                    'verify=False',
-                    {'full_name': self.full_name},
+                    f"Turning off SSL warnings for {self.full_name} "
+                    f"since verify=False"
                 )
             requestsexceptions.squelch_warnings(insecure_requests=not verify)
             self._keystone_session = self._session_constructor(
@@ -765,13 +756,10 @@ class CloudRegion:
             and implied_microversion != default_microversion
         ):
             raise exceptions.ConfigException(
-                "default_microversion of {default_microversion} was given"
-                " for {service_type}, but api_version looks like a"
-                " microversion as well. Please set api_version to just the"
-                " desired major version, or omit default_microversion".format(
-                    default_microversion=default_microversion,
-                    service_type=service_type,
-                )
+                f"default_microversion of {default_microversion} was given "
+                f"for {service_type}, but api_version looks like a "
+                f"microversion as well. Please set api_version to just the "
+                f"desired major version, or omit default_microversion"
             )
         if implied_microversion:
             default_microversion = implied_microversion
@@ -896,10 +884,10 @@ class CloudRegion:
             ):
                 if self.get_default_microversion(service_type):
                     raise exceptions.ConfigException(
-                        "A default microversion for service {service_type} of"
-                        " {default_microversion} was requested, but the cloud"
-                        " only supports a minimum of {min_microversion} and"
-                        " a maximum of {max_microversion}.".format(
+                        "A default microversion for service {service_type} of "
+                        "{default_microversion} was requested, but the cloud "
+                        "only supports a minimum of {min_microversion} and "
+                        "a maximum of {max_microversion}.".format(
                             service_type=service_type,
                             default_microversion=default_microversion,
                             min_microversion=discover.version_to_string(
@@ -912,17 +900,17 @@ class CloudRegion:
                     )
                 else:
                     raise exceptions.ConfigException(
-                        "A default microversion for service {service_type} of"
-                        " {default_microversion} was requested, but the cloud"
-                        " only supports a minimum of {min_microversion} and"
-                        " a maximum of {max_microversion}. The default"
-                        " microversion was set because a microversion"
-                        " formatted version string, '{api_version}', was"
-                        " passed for the api_version of the service. If it"
-                        " was not intended to set a default microversion"
-                        " please remove anything other than an integer major"
-                        " version from the version setting for"
-                        " the service.".format(
+                        "A default microversion for service {service_type} of "
+                        "{default_microversion} was requested, but the cloud "
+                        "only supports a minimum of {min_microversion} and "
+                        "a maximum of {max_microversion}. The default "
+                        "microversion was set because a microversion "
+                        "formatted version string, '{api_version}', was "
+                        "passed for the api_version of the service. If it "
+                        "was not intended to set a default microversion "
+                        "please remove anything other than an integer major "
+                        "version from the version setting for "
+                        "the service.".format(
                             service_type=service_type,
                             api_version=self.get_api_version(service_type),
                             default_microversion=default_microversion,

openstack/config/loader.py

@@ -138,10 +138,10 @@ def _fix_argv(argv):
             overlap.extend(old)
     if overlap:
         raise exceptions.ConfigException(
-            "The following options were given: '{options}' which contain"
-            " duplicates except that one has _ and one has -. There is"
-            " no sane way for us to know what you're doing. Remove the"
-            " duplicate option and try again".format(options=','.join(overlap))
+            "The following options were given: '{options}' which contain "
+            "duplicates except that one has _ and one has -. There is "
+            "no sane way for us to know what you're doing. Remove the "
+            "duplicate option and try again".format(options=','.join(overlap))
         )
 
 
@@ -264,12 +264,11 @@ class OpenStackConfig:
         self.envvar_key = self._get_envvar('OS_CLOUD_NAME', 'envvars')
         if self.envvar_key in self.cloud_config['clouds']:
             raise exceptions.ConfigException(
-                '"{0}" defines a cloud named "{1}", but'
-                ' OS_CLOUD_NAME is also set to "{1}". Please rename'
-                ' either your environment based cloud, or one of your'
-                ' file-based clouds.'.format(
-                    self.config_filename, self.envvar_key
-                )
+                f'{self.config_filename!r} defines a cloud named '
+                f'{self.envvar_key!r}, but OS_CLOUD_NAME is also set to '
+                f'{self.envvar_key!r}. '
+                f'Please rename either your environment-based cloud, '
+                f'or one of your file-based clouds.'
             )
 
         self.default_cloud = self._get_envvar('OS_CLOUD')
@@ -501,7 +500,7 @@ class OpenStackConfig:
                     region
                 ):
                     raise exceptions.ConfigException(
-                        'Invalid region entry at: %s' % region
+                        f'Invalid region entry at: {region}'
                     )
                 if 'values' not in region:
                     region['values'] = {}
@@ -564,9 +563,9 @@ class OpenStackConfig:
                 return region
 
         raise exceptions.ConfigException(
-            'Region {region_name} is not a valid region name for cloud'
-            ' {cloud}. Valid choices are {region_list}. Please note that'
-            ' region names are case sensitive.'.format(
+            'Region {region_name} is not a valid region name for cloud '
+            '{cloud}. Valid choices are {region_list}. Please note that '
+            'region names are case sensitive.'.format(
                 region_name=region_name,
                 region_list=','.join([r['name'] for r in regions]),
                 cloud=cloud,
@@ -638,10 +637,8 @@ class OpenStackConfig:
                     )
                 elif status == 'shutdown':
                     raise exceptions.ConfigException(
-                        "{profile_name} references a cloud that no longer"
-                        " exists: {message}".format(
-                            profile_name=profile_name, message=message
-                        )
+                        f"{profile_name} references a cloud that no longer "
+                        f"exists: {message}"
                     )
                 _auth_update(cloud, profile_data)
             else:
@@ -665,8 +662,8 @@ class OpenStackConfig:
         for net in networks:
             if value and net[key]:
                 raise exceptions.ConfigException(
-                    "Duplicate network entries for {key}: {net1} and {net2}."
-                    " Only one network can be flagged with {key}".format(
+                    "Duplicate network entries for {key}: {net1} and {net2}. "
+                    "Only one network can be flagged with {key}".format(
                         key=key, net1=value['name'], net2=net['name']
                     )
                 )
@@ -705,9 +702,9 @@ class OpenStackConfig:
             external = key.startswith('external')
             if key in cloud and 'networks' in cloud:
                 raise exceptions.ConfigException(
-                    "Both {key} and networks were specified in the config."
-                    " Please remove {key} from the config and use the network"
-                    " list to configure network behavior.".format(key=key)
+                    f"Both {key} and networks were specified in the config. "
+                    f"Please remove {key} from the config and use the network "
+                    f"list to configure network behavior."
                 )
             if key in cloud:
                 warnings.warn(
@@ -906,8 +903,8 @@ class OpenStackConfig:
             options, _args = parser.parse_known_args(argv)
             plugin_names = loading.get_available_plugin_names()
             raise exceptions.ConfigException(
-                "An invalid auth-type was specified: {auth_type}."
-                " Valid choices are: {plugin_names}.".format(
+                "An invalid auth-type was specified: {auth_type}. "
+                "Valid choices are: {plugin_names}.".format(
                     auth_type=options.os_auth_type,
                     plugin_names=",".join(plugin_names),
                 )

openstack/config/vendors/__init__.py

@@ -58,12 +58,8 @@ def get_profile(profile_name):
     response = requests.get(well_known_url)
     if not response.ok:
         raise exceptions.ConfigException(
-            "{profile_name} is a remote profile that could not be fetched:"
-            " {status_code} {reason}".format(
-                profile_name=profile_name,
-                status_code=response.status_code,
-                reason=response.reason,
-            )
+            f"{profile_name} is a remote profile that could not be fetched: "
+            f"{response.status_code} {response.reason}"
         )
         vendor_defaults[profile_name] = None
         return

openstack/exceptions.py

@@ -69,13 +69,9 @@ class HttpException(SDKException, _rex.HTTPError):
         # to be None once we're not mocking Session everywhere.
         if not message:
             if response is not None:
-                message = "{name}: {code}".format(
-                    name=self.__class__.__name__, code=response.status_code
-                )
+                message = f"{self.__class__.__name__}: {response.status_code}"
             else:
-                message = "{name}: Unknown error".format(
-                    name=self.__class__.__name__
-                )
+                message = f"{self.__class__.__name__}: Unknown error"
 
         # Call directly rather than via super to control parameters
         SDKException.__init__(self, message=message)
@@ -102,18 +98,13 @@ class HttpException(SDKException, _rex.HTTPError):
         if not self.url or self.message == 'Error':
             return self.message
         if self.url:
-            remote_error = "{source} Error for url: {url}".format(
-                source=self.source, url=self.url
-            )
+            remote_error = f"{self.source} Error for url: {self.url}"
             if self.details:
                 remote_error += ', '
         if self.details:
             remote_error += str(self.details)
 
-        return "{message}: {remote_error}".format(
-            message=super().__str__(),
-            remote_error=remote_error,
-        )
+        return f"{super().__str__()}: {remote_error}"
 
 
 class BadRequestException(HttpException):
@@ -146,11 +137,7 @@ class MethodNotSupported(SDKException):
         except AttributeError:
             name = resource.__class__.__name__
 
-        message = 'The {} method is not supported for {}.{}'.format(
-            method,
-            resource.__module__,
-            name,
-        )
+        message = f'The {method} method is not supported for {resource.__module__}.{name}'
         super().__init__(message=message)
 
 

openstack/format.py

@@ -28,6 +28,4 @@ class BoolStr(Formatter):
         elif "false" == expr:
             return False
         else:
-            raise ValueError(
-                "Unable to deserialize boolean string: %s" % value
-            )
+            raise ValueError(f"Unable to deserialize boolean string: {value}")

openstack/image/_download.py

@@ -85,9 +85,7 @@ class DownloadMixin:
 
                 return resp
             except Exception as e:
-                raise exceptions.SDKException(
-                    "Unable to download image: %s" % e
-                )
+                raise exceptions.SDKException(f"Unable to download image: {e}")
         # if we are returning the repsonse object, ensure that it
         # has the content-md5 header so that the caller doesn't
         # need to jump through the same hoops through which we

openstack/image/v2/_proxy.py

@@ -464,7 +464,7 @@ class Proxy(proxy.Proxy):
         if 'queued' != image.status:
             raise exceptions.SDKException(
                 'Image stage is only possible for images in the queued state. '
-                'Current state is {status}'.format(status=image.status)
+                f'Current state is {image.status}'
             )
 
         if filename:
@@ -694,9 +694,9 @@ class Proxy(proxy.Proxy):
     ):
         if not self._connection.has_service('object-store'):
             raise exceptions.SDKException(
-                "The cloud {cloud} is configured to use tasks for image "
+                f"The cloud {self._connection.config.name} is configured to use tasks for image "
                 "upload, but no object-store service is available. "
-                "Aborting.".format(cloud=self._connection.config.name)
+                "Aborting."
             )
 
         properties = image_kwargs.get('properties', {})
@@ -759,9 +759,7 @@ class Proxy(proxy.Proxy):
             except exceptions.ResourceFailure as e:
                 glance_task = self.get_task(glance_task)
                 raise exceptions.SDKException(
-                    "Image creation failed: {message}".format(
-                        message=e.message
-                    ),
+                    f"Image creation failed: {e.message}",
                     extra_data=glance_task,
                 )
             finally:
@@ -1839,9 +1837,7 @@ class Proxy(proxy.Proxy):
             return task
 
         name = f"{task.__class__.__name__}:{task.id}"
-        msg = "Timeout waiting for {name} to transition to {status}".format(
-            name=name, status=status
-        )
+        msg = f"Timeout waiting for {name} to transition to {status}"
 
         for count in utils.iterate_timeout(
             timeout=wait, message=msg, wait=interval
@@ -1850,9 +1846,7 @@ class Proxy(proxy.Proxy):
 
             if not task:
                 raise exceptions.ResourceFailure(
-                    "{name} went away while waiting for {status}".format(
-                        name=name, status=status
-                    )
+                    f"{name} went away while waiting for {status}"
                 )
 
             new_status = task.status
@@ -1863,12 +1857,10 @@ class Proxy(proxy.Proxy):
                 if task.message == _IMAGE_ERROR_396:
                     task_args = {'input': task.input, 'type': task.type}
                     task = self.create_task(**task_args)
-                    self.log.debug('Got error 396. Recreating task %s' % task)
+                    self.log.debug(f'Got error 396. Recreating task {task}')
                 else:
                     raise exceptions.ResourceFailure(
-                        "{name} transitioned to failure state {status}".format(
-                            name=name, status=new_status
-                        )
+                        f"{name} transitioned to failure state {new_status}"
                     )
 
             self.log.debug(

openstack/key_manager/v1/_format.py

@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ class HREFToUUID(format.Formatter):
         # Only try to proceed if we have an actual URI.
         # Just check that we have a scheme, netloc, and path.
         if not all(parts[:3]):
-            raise ValueError("Unable to convert %s to an ID" % value)
+            raise ValueError(f"Unable to convert {value} to an ID")
 
         # The UUID will be the last portion of the URI.
         return parts.path.split("/")[-1]

openstack/message/v2/message.py

@@ -155,7 +155,7 @@ class Message(resource.Resource):
         # parameter when deleting a message that has been claimed, we
         # rebuild the request URI if claim_id is not None.
         if self.claim_id:
-            request.url += '?claim_id=%s' % self.claim_id
+            request.url += f'?claim_id={self.claim_id}'
         response = session.delete(request.url, headers=headers)
 
         self._translate_response(response, has_body=False)

openstack/network/v2/_proxy.py

@@ -5404,8 +5404,7 @@ class Proxy(proxy.Proxy):
             resource.tags
         except AttributeError:
             raise exceptions.InvalidRequest(
-                '%s resource does not support tag'
-                % resource.__class__.__name__
+                f'{resource.__class__.__name__} resource does not support tag'
             )
 
     def get_tags(self, resource):
@@ -7104,7 +7103,7 @@ class Proxy(proxy.Proxy):
                 for port in self.ports(
                     project_id=project_id, network_id=net.id
                 ):
-                    self.log.debug('Looking at port %s' % port)
+                    self.log.debug(f'Looking at port {port}')
                     if port.device_owner in [
                         'network:router_interface',
                         'network:router_interface_distributed',
@@ -7127,7 +7126,7 @@ class Proxy(proxy.Proxy):
                 if network_has_ports_allocated:
                     # If some ports are on net - we cannot delete it
                     continue
-                self.log.debug('Network %s should be deleted' % net)
+                self.log.debug(f'Network {net} should be deleted')
                 # __Check__ if we need to drop network according to filters
                 network_must_be_deleted = self._service_cleanup_del_res(
                     self.delete_network,
@@ -7167,7 +7166,7 @@ class Proxy(proxy.Proxy):
                                 router=port.device_id, port_id=port.id
                             )
                         except exceptions.SDKException:
-                            self.log.error('Cannot delete object %s' % obj)
+                            self.log.error(f'Cannot delete object {obj}')
                     # router disconnected, drop it
                     self._service_cleanup_del_res(
                         self.delete_router,

openstack/object_store/v1/_proxy.py

@@ -430,9 +430,7 @@ class Proxy(proxy.Proxy):
             metadata[self._connection._OBJECT_SHA256_KEY] = sha256
 
         container_name = self._get_container_name(container=container)
-        endpoint = '{container}/{name}'.format(
-            container=container_name, name=name
-        )
+        endpoint = f'{container_name}/{name}'
 
         if data is not None:
             self.log.debug(
@@ -582,9 +580,7 @@ class Proxy(proxy.Proxy):
             metadata = self.get_object_metadata(name, container).metadata
         except exceptions.NotFoundException:
             self._connection.log.debug(
-                "swift stale check, no object: {container}/{name}".format(
-                    container=container, name=name
-                )
+                f"swift stale check, no object: {container}/{name}"
             )
             return True
 
@@ -608,7 +604,7 @@ class Proxy(proxy.Proxy):
         if not up_to_date:
             self._connection.log.debug(
                 "swift checksum mismatch: "
-                " %(filename)s!=%(container)s/%(name)s",
+                "%(filename)s!=%(container)s/%(name)s",
                 {'filename': filename, 'container': container, 'name': name},
             )
             return True
@@ -758,9 +754,7 @@ class Proxy(proxy.Proxy):
                 offset,
                 segment_size if segment_size < remaining else remaining,
             )
-            name = '{endpoint}/{index:0>6}'.format(
-                endpoint=endpoint, index=index
-            )
+            name = f'{endpoint}/{index:0>6}'
             segments[name] = segment
         return segments
 
@@ -878,8 +872,8 @@ class Proxy(proxy.Proxy):
             temp_url_key = self.get_temp_url_key(container)
         if not temp_url_key:
             raise exceptions.SDKException(
-                'temp_url_key was not given, nor was a temporary url key'
-                ' found for the account or the container.'
+                'temp_url_key was not given, nor was a temporary url key '
+                'found for the account or the container.'
             )
         return temp_url_key
 
@@ -933,13 +927,7 @@ class Proxy(proxy.Proxy):
         endpoint = parse.urlparse(self.get_endpoint())
         path = '/'.join([endpoint.path, res.name, object_prefix])
 
-        data = '{}\n{}\n{}\n{}\n{}'.format(
-            path,
-            redirect_url,
-            max_file_size,
-            max_upload_count,
-            expires,
-        )
+        data = f'{path}\n{redirect_url}\n{max_file_size}\n{max_upload_count}\n{expires}'
         sig = hmac.new(temp_url_key, data.encode(), sha1).hexdigest()
 
         return (expires, sig)
@@ -1067,7 +1055,7 @@ class Proxy(proxy.Proxy):
                     ip_range = ip_range.decode('utf-8')
                 except UnicodeDecodeError:
                     raise ValueError('ip_range must be representable as UTF-8')
-            hmac_parts.insert(0, "ip=%s" % ip_range)
+            hmac_parts.insert(0, f"ip={ip_range}")
 
         hmac_body = '\n'.join(hmac_parts)
 
@@ -1084,11 +1072,7 @@ class Proxy(proxy.Proxy):
         else:
             exp = str(expiration)
 
-        temp_url = '{path}?temp_url_sig={sig}&temp_url_expires={exp}'.format(
-            path=path_for_body,
-            sig=sig,
-            exp=exp,
-        )
+        temp_url = f'{path_for_body}?temp_url_sig={sig}&temp_url_expires={exp}'
 
         if ip_range:
             temp_url += f'&temp_url_ip_range={ip_range}'

openstack/orchestration/util/environment_format.py

@@ -58,6 +58,6 @@ def parse(env_str):
 
     for param in env:
         if param not in SECTIONS:
-            raise ValueError('environment has wrong section "%s"' % param)
+            raise ValueError(f'environment has wrong section "{param}"')
 
     return env

openstack/orchestration/util/event_utils.py

@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ def poll_for_events(
     """Continuously poll events and logs for performed action on stack."""
 
     def stop_check_action(a):
-        stop_status = ('%s_FAILED' % action, '%s_COMPLETE' % action)
+        stop_status = (f'{action}_FAILED', f'{action}_COMPLETE')
         return a in stop_status
 
     def stop_check_no_action(a):

openstack/orchestration/util/template_utils.py

@@ -50,13 +50,13 @@ def get_template_contents(
         return {}, None
     else:
         raise exceptions.SDKException(
-            'Must provide one of template_file,'
-            ' template_url or template_object'
+            'Must provide one of template_file, template_url or '
+            'template_object'
         )
 
     if not tpl:
         raise exceptions.SDKException(
-            'Could not fetch template from %s' % template_url
+            f'Could not fetch template from {template_url}'
         )
 
     try:
@@ -65,8 +65,7 @@ def get_template_contents(
         template = template_format.parse(tpl)
     except ValueError as e:
         raise exceptions.SDKException(
-            'Error parsing template %(url)s %(error)s'
-            % {'url': template_url, 'error': e}
+            f'Error parsing template {template_url} {e}'
         )
 
     tmpl_base_url = utils.base_url_for_url(template_url)

openstack/orchestration/util/utils.py

@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ def read_url_content(url):
         # TODO(mordred) Use requests
         content = request.urlopen(url).read()
     except error.URLError:
-        raise exceptions.SDKException('Could not fetch contents for %s' % url)
+        raise exceptions.SDKException(f'Could not fetch contents for {url}')
 
     if content:
         try:

openstack/orchestration/v1/_proxy.py

@@ -573,7 +573,7 @@ class Proxy(proxy.Proxy):
             )
         except Exception as e:
             raise exceptions.SDKException(
-                "Error in processing template files: %s" % str(e)
+                f"Error in processing template files: {str(e)}"
             )
 
     def _get_cleanup_dependencies(self):

openstack/orchestration/v1/stack.py

@@ -133,16 +133,11 @@ class Stack(resource.Resource):
         # we need to use other endpoint for update preview.
         base_path = None
         if self.name and self.id:
-            base_path = '/stacks/{stack_name}/{stack_id}'.format(
-                stack_name=self.name,
-                stack_id=self.id,
-            )
+            base_path = f'/stacks/{self.name}/{self.id}'
         elif self.name or self.id:
             # We have only one of name/id. Do not try to build a stacks/NAME/ID
             # path
-            base_path = '/stacks/{stack_identity}'.format(
-                stack_identity=self.name or self.id
-            )
+            base_path = f'/stacks/{self.name or self.id}'
         request = self._prepare_request(
             prepend_key=False, requires_id=False, base_path=base_path
         )
@@ -248,9 +243,7 @@ class Stack(resource.Resource):
         self._translate_response(response, **kwargs)
 
         if self and self.status in ['DELETE_COMPLETE', 'ADOPT_COMPLETE']:
-            raise exceptions.NotFoundException(
-                "No stack found for %s" % self.id
-            )
+            raise exceptions.NotFoundException(f"No stack found for {self.id}")
         return self
 
     @classmethod

openstack/proxy.py

@@ -51,13 +51,12 @@ def _check_resource(strict=False):
                 and actual is not None
                 and not isinstance(actual, resource.Resource)
             ):
-                raise ValueError("A %s must be passed" % expected.__name__)
+                raise ValueError(f"A {expected.__name__} must be passed")
             elif isinstance(actual, resource.Resource) and not isinstance(
                 actual, expected
             ):
                 raise ValueError(
-                    "Expected %s but received %s"
-                    % (expected.__name__, actual.__class__.__name__)
+                    f"Expected {expected.__name__} but received {actual.__class__.__name__}"
                 )
 
             return method(self, expected, actual, *args, **kwargs)
@@ -340,16 +339,14 @@ class Proxy(adapter.Adapter):
             with self._statsd_client.pipeline() as pipe:
                 if response is not None:
                     duration = int(response.elapsed.total_seconds() * 1000)
-                    metric_name = '{}.{}'.format(
-                        key, str(response.status_code)
-                    )
+                    metric_name = f'{key}.{str(response.status_code)}'
                     pipe.timing(metric_name, duration)
                     pipe.incr(metric_name)
                     if duration > 1000:
-                        pipe.incr('%s.over_1000' % key)
+                        pipe.incr(f'{key}.over_1000')
                 elif exc is not None:
-                    pipe.incr('%s.failed' % key)
-                pipe.incr('%s.attempted' % key)
+                    pipe.incr(f'{key}.failed')
+                pipe.incr(f'{key}.attempted')
         except Exception:
             # We do not want errors in metric reporting ever break client
             self.log.exception("Exception reporting metrics")
@@ -362,8 +359,8 @@ class Proxy(adapter.Adapter):
         if response is not None and not method:
             method = response.request.method
         parsed_url = urlparse(url)
-        endpoint = "{}://{}{}".format(
-            parsed_url.scheme, parsed_url.netloc, parsed_url.path
+        endpoint = (
+            f"{parsed_url.scheme}://{parsed_url.netloc}{parsed_url.path}"
         )
         if response is not None:
             labels = dict(
@@ -713,9 +710,7 @@ class Proxy(adapter.Adapter):
             requires_id=requires_id,
             base_path=base_path,
             skip_cache=skip_cache,
-            error_message="No {resource_type} found for {value}".format(
-                resource_type=resource_type.__name__, value=value
-            ),
+            error_message=f"No {resource_type.__name__} found for {value}",
         )
 
     def _list(
@@ -875,8 +870,8 @@ class Proxy(adapter.Adapter):
                         # There are filters set, but we can't get required
                         # attribute, so skip the resource
                         self.log.debug(
-                            'Requested cleanup attribute %s is not '
-                            'available on the resource' % k
+                            f'Requested cleanup attribute {k} is not '
+                            'available on the resource'
                         )
                         part_cond.append(False)
                 except Exception:

openstack/resource.py

@@ -221,8 +221,9 @@ class _BaseComponent(abc.ABC):
 
         if value and deprecated:
             warnings.warn(
-                "The field %r has been deprecated. %s"
-                % (self.name, deprecation_reason or "Avoid usage."),
+                "The field {!r} has been deprecated. {}".format(
+                    self.name, deprecation_reason or "Avoid usage."
+                ),
                 os_warnings.RemovedFieldWarning,
             )
         return value
@@ -386,8 +387,9 @@ class QueryParameters:
         else:
             if not allow_unknown_params:
                 raise exceptions.InvalidResourceQuery(
-                    message="Invalid query params: %s"
-                    % ",".join(invalid_keys),
+                    message="Invalid query params: {}".format(
+                        ",".join(invalid_keys)
+                    ),
                     extra_data=invalid_keys,
                 )
             else:
@@ -620,9 +622,7 @@ class Resource(dict):
         ]
         args = ", ".join(pairs)
 
-        return "{}.{}({})".format(
-            self.__module__, self.__class__.__name__, args
-        )
+        return f"{self.__module__}.{self.__class__.__name__}({args})"
 
     def __eq__(self, comparand):
         """Return True if another resource has the same contents"""
@@ -687,9 +687,8 @@ class Resource(dict):
             for attr, component in self._attributes_iterator(tuple([Body])):
                 if component.name == name:
                     warnings.warn(
-                        "Access to '%s[%s]' is deprecated. "
-                        "Use '%s.%s' attribute instead"
-                        % (self.__class__, name, self.__class__, attr),
+                        f"Access to '{self.__class__}[{name}]' is deprecated. "
+                        f"Use '{self.__class__}.{attr}' attribute instead",
                         os_warnings.LegacyAPIWarning,
                     )
                     return getattr(self, attr)
@@ -710,13 +709,9 @@ class Resource(dict):
                 self._unknown_attrs_in_body[name] = value
                 return
             raise KeyError(
-                "{name} is not found. {module}.{cls} objects do not support"
-                " setting arbitrary keys through the"
-                " dict interface.".format(
-                    module=self.__module__,
-                    cls=self.__class__.__name__,
-                    name=name,
-                )
+                f"{name} is not found. "
+                f"{self.__module__}.{self.__class__.__name__} objects do not "
+                f"support setting arbitrary keys through the dict interface."
             )
 
     def _attributes(
@@ -1340,9 +1335,9 @@ class Resource(dict):
         if isinstance(session, adapter.Adapter):
             return session
         raise ValueError(
-            "The session argument to Resource methods requires either an"
-            " instance of an openstack.proxy.Proxy object or at the very least"
-            " a raw keystoneauth1.adapter.Adapter."
+            "The session argument to Resource methods requires either an "
+            "instance of an openstack.proxy.Proxy object or at the very least "
+            "a raw keystoneauth1.adapter.Adapter."
         )
 
     @classmethod
@@ -1373,7 +1368,7 @@ class Resource(dict):
             'delete',
             'patch',
         }:
-            raise ValueError('Invalid action: %s' % action)
+            raise ValueError(f'Invalid action: {action}')
 
         if session.default_microversion:
             return session.default_microversion
@@ -1414,9 +1409,9 @@ class Resource(dict):
 
         if actual is None:
             message = (
-                "API version %s is required, but the default "
+                f"API version {expected} is required, but the default "
                 "version will be used."
-            ) % expected
+            )
             _raise(message)
         actual_n = discover.normalize_version_number(actual)
 
@@ -1424,9 +1419,9 @@ class Resource(dict):
             expected_n = discover.normalize_version_number(expected)
             if actual_n < expected_n:
                 message = (
-                    "API version %(expected)s is required, but %(actual)s "
+                    f"API version {expected} is required, but {actual} "
                     "will be used."
-                ) % {'expected': expected, 'actual': actual}
+                )
                 _raise(message)
         if maximum is not None:
             maximum_n = discover.normalize_version_number(maximum)
@@ -1514,7 +1509,7 @@ class Resource(dict):
             )
         else:
             raise exceptions.ResourceFailure(
-                "Invalid create method: %s" % self.create_method
+                f"Invalid create method: {self.create_method}"
             )
 
         has_body = (
@@ -1576,7 +1571,7 @@ class Resource(dict):
             and isinstance(data, list)
             and all([isinstance(x, dict) for x in data])
         ):
-            raise ValueError('Invalid data passed: %s' % data)
+            raise ValueError(f'Invalid data passed: {data}')
 
         session = cls._get_session(session)
         if microversion is None:
@@ -1592,7 +1587,7 @@ class Resource(dict):
             method = session.post
         else:
             raise exceptions.ResourceFailure(
-                "Invalid create method: %s" % cls.create_method
+                f"Invalid create method: {cls.create_method}"
             )
 
         _body: ty.List[ty.Any] = []
@@ -1831,7 +1826,7 @@ class Resource(dict):
             call = getattr(session, method.lower())
         except AttributeError:
             raise exceptions.ResourceFailure(
-                "Invalid commit method: %s" % method
+                f"Invalid commit method: {method}"
             )
 
         response = call(
@@ -1858,7 +1853,7 @@ class Resource(dict):
                 parts = path.lstrip('/').split('/', 1)
                 field = parts[0]
             except (KeyError, IndexError):
-                raise ValueError("Malformed or missing path in %s" % item)
+                raise ValueError(f"Malformed or missing path in {item}")
 
             try:
                 component = getattr(self.__class__, field)
@@ -1870,7 +1865,7 @@ class Resource(dict):
             if len(parts) > 1:
                 new_path = f'/{server_field}/{parts[1]}'
             else:
-                new_path = '/%s' % server_field
+                new_path = f'/{server_field}'
             converted.append(dict(item, path=new_path))
 
         return converted
@@ -2435,9 +2430,7 @@ def wait_for_status(
 
     failures = [f.lower() for f in failures]
     name = f"{resource.__class__.__name__}:{resource.id}"
-    msg = "Timeout waiting for {name} to transition to {status}".format(
-        name=name, status=status
-    )
+    msg = f"Timeout waiting for {name} to transition to {status}"
 
     for count in utils.iterate_timeout(
         timeout=wait, message=msg, wait=interval
@@ -2445,9 +2438,7 @@ def wait_for_status(
         resource = resource.fetch(session, skip_cache=True)
         if not resource:
             raise exceptions.ResourceFailure(
-                "{name} went away while waiting for {status}".format(
-                    name=name, status=status
-                )
+                f"{name} went away while waiting for {status}"
             )
 
         new_status = getattr(resource, attribute)
@@ -2456,9 +2447,7 @@ def wait_for_status(
             return resource
         elif normalized_status in failures:
             raise exceptions.ResourceFailure(
-                "{name} transitioned to failure state {status}".format(
-                    name=name, status=new_status
-                )
+                f"{name} transitioned to failure state {new_status}"
             )
 
         LOG.debug(
@@ -2494,9 +2483,7 @@ def wait_for_delete(session, resource, interval, wait, callback=None):
     orig_resource = resource
     for count in utils.iterate_timeout(
         timeout=wait,
-        message="Timeout waiting for {res}:{id} to delete".format(
-            res=resource.__class__.__name__, id=resource.id
-        ),
+        message=f"Timeout waiting for {resource.__class__.__name__}:{resource.id} to delete",
         wait=interval,
     ):
         try:

openstack/service_description.py

@@ -224,9 +224,7 @@ class ServiceDescription:
             if not data and instance._strict_proxies:
                 raise exceptions.ServiceDiscoveryException(
                     "Failed to create a working proxy for service "
-                    "{service_type}: No endpoint data found.".format(
-                        service_type=self.service_type
-                    )
+                    f"{self.service_type}: No endpoint data found."
                 )
 
             # If we've gotten here with a proxy object it means we have
@@ -279,8 +277,8 @@ class ServiceDescription:
                 )
         else:
             version_kwargs['min_version'] = str(supported_versions[0])
-            version_kwargs['max_version'] = '{version}.latest'.format(
-                version=str(supported_versions[-1])
+            version_kwargs['max_version'] = (
+                f'{str(supported_versions[-1])}.latest'
             )
 
         temp_adapter = config.get_session_client(
@@ -291,21 +289,15 @@ class ServiceDescription:
             region_name = instance.config.get_region_name(self.service_type)
             if version_kwargs:
                 raise exceptions.NotSupported(
-                    "The {service_type} service for {cloud}:{region_name}"
-                    " exists but does not have any supported versions.".format(
-                        service_type=self.service_type,
-                        cloud=instance.name,
-                        region_name=region_name,
-                    )
+                    f"The {self.service_type} service for "
+                    f"{instance.name}:{region_name} exists but does not have "
+                    f"any supported versions."
                 )
             else:
                 raise exceptions.NotSupported(
-                    "The {service_type} service for {cloud}:{region_name}"
-                    " exists but no version was discoverable.".format(
-                        service_type=self.service_type,
-                        cloud=instance.name,
-                        region_name=region_name,
-                    )
+                    f"The {self.service_type} service for "
+                    f"{instance.name}:{region_name} exists but no version "
+                    f"was discoverable."
                 )
         proxy_class = self.supported_versions.get(str(found_version[0]))
         if proxy_class:
@@ -322,11 +314,9 @@ class ServiceDescription:
         # service catalog that also doesn't have any useful
         # version discovery?
         warnings.warn(
-            "Service {service_type} has no discoverable version. "
+            f"Service {self.service_type} has no discoverable version. "
             "The resulting Proxy object will only have direct "
-            "passthrough REST capabilities.".format(
-                service_type=self.service_type
-            ),
+            "passthrough REST capabilities.",
             category=os_warnings.UnsupportedServiceVersion,
         )
         return temp_adapter

openstack/shared_file_system/v2/_proxy.py

@@ -1094,7 +1094,7 @@ class Proxy(proxy.Proxy):
                 keys_failed_to_delete.append(key)
         if keys_failed_to_delete:
             raise exceptions.SDKException(
-                "Some keys failed to be deleted %s" % keys_failed_to_delete
+                f"Some keys failed to be deleted {keys_failed_to_delete}"
             )
 
     def resource_locks(self, **query):

openstack/test/fakes.py

@@ -103,10 +103,7 @@ def generate_fake_resource(
                     base_attrs[name] = [uuid.uuid4().hex]
                 else:
                     # Everything else
-                    msg = "Fake value for {}.{} can not be generated".format(
-                        resource_type.__name__,
-                        name,
-                    )
+                    msg = f"Fake value for {resource_type.__name__}.{name} can not be generated"
                     raise NotImplementedError(msg)
             elif issubclass(target_type, list) and value.list_type is None:
                 # List of str
@@ -130,10 +127,7 @@ def generate_fake_resource(
                 base_attrs[name] = dict()
             else:
                 # Everything else
-                msg = "Fake value for {}.{} can not be generated".format(
-                    resource_type.__name__,
-                    name,
-                )
+                msg = f"Fake value for {resource_type.__name__}.{name} can not be generated"
                 raise NotImplementedError(msg)
 
         if isinstance(value, resource.URI):

openstack/tests/base.py

@@ -132,11 +132,7 @@ class TestCase(base.BaseTestCase):
             if not whole[key] and part[key]:
                 missing_keys.append(key)
         if missing_keys:
-            self.fail(
-                "Keys {} are in {} but not in {}".format(
-                    missing_keys, part, whole
-                )
-            )
+            self.fail(f"Keys {missing_keys} are in {part} but not in {whole}")
         wrong_values = [
             (key, part[key], whole[key])
             for key in part
@@ -144,8 +140,10 @@ class TestCase(base.BaseTestCase):
         ]
         if wrong_values:
             self.fail(
-                "Mismatched values: %s"
-                % ", ".join(
-                    "for %s got %s and %s" % tpl for tpl in wrong_values
+                "Mismatched values: {}".format(
+                    ", ".join(
+                        "for {} got {} and {}".format(*tpl)
+                        for tpl in wrong_values
+                    )
                 )
             )

openstack/tests/fakes.py

@@ -30,9 +30,7 @@ FLAVOR_ID = '0c1d9008-f546-4608-9e8f-f8bdaec8dddd'
 CHOCOLATE_FLAVOR_ID = '0c1d9008-f546-4608-9e8f-f8bdaec8ddde'
 STRAWBERRY_FLAVOR_ID = '0c1d9008-f546-4608-9e8f-f8bdaec8dddf'
 COMPUTE_ENDPOINT = 'https://compute.example.com/v2.1'
-ORCHESTRATION_ENDPOINT = 'https://orchestration.example.com/v1/{p}'.format(
-    p=PROJECT_ID
-)
+ORCHESTRATION_ENDPOINT = f'https://orchestration.example.com/v1/{PROJECT_ID}'
 NO_MD5 = '93b885adfe0da089cdf634904fd59f71'
 NO_SHA256 = '6e340b9cffb37a989ca544e6bb780a2c78901d3fb33738768511a30617afa01d'
 FAKE_PUBLIC_KEY = (
@@ -53,15 +51,11 @@ def make_fake_flavor(flavor_id, name, ram=100, disk=1600, vcpus=24):
         'id': flavor_id,
         'links': [
             {
-                'href': '{endpoint}/flavors/{id}'.format(
-                    endpoint=COMPUTE_ENDPOINT, id=flavor_id
-                ),
+                'href': f'{COMPUTE_ENDPOINT}/flavors/{flavor_id}',
                 'rel': 'self',
             },
             {
-                'href': '{endpoint}/flavors/{id}'.format(
-                    endpoint=COMPUTE_ENDPOINT, id=flavor_id
-                ),
+                'href': f'{COMPUTE_ENDPOINT}/flavors/{flavor_id}',
                 'rel': 'bookmark',
             },
         ],
@@ -231,9 +225,7 @@ def make_fake_stack_event(
                 "rel": "resource",
             },
             {
-                "href": "{endpoint}/stacks/{name}/{id}".format(
-                    endpoint=ORCHESTRATION_ENDPOINT, name=name, id=id
-                ),
+                "href": f"{ORCHESTRATION_ENDPOINT}/stacks/{name}/{id}",
                 "rel": "stack",
             },
         ],
@@ -288,9 +280,7 @@ def make_fake_image(
         'created_at': '2016-02-10T05:03:11Z',
         'owner_specified.openstack.md5': md5 or NO_MD5,
         'owner_specified.openstack.sha256': sha256 or NO_SHA256,
-        'owner_specified.openstack.object': 'images/{name}'.format(
-            name=image_name
-        ),
+        'owner_specified.openstack.object': f'images/{image_name}',
         'protected': False,
     }
 

openstack/tests/functional/baremetal/test_baremetal_driver.py

@@ -41,10 +41,10 @@ class TestBareMetalDriverDetails(base.BaseBaremetalTest):
         self.assertEqual('fake-hardware', driver.name)
         for iface in ('boot', 'deploy', 'management', 'power'):
             self.assertIn(
-                'fake', getattr(driver, 'enabled_%s_interfaces' % iface)
+                'fake', getattr(driver, f'enabled_{iface}_interfaces')
             )
             self.assertEqual(
-                'fake', getattr(driver, 'default_%s_interface' % iface)
+                'fake', getattr(driver, f'default_{iface}_interface')
             )
         self.assertNotEqual([], driver.hosts)
 
@@ -53,8 +53,8 @@ class TestBareMetalDriverDetails(base.BaseBaremetalTest):
         driver = [d for d in drivers if d.name == 'fake-hardware'][0]
         for iface in ('boot', 'deploy', 'management', 'power'):
             self.assertIn(
-                'fake', getattr(driver, 'enabled_%s_interfaces' % iface)
+                'fake', getattr(driver, f'enabled_{iface}_interfaces')
             )
             self.assertEqual(
-                'fake', getattr(driver, 'default_%s_interface' % iface)
+                'fake', getattr(driver, f'default_{iface}_interface')
             )

openstack/tests/functional/base.py

@@ -220,11 +220,7 @@ class BaseFunctionalTest(base.TestCase):
         :returns: True if the service exists, otherwise False.
         """
         if not self.conn.has_service(service_type):
-            self.skipTest(
-                'Service {service_type} not found in cloud'.format(
-                    service_type=service_type
-                )
-            )
+            self.skipTest(f'Service {service_type} not found in cloud')
 
         if not min_microversion:
             return
@@ -252,9 +248,9 @@ class BaseFunctionalTest(base.TestCase):
         # Globally unique names can only rely on some form of uuid
         # unix_t is also used to easier determine orphans when running real
         # functional tests on a real cloud
-        return (prefix if prefix else '') + "{time}-{uuid}".format(
-            time=int(time.time()), uuid=uuid.uuid4().hex
-        )
+        return (
+            prefix if prefix else ''
+        ) + f"{int(time.time())}-{uuid.uuid4().hex}"
 
     def create_temporary_project(self):
         """Create a new temporary project.

openstack/tests/functional/cloud/test_cluster_templates.py

@@ -58,12 +58,12 @@ class TestClusterTemplate(base.BaseFunctionalTest):
                 '-N',
                 '',
                 '-f',
-                '%s/id_rsa_sdk' % self.ssh_directory,
+                f'{self.ssh_directory}/id_rsa_sdk',
             ]
         )
 
         # add keypair to nova
-        with open('%s/id_rsa_sdk.pub' % self.ssh_directory) as f:
+        with open(f'{self.ssh_directory}/id_rsa_sdk.pub') as f:
             key_content = f.read()
             self.user_cloud.create_keypair('testkey', key_content)
 

openstack/tests/functional/cloud/test_compute.py

@@ -339,9 +339,7 @@ class TestCompute(base.BaseFunctionalTest):
         # consistency!
         for count in utils.iterate_timeout(
             60,
-            'Timeout waiting for volume {volume_id} to detach'.format(
-                volume_id=volume_id
-            ),
+            f'Timeout waiting for volume {volume_id} to detach',
         ):
             volume = self.user_cloud.get_volume(volume_id)
             if volume.status in (

openstack/tests/functional/cloud/test_recordset.py

@@ -35,9 +35,9 @@ class TestRecordset(base.BaseFunctionalTest):
         '''Test DNS recordsets functionality'''
         sub = ''.join(random.choice(string.ascii_lowercase) for _ in range(6))
 
-        zone = '%s.example2.net.' % sub
+        zone = f'{sub}.example2.net.'
         email = 'test@example2.net'
-        name = 'www.%s' % zone
+        name = f'www.{zone}'
         type_ = 'a'
         description = 'Test recordset'
         ttl = 3600
@@ -96,9 +96,9 @@ class TestRecordset(base.BaseFunctionalTest):
         '''Test DNS recordsets functionality'''
         sub = ''.join(random.choice(string.ascii_lowercase) for _ in range(6))
 
-        zone = '%s.example2.net.' % sub
+        zone = f'{sub}.example2.net.'
         email = 'test@example2.net'
-        name = 'www.%s' % zone
+        name = f'www.{zone}'
         type_ = 'a'
         description = 'Test recordset'
         ttl = 3600

openstack/tests/functional/dns/v2/test_zone.py

@@ -54,9 +54,7 @@ class TestZone(base.BaseFunctionalTest):
         self.assertEqual(
             current_ttl + 1,
             updated_zone_ttl,
-            'Failed, updated TTL value is:{} instead of expected:{}'.format(
-                updated_zone_ttl, current_ttl + 1
-            ),
+            f'Failed, updated TTL value is:{updated_zone_ttl} instead of expected:{current_ttl + 1}',
         )
 
     def test_create_rs(self):

openstack/tests/unit/baremetal/v1/test_node.py

@@ -310,7 +310,7 @@ class TestNodeSetProvisionState(base.TestCase):
         result = self.node.set_provision_state(self.session, 'active')
         self.assertIs(result, self.node)
         self.session.put.assert_called_once_with(
-            'nodes/%s/states/provision' % self.node.id,
+            f'nodes/{self.node.id}/states/provision',
             json={'target': 'active'},
             headers=mock.ANY,
             microversion=None,
@@ -321,7 +321,7 @@ class TestNodeSetProvisionState(base.TestCase):
         result = self.node.set_provision_state(self.session, 'manage')
         self.assertIs(result, self.node)
         self.session.put.assert_called_once_with(
-            'nodes/%s/states/provision' % self.node.id,
+            f'nodes/{self.node.id}/states/provision',
             json={'target': 'manage'},
             headers=mock.ANY,
             microversion='1.4',
@@ -334,7 +334,7 @@ class TestNodeSetProvisionState(base.TestCase):
         )
         self.assertIs(result, self.node)
         self.session.put.assert_called_once_with(
-            'nodes/%s/states/provision' % self.node.id,
+            f'nodes/{self.node.id}/states/provision',
             json={'target': 'active', 'configdrive': 'abcd'},
             headers=mock.ANY,
             microversion=None,
@@ -348,7 +348,7 @@ class TestNodeSetProvisionState(base.TestCase):
         )
         self.assertIs(result, self.node)
         self.session.put.assert_called_once_with(
-            'nodes/%s/states/provision' % self.node.id,
+            f'nodes/{self.node.id}/states/provision',
             json={'target': 'active', 'configdrive': config_drive.decode()},
             headers=mock.ANY,
             microversion=None,
@@ -361,7 +361,7 @@ class TestNodeSetProvisionState(base.TestCase):
         )
         self.assertIs(result, self.node)
         self.session.put.assert_called_once_with(
-            'nodes/%s/states/provision' % self.node.id,
+            f'nodes/{self.node.id}/states/provision',
             json={'target': 'rebuild', 'configdrive': 'abcd'},
             headers=mock.ANY,
             microversion='1.35',
@@ -376,7 +376,7 @@ class TestNodeSetProvisionState(base.TestCase):
             )
             self.assertIs(result, self.node)
             self.session.put.assert_called_once_with(
-                'nodes/%s/states/provision' % self.node.id,
+                f'nodes/{self.node.id}/states/provision',
                 json={'target': target, 'configdrive': {'user_data': 'abcd'}},
                 headers=mock.ANY,
                 microversion='1.56',
@@ -391,7 +391,7 @@ class TestNodeSetProvisionState(base.TestCase):
 
         self.assertIs(result, self.node)
         self.session.put.assert_called_once_with(
-            'nodes/%s/states/provision' % self.node.id,
+            f'nodes/{self.node.id}/states/provision',
             json={'target': 'active', 'deploy_steps': deploy_steps},
             headers=mock.ANY,
             microversion='1.69',
@@ -406,7 +406,7 @@ class TestNodeSetProvisionState(base.TestCase):
 
         self.assertIs(result, self.node)
         self.session.put.assert_called_once_with(
-            'nodes/%s/states/provision' % self.node.id,
+            f'nodes/{self.node.id}/states/provision',
             json={'target': 'rebuild', 'deploy_steps': deploy_steps},
             headers=mock.ANY,
             microversion='1.69',
@@ -418,7 +418,7 @@ class TestNodeSetProvisionState(base.TestCase):
 
         self.assertIs(result, self.node)
         self.session.put.assert_called_once_with(
-            'nodes/%s/states/provision' % self.node.id,
+            f'nodes/{self.node.id}/states/provision',
             json={'target': 'unhold'},
             headers=mock.ANY,
             microversion='1.85',
@@ -433,7 +433,7 @@ class TestNodeSetProvisionState(base.TestCase):
 
         self.assertIs(result, self.node)
         self.session.put.assert_called_once_with(
-            'nodes/%s/states/provision' % self.node.id,
+            f'nodes/{self.node.id}/states/provision',
             json={'target': 'service', 'service_steps': service_steps},
             headers=mock.ANY,
             microversion='1.87',
@@ -448,7 +448,7 @@ class TestNodeSetProvisionState(base.TestCase):
 
         self.assertIs(result, self.node)
         self.session.put.assert_called_once_with(
-            'nodes/%s/states/provision' % self.node.id,
+            f'nodes/{self.node.id}/states/provision',
             json={'target': 'clean', 'runbook': runbook},
             headers=mock.ANY,
             microversion='1.92',
@@ -463,7 +463,7 @@ class TestNodeSetProvisionState(base.TestCase):
 
         self.assertIs(result, self.node)
         self.session.put.assert_called_once_with(
-            'nodes/%s/states/provision' % self.node.id,
+            f'nodes/{self.node.id}/states/provision',
             json={'target': 'service', 'runbook': runbook},
             headers=mock.ANY,
             microversion='1.92',
@@ -602,7 +602,7 @@ class TestNodeVif(base.TestCase):
     def test_attach_vif(self):
         self.assertIsNone(self.node.attach_vif(self.session, self.vif_id))
         self.session.post.assert_called_once_with(
-            'nodes/%s/vifs' % self.node.id,
+            f'nodes/{self.node.id}/vifs',
             json={'id': self.vif_id},
             headers=mock.ANY,
             microversion='1.67',
@@ -616,7 +616,7 @@ class TestNodeVif(base.TestCase):
             )
         )
         self.session.post.assert_called_once_with(
-            'nodes/%s/vifs' % self.node.id,
+            f'nodes/{self.node.id}/vifs',
             json={'id': self.vif_id},
             headers=mock.ANY,
             microversion='1.67',
@@ -630,7 +630,7 @@ class TestNodeVif(base.TestCase):
             )
         )
         self.session.post.assert_called_once_with(
-            'nodes/%s/vifs' % self.node.id,
+            f'nodes/{self.node.id}/vifs',
             json={'id': self.vif_id, 'port_uuid': self.vif_port_uuid},
             headers=mock.ANY,
             microversion='1.67',
@@ -646,7 +646,7 @@ class TestNodeVif(base.TestCase):
             )
         )
         self.session.post.assert_called_once_with(
-            'nodes/%s/vifs' % self.node.id,
+            f'nodes/{self.node.id}/vifs',
             json={
                 'id': self.vif_id,
                 'portgroup_uuid': self.vif_portgroup_uuid,
@@ -695,7 +695,7 @@ class TestNodeVif(base.TestCase):
         res = self.node.list_vifs(self.session)
         self.assertEqual(['1234', '5678'], res)
         self.session.get.assert_called_once_with(
-            'nodes/%s/vifs' % self.node.id,
+            f'nodes/{self.node.id}/vifs',
             headers=mock.ANY,
             microversion='1.67',
         )
@@ -849,7 +849,7 @@ class TestNodeInjectNMI(base.TestCase):
     def test_inject_nmi(self):
         self.node.inject_nmi(self.session)
         self.session.put.assert_called_once_with(
-            'nodes/%s/management/inject_nmi' % FAKE['uuid'],
+            'nodes/{}/management/inject_nmi'.format(FAKE['uuid']),
             json={},
             headers=mock.ANY,
             microversion='1.29',
@@ -878,7 +878,7 @@ class TestNodeSetPowerState(base.TestCase):
     def test_power_on(self):
         self.node.set_power_state(self.session, 'power on')
         self.session.put.assert_called_once_with(
-            'nodes/%s/states/power' % FAKE['uuid'],
+            'nodes/{}/states/power'.format(FAKE['uuid']),
             json={'target': 'power on'},
             headers=mock.ANY,
             microversion=None,
@@ -888,7 +888,7 @@ class TestNodeSetPowerState(base.TestCase):
     def test_soft_power_on(self):
         self.node.set_power_state(self.session, 'soft power off')
         self.session.put.assert_called_once_with(
-            'nodes/%s/states/power' % FAKE['uuid'],
+            'nodes/{}/states/power'.format(FAKE['uuid']),
             json={'target': 'soft power off'},
             headers=mock.ANY,
             microversion='1.27',
@@ -912,7 +912,7 @@ class TestNodeMaintenance(base.TestCase):
     def test_set(self):
         self.node.set_maintenance(self.session)
         self.session.put.assert_called_once_with(
-            'nodes/%s/maintenance' % self.node.id,
+            f'nodes/{self.node.id}/maintenance',
             json={'reason': None},
             headers=mock.ANY,
             microversion=mock.ANY,
@@ -921,7 +921,7 @@ class TestNodeMaintenance(base.TestCase):
     def test_set_with_reason(self):
         self.node.set_maintenance(self.session, 'No work on Monday')
         self.session.put.assert_called_once_with(
-            'nodes/%s/maintenance' % self.node.id,
+            f'nodes/{self.node.id}/maintenance',
             json={'reason': 'No work on Monday'},
             headers=mock.ANY,
             microversion=mock.ANY,
@@ -930,7 +930,7 @@ class TestNodeMaintenance(base.TestCase):
     def test_unset(self):
         self.node.unset_maintenance(self.session)
         self.session.delete.assert_called_once_with(
-            'nodes/%s/maintenance' % self.node.id,
+            f'nodes/{self.node.id}/maintenance',
             json=None,
             headers=mock.ANY,
             microversion=mock.ANY,
@@ -940,7 +940,7 @@ class TestNodeMaintenance(base.TestCase):
         self.node.is_maintenance = True
         self.node.commit(self.session)
         self.session.put.assert_called_once_with(
-            'nodes/%s/maintenance' % self.node.id,
+            f'nodes/{self.node.id}/maintenance',
             json={'reason': None},
             headers=mock.ANY,
             microversion=mock.ANY,
@@ -953,7 +953,7 @@ class TestNodeMaintenance(base.TestCase):
         self.node.maintenance_reason = 'No work on Monday'
         self.node.commit(self.session)
         self.session.put.assert_called_once_with(
-            'nodes/%s/maintenance' % self.node.id,
+            f'nodes/{self.node.id}/maintenance',
             json={'reason': 'No work on Monday'},
             headers=mock.ANY,
             microversion=mock.ANY,
@@ -965,14 +965,14 @@ class TestNodeMaintenance(base.TestCase):
         self.node.name = 'lazy-3000'
         self.node.commit(self.session)
         self.session.put.assert_called_once_with(
-            'nodes/%s/maintenance' % self.node.id,
+            f'nodes/{self.node.id}/maintenance',
             json={'reason': None},
             headers=mock.ANY,
             microversion=mock.ANY,
         )
 
         self.session.patch.assert_called_once_with(
-            'nodes/%s' % self.node.id,
+            f'nodes/{self.node.id}',
             json=[{'path': '/name', 'op': 'replace', 'value': 'lazy-3000'}],
             headers=mock.ANY,
             microversion=mock.ANY,
@@ -984,14 +984,14 @@ class TestNodeMaintenance(base.TestCase):
         self.node.name = 'lazy-3000'
         self.node.commit(self.session)
         self.session.put.assert_called_once_with(
-            'nodes/%s/maintenance' % self.node.id,
+            f'nodes/{self.node.id}/maintenance',
             json={'reason': 'No work on Monday'},
             headers=mock.ANY,
             microversion=mock.ANY,
         )
 
         self.session.patch.assert_called_once_with(
-            'nodes/%s' % self.node.id,
+            f'nodes/{self.node.id}',
             json=[{'path': '/name', 'op': 'replace', 'value': 'lazy-3000'}],
             headers=mock.ANY,
             microversion=mock.ANY,
@@ -1009,7 +1009,7 @@ class TestNodeMaintenance(base.TestCase):
         self.node.commit(self.session)
 
         self.session.put.assert_called_once_with(
-            'nodes/%s/maintenance' % self.node.id,
+            f'nodes/{self.node.id}/maintenance',
             json={'reason': 'No work on Monday'},
             headers=mock.ANY,
             microversion=mock.ANY,
@@ -1020,7 +1020,7 @@ class TestNodeMaintenance(base.TestCase):
         self.assertIsNone(self.node.maintenance_reason)
 
         self.session.delete.assert_called_once_with(
-            'nodes/%s/maintenance' % self.node.id,
+            f'nodes/{self.node.id}/maintenance',
             json=None,
             headers=mock.ANY,
             microversion=mock.ANY,
@@ -1040,7 +1040,7 @@ class TestNodeBootDevice(base.TestCase):
     def test_get_boot_device(self):
         self.node.get_boot_device(self.session)
         self.session.get.assert_called_once_with(
-            'nodes/%s/management/boot_device' % self.node.id,
+            f'nodes/{self.node.id}/management/boot_device',
             headers=mock.ANY,
             microversion=mock.ANY,
             retriable_status_codes=_common.RETRIABLE_STATUS_CODES,
@@ -1049,7 +1049,7 @@ class TestNodeBootDevice(base.TestCase):
     def test_set_boot_device(self):
         self.node.set_boot_device(self.session, 'pxe', persistent=False)
         self.session.put.assert_called_once_with(
-            'nodes/%s/management/boot_device' % self.node.id,
+            f'nodes/{self.node.id}/management/boot_device',
             json={'boot_device': 'pxe', 'persistent': False},
             headers=mock.ANY,
             microversion=mock.ANY,
@@ -1059,7 +1059,7 @@ class TestNodeBootDevice(base.TestCase):
     def test_get_supported_boot_devices(self):
         self.node.get_supported_boot_devices(self.session)
         self.session.get.assert_called_once_with(
-            'nodes/%s/management/boot_device/supported' % self.node.id,
+            f'nodes/{self.node.id}/management/boot_device/supported',
             headers=mock.ANY,
             microversion=mock.ANY,
             retriable_status_codes=_common.RETRIABLE_STATUS_CODES,
@@ -1080,7 +1080,7 @@ class TestNodeSetBootMode(base.TestCase):
     def test_node_set_boot_mode(self):
         self.node.set_boot_mode(self.session, 'uefi')
         self.session.put.assert_called_once_with(
-            'nodes/%s/states/boot_mode' % self.node.id,
+            f'nodes/{self.node.id}/states/boot_mode',
             json={'target': 'uefi'},
             headers=mock.ANY,
             microversion=mock.ANY,
@@ -1107,7 +1107,7 @@ class TestNodeSetSecureBoot(base.TestCase):
     def test_node_set_secure_boot(self):
         self.node.set_secure_boot(self.session, True)
         self.session.put.assert_called_once_with(
-            'nodes/%s/states/secure_boot' % self.node.id,
+            f'nodes/{self.node.id}/states/secure_boot',
             json={'target': True},
             headers=mock.ANY,
             microversion=mock.ANY,
@@ -1167,7 +1167,7 @@ class TestNodeTraits(base.TestCase):
         traits = ['CUSTOM_FAKE', 'CUSTOM_REAL', 'CUSTOM_MISSING']
         self.node.set_traits(self.session, traits)
         self.session.put.assert_called_once_with(
-            'nodes/%s/traits' % self.node.id,
+            f'nodes/{self.node.id}/traits',
             json={'traits': ['CUSTOM_FAKE', 'CUSTOM_REAL', 'CUSTOM_MISSING']},
             headers=mock.ANY,
             microversion='1.37',
@@ -1264,7 +1264,7 @@ class TestNodePassthru:
     def test_get_passthru(self):
         self.node.call_vendor_passthru(self.session, "GET", "test_method")
         self.session.get.assert_called_once_with(
-            'nodes/%s/vendor_passthru?method=test_method' % self.node.id,
+            f'nodes/{self.node.id}/vendor_passthru?method=test_method',
             headers=mock.ANY,
             microversion='1.37',
             retriable_status_codes=_common.RETRIABLE_STATUS_CODES,
@@ -1273,7 +1273,7 @@ class TestNodePassthru:
     def test_post_passthru(self):
         self.node.call_vendor_passthru(self.session, "POST", "test_method")
         self.session.post.assert_called_once_with(
-            'nodes/%s/vendor_passthru?method=test_method' % self.node.id,
+            f'nodes/{self.node.id}/vendor_passthru?method=test_method',
             headers=mock.ANY,
             microversion='1.37',
             retriable_status_codes=_common.RETRIABLE_STATUS_CODES,
@@ -1282,7 +1282,7 @@ class TestNodePassthru:
     def test_put_passthru(self):
         self.node.call_vendor_passthru(self.session, "PUT", "test_method")
         self.session.put.assert_called_once_with(
-            'nodes/%s/vendor_passthru?method=test_method' % self.node.id,
+            f'nodes/{self.node.id}/vendor_passthru?method=test_method',
             headers=mock.ANY,
             microversion='1.37',
             retriable_status_codes=_common.RETRIABLE_STATUS_CODES,
@@ -1291,7 +1291,7 @@ class TestNodePassthru:
     def test_delete_passthru(self):
         self.node.call_vendor_passthru(self.session, "DELETE", "test_method")
         self.session.delete.assert_called_once_with(
-            'nodes/%s/vendor_passthru?method=test_method' % self.node.id,
+            f'nodes/{self.node.id}/vendor_passthru?method=test_method',
             headers=mock.ANY,
             microversion='1.37',
             retriable_status_codes=_common.RETRIABLE_STATUS_CODES,
@@ -1300,7 +1300,7 @@ class TestNodePassthru:
     def test_list_passthru(self):
         self.node.list_vendor_passthru(self.session)
         self.session.get.assert_called_once_with(
-            'nodes/%s/vendor_passthru/methods' % self.node.id,
+            f'nodes/{self.node.id}/vendor_passthru/methods',
             headers=mock.ANY,
             microversion='1.37',
             retriable_status_codes=_common.RETRIABLE_STATUS_CODES,
@@ -1321,7 +1321,7 @@ class TestNodeConsole(base.TestCase):
     def test_get_console(self):
         self.node.get_console(self.session)
         self.session.get.assert_called_once_with(
-            'nodes/%s/states/console' % self.node.id,
+            f'nodes/{self.node.id}/states/console',
             headers=mock.ANY,
             microversion=mock.ANY,
             retriable_status_codes=_common.RETRIABLE_STATUS_CODES,
@@ -1330,7 +1330,7 @@ class TestNodeConsole(base.TestCase):
     def test_set_console_mode(self):
         self.node.set_console_mode(self.session, True)
         self.session.put.assert_called_once_with(
-            'nodes/%s/states/console' % self.node.id,
+            f'nodes/{self.node.id}/states/console',
             json={'enabled': True},
             headers=mock.ANY,
             microversion=mock.ANY,
@@ -1382,7 +1382,7 @@ class TestNodeInventory(base.TestCase):
         self.assertEqual(node_inventory, res)
 
         self.session.get.assert_called_once_with(
-            'nodes/%s/inventory' % self.node.id,
+            f'nodes/{self.node.id}/inventory',
             headers=mock.ANY,
             microversion='1.81',
             retriable_status_codes=_common.RETRIABLE_STATUS_CODES,
@@ -1427,7 +1427,7 @@ class TestNodeFirmware(base.TestCase):
         self.assertEqual(node_firmware, res)
 
         self.session.get.assert_called_once_with(
-            'nodes/%s/firmware' % self.node.id,
+            f'nodes/{self.node.id}/firmware',
             headers=mock.ANY,
             microversion='1.86',
             retriable_status_codes=_common.RETRIABLE_STATUS_CODES,

openstack/tests/unit/base.py

@@ -203,7 +203,7 @@ class TestCase(base.TestCase):
         if append:
             to_join.extend([urllib.parse.quote(i) for i in append])
         if qs_elements is not None:
-            qs = '?%s' % '&'.join(qs_elements)
+            qs = '?{}'.format('&'.join(qs_elements))
         return '{uri}{qs}'.format(uri='/'.join(to_join), qs=qs)
 
     def mock_for_keystone_projects(
@@ -811,17 +811,13 @@ class TestCase(base.TestCase):
             # NOTE(notmorgan): make sure the delimiter is non-url-safe, in this
             # case "|" is used so that the split can be a bit easier on
             # maintainers of this code.
-            key = '{method}|{uri}|{params}'.format(
-                method=method, uri=uri, params=kw_params
-            )
+            key = f'{method}|{uri}|{kw_params}'
             validate = to_mock.pop('validate', {})
             valid_keys = {'json', 'headers', 'params', 'data'}
             invalid_keys = set(validate.keys()) - valid_keys
             if invalid_keys:
                 raise TypeError(
-                    "Invalid values passed to validate: {keys}".format(
-                        keys=invalid_keys
-                    )
+                    f"Invalid values passed to validate: {invalid_keys}"
                 )
             headers = structures.CaseInsensitiveDict(
                 to_mock.pop('headers', {})
@@ -841,11 +837,10 @@ class TestCase(base.TestCase):
                     'PROGRAMMING ERROR: key-word-params '
                     'should be part of the uri_key and cannot change, '
                     'it will affect the matcher in requests_mock. '
-                    '%(old)r != %(new)r'
-                    % {
-                        'old': self._uri_registry[key]['kw_params'],
-                        'new': kw_params,
-                    }
+                    '{old!r} != {new!r}'.format(
+                        old=self._uri_registry[key]['kw_params'],
+                        new=kw_params,
+                    )
                 )
             self._uri_registry[key]['response_list'].append(to_mock)
 
@@ -900,9 +895,7 @@ class TestCase(base.TestCase):
                         'call': '{method} {url}'.format(
                             method=call['method'], url=call['url']
                         ),
-                        'history': '{method} {url}'.format(
-                            method=history.method, url=history.url
-                        ),
+                        'history': f'{history.method} {history.url}',
                     }
                 ),
             )

openstack/tests/unit/block_storage/v2/test_backup.py

@@ -139,7 +139,7 @@ class TestBackup(base.TestCase):
 
         self.assertEqual(sot, sot.restore(self.sess, 'vol', 'name'))
 
-        url = 'backups/%s/restore' % FAKE_ID
+        url = f'backups/{FAKE_ID}/restore'
         body = {"restore": {"volume_id": "vol", "name": "name"}}
         self.sess.post.assert_called_with(url, json=body)
 
@@ -148,7 +148,7 @@ class TestBackup(base.TestCase):
 
         self.assertEqual(sot, sot.restore(self.sess, name='name'))
 
-        url = 'backups/%s/restore' % FAKE_ID
+        url = f'backups/{FAKE_ID}/restore'
         body = {"restore": {"name": "name"}}
         self.sess.post.assert_called_with(url, json=body)
 
@@ -157,7 +157,7 @@ class TestBackup(base.TestCase):
 
         self.assertEqual(sot, sot.restore(self.sess, volume_id='vol'))
 
-        url = 'backups/%s/restore' % FAKE_ID
+        url = f'backups/{FAKE_ID}/restore'
         body = {"restore": {"volume_id": "vol"}}
         self.sess.post.assert_called_with(url, json=body)
 
@@ -171,7 +171,7 @@ class TestBackup(base.TestCase):
 
         self.assertIsNone(sot.force_delete(self.sess))
 
-        url = 'backups/%s/action' % FAKE_ID
+        url = f'backups/{FAKE_ID}/action'
         body = {'os-force_delete': None}
         self.sess.post.assert_called_with(
             url, json=body, microversion=sot._max_microversion
@@ -182,7 +182,7 @@ class TestBackup(base.TestCase):
 
         self.assertIsNone(sot.reset(self.sess, 'new_status'))
 
-        url = 'backups/%s/action' % FAKE_ID
+        url = f'backups/{FAKE_ID}/action'
         body = {'os-reset_status': {'status': 'new_status'}}
         self.sess.post.assert_called_with(
             url, json=body, microversion=sot._max_microversion

openstack/tests/unit/block_storage/v2/test_snapshot.py

@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ class TestSnapshotActions(base.TestCase):
 
         self.assertIsNone(sot.reset(self.sess, 'new_status'))
 
-        url = 'snapshots/%s/action' % FAKE_ID
+        url = f'snapshots/{FAKE_ID}/action'
         body = {'os-reset_status': {'status': 'new_status'}}
         self.sess.post.assert_called_with(
             url, json=body, microversion=sot._max_microversion

openstack/tests/unit/block_storage/v2/test_type.py

@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ class TestType(base.TestCase):
         )
 
         self.sess.get.assert_called_with(
-            "types/%s/os-volume-type-access" % sot.id
+            f"types/{sot.id}/os-volume-type-access"
         )
 
     def test_add_private_access(self):
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ class TestType(base.TestCase):
 
         self.assertIsNone(sot.add_private_access(self.sess, "a"))
 
-        url = "types/%s/action" % sot.id
+        url = f"types/{sot.id}/action"
         body = {"addProjectAccess": {"project": "a"}}
         self.sess.post.assert_called_with(url, json=body)
 
@@ -90,6 +90,6 @@ class TestType(base.TestCase):
 
         self.assertIsNone(sot.remove_private_access(self.sess, "a"))
 
-        url = "types/%s/action" % sot.id
+        url = f"types/{sot.id}/action"
         body = {"removeProjectAccess": {"project": "a"}}
         self.sess.post.assert_called_with(url, json=body)

openstack/tests/unit/block_storage/v2/test_volume.py

@@ -153,7 +153,7 @@ class TestVolumeActions(TestVolume):
 
         self.assertIsNone(sot.extend(self.sess, '20'))
 
-        url = 'volumes/%s/action' % FAKE_ID
+        url = f'volumes/{FAKE_ID}/action'
         body = {"os-extend": {"new_size": "20"}}
         self.sess.post.assert_called_with(
             url, json=body, microversion=sot._max_microversion
@@ -164,7 +164,7 @@ class TestVolumeActions(TestVolume):
 
         self.assertIsNone(sot.set_readonly(self.sess, True))
 
-        url = 'volumes/%s/action' % FAKE_ID
+        url = f'volumes/{FAKE_ID}/action'
         body = {'os-update_readonly_flag': {'readonly': True}}
         self.sess.post.assert_called_with(
             url, json=body, microversion=sot._max_microversion
@@ -175,7 +175,7 @@ class TestVolumeActions(TestVolume):
 
         self.assertIsNone(sot.set_readonly(self.sess, False))
 
-        url = 'volumes/%s/action' % FAKE_ID
+        url = f'volumes/{FAKE_ID}/action'
         body = {'os-update_readonly_flag': {'readonly': False}}
         self.sess.post.assert_called_with(
             url, json=body, microversion=sot._max_microversion
@@ -186,7 +186,7 @@ class TestVolumeActions(TestVolume):
 
         self.assertIsNone(sot.set_bootable_status(self.sess))
 
-        url = 'volumes/%s/action' % FAKE_ID
+        url = f'volumes/{FAKE_ID}/action'
         body = {'os-set_bootable': {'bootable': True}}
         self.sess.post.assert_called_with(
             url, json=body, microversion=sot._max_microversion
@@ -197,7 +197,7 @@ class TestVolumeActions(TestVolume):
 
         self.assertIsNone(sot.set_bootable_status(self.sess, False))
 
-        url = 'volumes/%s/action' % FAKE_ID
+        url = f'volumes/{FAKE_ID}/action'
         body = {'os-set_bootable': {'bootable': False}}
         self.sess.post.assert_called_with(
             url, json=body, microversion=sot._max_microversion
@@ -208,7 +208,7 @@ class TestVolumeActions(TestVolume):
 
         self.assertIsNone(sot.set_image_metadata(self.sess, {'foo': 'bar'}))
 
-        url = 'volumes/%s/action' % FAKE_ID
+        url = f'volumes/{FAKE_ID}/action'
         body = {'os-set_image_metadata': {'foo': 'bar'}}
         self.sess.post.assert_called_with(
             url, json=body, microversion=sot._max_microversion
@@ -224,7 +224,7 @@ class TestVolumeActions(TestVolume):
 
         self.assertIsNone(sot.delete_image_metadata(self.sess))
 
-        url = 'volumes/%s/action' % FAKE_ID
+        url = f'volumes/{FAKE_ID}/action'
         body_a = {'os-unset_image_metadata': 'foo'}
         body_b = {'os-unset_image_metadata': 'baz'}
         self.sess.post.assert_has_calls(
@@ -243,7 +243,7 @@ class TestVolumeActions(TestVolume):
 
         self.assertIsNone(sot.delete_image_metadata_item(self.sess, 'foo'))
 
-        url = 'volumes/%s/action' % FAKE_ID
+        url = f'volumes/{FAKE_ID}/action'
         body = {'os-unset_image_metadata': 'foo'}
         self.sess.post.assert_called_with(
             url, json=body, microversion=sot._max_microversion
@@ -254,7 +254,7 @@ class TestVolumeActions(TestVolume):
 
         self.assertIsNone(sot.reset_status(self.sess, '1', '2', '3'))
 
-        url = 'volumes/%s/action' % FAKE_ID
+        url = f'volumes/{FAKE_ID}/action'
         body = {
             'os-reset_status': {
                 'status': '1',
@@ -271,7 +271,7 @@ class TestVolumeActions(TestVolume):
 
         self.assertIsNone(sot.reset_status(self.sess, status='1'))
 
-        url = 'volumes/%s/action' % FAKE_ID
+        url = f'volumes/{FAKE_ID}/action'
         body = {
             'os-reset_status': {
                 'status': '1',
@@ -286,7 +286,7 @@ class TestVolumeActions(TestVolume):
 
         self.assertIsNone(sot.attach(self.sess, '1', '2'))
 
-        url = 'volumes/%s/action' % FAKE_ID
+        url = f'volumes/{FAKE_ID}/action'
         body = {'os-attach': {'mountpoint': '1', 'instance_uuid': '2'}}
         self.sess.post.assert_called_with(
             url, json=body, microversion=sot._max_microversion
@@ -297,7 +297,7 @@ class TestVolumeActions(TestVolume):
 
         self.assertIsNone(sot.detach(self.sess, '1'))
 
-        url = 'volumes/%s/action' % FAKE_ID
+        url = f'volumes/{FAKE_ID}/action'
         body = {'os-detach': {'attachment_id': '1'}}
         self.sess.post.assert_called_with(
             url, json=body, microversion=sot._max_microversion
@@ -308,7 +308,7 @@ class TestVolumeActions(TestVolume):
 
         self.assertIsNone(sot.detach(self.sess, '1', force=True))
 
-        url = 'volumes/%s/action' % FAKE_ID
+        url = f'volumes/{FAKE_ID}/action'
         body = {'os-force_detach': {'attachment_id': '1'}}
         self.sess.post.assert_called_with(
             url, json=body, microversion=sot._max_microversion
@@ -319,7 +319,7 @@ class TestVolumeActions(TestVolume):
 
         self.assertIsNone(sot.unmanage(self.sess))
 
-        url = 'volumes/%s/action' % FAKE_ID
+        url = f'volumes/{FAKE_ID}/action'
         body = {'os-unmanage': None}
         self.sess.post.assert_called_with(
             url, json=body, microversion=sot._max_microversion
@@ -330,7 +330,7 @@ class TestVolumeActions(TestVolume):
 
         self.assertIsNone(sot.retype(self.sess, '1'))
 
-        url = 'volumes/%s/action' % FAKE_ID
+        url = f'volumes/{FAKE_ID}/action'
         body = {'os-retype': {'new_type': '1'}}
         self.sess.post.assert_called_with(
             url, json=body, microversion=sot._max_microversion
@@ -341,7 +341,7 @@ class TestVolumeActions(TestVolume):
 
         self.assertIsNone(sot.retype(self.sess, '1', migration_policy='2'))
 
-        url = 'volumes/%s/action' % FAKE_ID
+        url = f'volumes/{FAKE_ID}/action'
         body = {'os-retype': {'new_type': '1', 'migration_policy': '2'}}
         self.sess.post.assert_called_with(
             url, json=body, microversion=sot._max_microversion
@@ -352,7 +352,7 @@ class TestVolumeActions(TestVolume):
 
         self.assertIsNone(sot.migrate(self.sess, host='1'))
 
-        url = 'volumes/%s/action' % FAKE_ID
+        url = f'volumes/{FAKE_ID}/action'
         body = {'os-migrate_volume': {'host': '1'}}
         self.sess.post.assert_called_with(
             url, json=body, microversion=sot._max_microversion
@@ -367,7 +367,7 @@ class TestVolumeActions(TestVolume):
             )
         )
 
-        url = 'volumes/%s/action' % FAKE_ID
+        url = f'volumes/{FAKE_ID}/action'
         body = {
             'os-migrate_volume': {
                 'host': '1',
@@ -384,7 +384,7 @@ class TestVolumeActions(TestVolume):
 
         self.assertIsNone(sot.complete_migration(self.sess, new_volume_id='1'))
 
-        url = 'volumes/%s/action' % FAKE_ID
+        url = f'volumes/{FAKE_ID}/action'
         body = {
             'os-migrate_volume_completion': {'new_volume': '1', 'error': False}
         }
@@ -399,7 +399,7 @@ class TestVolumeActions(TestVolume):
             sot.complete_migration(self.sess, new_volume_id='1', error=True)
         )
 
-        url = 'volumes/%s/action' % FAKE_ID
+        url = f'volumes/{FAKE_ID}/action'
         body = {
             'os-migrate_volume_completion': {'new_volume': '1', 'error': True}
         }
@@ -412,7 +412,7 @@ class TestVolumeActions(TestVolume):
 
         self.assertIsNone(sot.force_delete(self.sess))
 
-        url = 'volumes/%s/action' % FAKE_ID
+        url = f'volumes/{FAKE_ID}/action'
         body = {'os-force_delete': None}
         self.sess.post.assert_called_with(
             url, json=body, microversion=sot._max_microversion

openstack/tests/unit/block_storage/v3/test_attachment.py

@@ -180,7 +180,7 @@ class TestAttachment(base.TestCase):
         sot.id = FAKE_ID
         sot.complete(self.sess)
         self.sess.post.assert_called_with(
-            '/attachments/%s/action' % FAKE_ID,
+            f'/attachments/{FAKE_ID}/action',
             json={
                 'os-complete': '92dc3671-d0ab-4370-8058-c88a71661ec5',
             },

openstack/tests/unit/block_storage/v3/test_backup.py

@@ -152,7 +152,7 @@ class TestBackup(base.TestCase):
 
         self.assertEqual(sot, sot.restore(self.sess, 'vol', 'name'))
 
-        url = 'backups/%s/restore' % FAKE_ID
+        url = f'backups/{FAKE_ID}/restore'
         body = {"restore": {"volume_id": "vol", "name": "name"}}
         self.sess.post.assert_called_with(url, json=body)
 
@@ -161,7 +161,7 @@ class TestBackup(base.TestCase):
 
         self.assertEqual(sot, sot.restore(self.sess, name='name'))
 
-        url = 'backups/%s/restore' % FAKE_ID
+        url = f'backups/{FAKE_ID}/restore'
         body = {"restore": {"name": "name"}}
         self.sess.post.assert_called_with(url, json=body)
 
@@ -170,7 +170,7 @@ class TestBackup(base.TestCase):
 
         self.assertEqual(sot, sot.restore(self.sess, volume_id='vol'))
 
-        url = 'backups/%s/restore' % FAKE_ID
+        url = f'backups/{FAKE_ID}/restore'
         body = {"restore": {"volume_id": "vol"}}
         self.sess.post.assert_called_with(url, json=body)
 
@@ -184,7 +184,7 @@ class TestBackup(base.TestCase):
 
         self.assertIsNone(sot.force_delete(self.sess))
 
-        url = 'backups/%s/action' % FAKE_ID
+        url = f'backups/{FAKE_ID}/action'
         body = {'os-force_delete': None}
         self.sess.post.assert_called_with(
             url, json=body, microversion=sot._max_microversion
@@ -195,7 +195,7 @@ class TestBackup(base.TestCase):
 
         self.assertIsNone(sot.reset(self.sess, 'new_status'))
 
-        url = 'backups/%s/action' % FAKE_ID
+        url = f'backups/{FAKE_ID}/action'
         body = {'os-reset_status': {'status': 'new_status'}}
         self.sess.post.assert_called_with(
             url, json=body, microversion=sot._max_microversion

openstack/tests/unit/block_storage/v3/test_group.py

@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ class TestGroupAction(base.TestCase):
 
         self.assertIsNone(sot.delete(self.sess))
 
-        url = 'groups/%s/action' % GROUP_ID
+        url = f'groups/{GROUP_ID}/action'
         body = {'delete': {'delete-volumes': False}}
         self.sess.post.assert_called_with(
             url, json=body, microversion=sot._max_microversion
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ class TestGroupAction(base.TestCase):
 
         self.assertIsNone(sot.reset(self.sess, 'new_status'))
 
-        url = 'groups/%s/action' % GROUP_ID
+        url = f'groups/{GROUP_ID}/action'
         body = {'reset_status': {'status': 'new_status'}}
         self.sess.post.assert_called_with(
             url,

openstack/tests/unit/block_storage/v3/test_snapshot.py

@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ class TestSnapshotActions(base.TestCase):
 
         self.assertIsNone(sot.force_delete(self.sess))
 
-        url = 'snapshots/%s/action' % FAKE_ID
+        url = f'snapshots/{FAKE_ID}/action'
         body = {'os-force_delete': None}
         self.sess.post.assert_called_with(
             url, json=body, microversion=sot._max_microversion
@@ -116,7 +116,7 @@ class TestSnapshotActions(base.TestCase):
 
         self.assertIsNone(sot.reset(self.sess, 'new_status'))
 
-        url = 'snapshots/%s/action' % FAKE_ID
+        url = f'snapshots/{FAKE_ID}/action'
         body = {'os-reset_status': {'status': 'new_status'}}
         self.sess.post.assert_called_with(
             url, json=body, microversion=sot._max_microversion
@@ -127,7 +127,7 @@ class TestSnapshotActions(base.TestCase):
 
         self.assertIsNone(sot.set_status(self.sess, 'new_status'))
 
-        url = 'snapshots/%s/action' % FAKE_ID
+        url = f'snapshots/{FAKE_ID}/action'
         body = {'os-update_snapshot_status': {'status': 'new_status'}}
         self.sess.post.assert_called_with(
             url, json=body, microversion=sot._max_microversion
@@ -206,7 +206,7 @@ class TestSnapshotActions(base.TestCase):
 
         self.assertIsNone(sot.unmanage(self.sess))
 
-        url = 'snapshots/%s/action' % FAKE_ID
+        url = f'snapshots/{FAKE_ID}/action'
         body = {'os-unmanage': None}
         self.sess.post.assert_called_with(
             url, json=body, microversion=sot._max_microversion

openstack/tests/unit/block_storage/v3/test_transfer.py

@@ -112,7 +112,7 @@ class TestTransfer(base.TestCase):
 
         sot.accept(self.sess, auth_key=FAKE_AUTH_KEY)
         self.sess.post.assert_called_with(
-            'volume-transfers/%s/accept' % FAKE_TRANSFER,
+            f'volume-transfers/{FAKE_TRANSFER}/accept',
             json={
                 'accept': {
                     'auth_key': FAKE_AUTH_KEY,
@@ -134,7 +134,7 @@ class TestTransfer(base.TestCase):
 
         sot.accept(self.sess, auth_key=FAKE_AUTH_KEY)
         self.sess.post.assert_called_with(
-            'os-volume-transfer/%s/accept' % FAKE_TRANSFER,
+            f'os-volume-transfer/{FAKE_TRANSFER}/accept',
             json={
                 'accept': {
                     'auth_key': FAKE_AUTH_KEY,

openstack/tests/unit/block_storage/v3/test_type.py

@@ -150,7 +150,7 @@ class TestType(base.TestCase):
         )
 
         self.sess.get.assert_called_with(
-            "types/%s/os-volume-type-access" % sot.id
+            f"types/{sot.id}/os-volume-type-access"
         )
 
     def test_add_private_access(self):
@@ -158,7 +158,7 @@ class TestType(base.TestCase):
 
         self.assertIsNone(sot.add_private_access(self.sess, "a"))
 
-        url = "types/%s/action" % sot.id
+        url = f"types/{sot.id}/action"
         body = {"addProjectAccess": {"project": "a"}}
         self.sess.post.assert_called_with(url, json=body)
 
@@ -167,6 +167,6 @@ class TestType(base.TestCase):
 
         self.assertIsNone(sot.remove_private_access(self.sess, "a"))
 
-        url = "types/%s/action" % sot.id
+        url = f"types/{sot.id}/action"
         body = {"removeProjectAccess": {"project": "a"}}
         self.sess.post.assert_called_with(url, json=body)

openstack/tests/unit/block_storage/v3/test_volume.py

@@ -159,7 +159,7 @@ class TestVolumeActions(TestVolume):
 
         self.assertIsNone(sot.extend(self.sess, '20'))
 
-        url = 'volumes/%s/action' % FAKE_ID
+        url = f'volumes/{FAKE_ID}/action'
         body = {"os-extend": {"new_size": "20"}}
         self.sess.post.assert_called_with(
             url, json=body, microversion=sot._max_microversion
@@ -170,7 +170,7 @@ class TestVolumeActions(TestVolume):
 
         self.assertIsNone(sot.set_readonly(self.sess, True))
 
-        url = 'volumes/%s/action' % FAKE_ID
+        url = f'volumes/{FAKE_ID}/action'
         body = {'os-update_readonly_flag': {'readonly': True}}
         self.sess.post.assert_called_with(
             url, json=body, microversion=sot._max_microversion
@@ -181,7 +181,7 @@ class TestVolumeActions(TestVolume):
 
         self.assertIsNone(sot.set_readonly(self.sess, False))
 
-        url = 'volumes/%s/action' % FAKE_ID
+        url = f'volumes/{FAKE_ID}/action'
         body = {'os-update_readonly_flag': {'readonly': False}}
         self.sess.post.assert_called_with(
             url, json=body, microversion=sot._max_microversion
@@ -192,7 +192,7 @@ class TestVolumeActions(TestVolume):
 
         self.assertIsNone(sot.set_bootable_status(self.sess))
 
-        url = 'volumes/%s/action' % FAKE_ID
+        url = f'volumes/{FAKE_ID}/action'
         body = {'os-set_bootable': {'bootable': True}}
         self.sess.post.assert_called_with(
             url, json=body, microversion=sot._max_microversion
@@ -203,7 +203,7 @@ class TestVolumeActions(TestVolume):
 
         self.assertIsNone(sot.set_bootable_status(self.sess, False))
 
-        url = 'volumes/%s/action' % FAKE_ID
+        url = f'volumes/{FAKE_ID}/action'
         body = {'os-set_bootable': {'bootable': False}}
         self.sess.post.assert_called_with(
             url, json=body, microversion=sot._max_microversion
@@ -214,7 +214,7 @@ class TestVolumeActions(TestVolume):
 
         self.assertIsNone(sot.set_image_metadata(self.sess, {'foo': 'bar'}))
 
-        url = 'volumes/%s/action' % FAKE_ID
+        url = f'volumes/{FAKE_ID}/action'
         body = {'os-set_image_metadata': {'foo': 'bar'}}
         self.sess.post.assert_called_with(
             url, json=body, microversion=sot._max_microversion
@@ -230,7 +230,7 @@ class TestVolumeActions(TestVolume):
 
         self.assertIsNone(sot.delete_image_metadata(self.sess))
 
-        url = 'volumes/%s/action' % FAKE_ID
+        url = f'volumes/{FAKE_ID}/action'
         body_a = {'os-unset_image_metadata': 'foo'}
         body_b = {'os-unset_image_metadata': 'baz'}
         self.sess.post.assert_has_calls(
@@ -249,7 +249,7 @@ class TestVolumeActions(TestVolume):
 
         self.assertIsNone(sot.delete_image_metadata_item(self.sess, 'foo'))
 
-        url = 'volumes/%s/action' % FAKE_ID
+        url = f'volumes/{FAKE_ID}/action'
         body = {'os-unset_image_metadata': 'foo'}
         self.sess.post.assert_called_with(
             url, json=body, microversion=sot._max_microversion
@@ -260,7 +260,7 @@ class TestVolumeActions(TestVolume):
 
         self.assertIsNone(sot.reset_status(self.sess, '1', '2', '3'))
 
-        url = 'volumes/%s/action' % FAKE_ID
+        url = f'volumes/{FAKE_ID}/action'
         body = {
             'os-reset_status': {
                 'status': '1',
@@ -277,7 +277,7 @@ class TestVolumeActions(TestVolume):
 
         self.assertIsNone(sot.reset_status(self.sess, status='1'))
 
-        url = 'volumes/%s/action' % FAKE_ID
+        url = f'volumes/{FAKE_ID}/action'
         body = {
             'os-reset_status': {
                 'status': '1',
@@ -309,7 +309,7 @@ class TestVolumeActions(TestVolume):
 
         self.assertIsNone(sot.revert_to_snapshot(self.sess, '1'))
 
-        url = 'volumes/%s/action' % FAKE_ID
+        url = f'volumes/{FAKE_ID}/action'
         body = {'revert': {'snapshot_id': '1'}}
         self.sess.post.assert_called_with(
             url, json=body, microversion=sot._max_microversion
@@ -321,7 +321,7 @@ class TestVolumeActions(TestVolume):
 
         self.assertIsNone(sot.attach(self.sess, '1', instance='2'))
 
-        url = 'volumes/%s/action' % FAKE_ID
+        url = f'volumes/{FAKE_ID}/action'
         body = {'os-attach': {'mountpoint': '1', 'instance_uuid': '2'}}
         self.sess.post.assert_called_with(
             url, json=body, microversion=sot._max_microversion
@@ -332,7 +332,7 @@ class TestVolumeActions(TestVolume):
 
         self.assertIsNone(sot.attach(self.sess, '1', host_name='2'))
 
-        url = 'volumes/%s/action' % FAKE_ID
+        url = f'volumes/{FAKE_ID}/action'
         body = {'os-attach': {'mountpoint': '1', 'host_name': '2'}}
         self.sess.post.assert_called_with(
             url, json=body, microversion=sot._max_microversion
@@ -348,7 +348,7 @@ class TestVolumeActions(TestVolume):
 
         self.assertIsNone(sot.detach(self.sess, '1'))
 
-        url = 'volumes/%s/action' % FAKE_ID
+        url = f'volumes/{FAKE_ID}/action'
         body = {'os-detach': {'attachment_id': '1'}}
         self.sess.post.assert_called_with(
             url, json=body, microversion=sot._max_microversion
@@ -361,7 +361,7 @@ class TestVolumeActions(TestVolume):
             sot.detach(self.sess, '1', force=True, connector={'a': 'b'})
         )
 
-        url = 'volumes/%s/action' % FAKE_ID
+        url = f'volumes/{FAKE_ID}/action'
         body = {
             'os-force_detach': {'attachment_id': '1', 'connector': {'a': 'b'}}
         }
@@ -374,7 +374,7 @@ class TestVolumeActions(TestVolume):
 
         self.assertIsNone(sot.unmanage(self.sess))
 
-        url = 'volumes/%s/action' % FAKE_ID
+        url = f'volumes/{FAKE_ID}/action'
         body = {'os-unmanage': None}
         self.sess.post.assert_called_with(
             url, json=body, microversion=sot._max_microversion
@@ -385,7 +385,7 @@ class TestVolumeActions(TestVolume):
 
         self.assertIsNone(sot.retype(self.sess, '1'))
 
-        url = 'volumes/%s/action' % FAKE_ID
+        url = f'volumes/{FAKE_ID}/action'
         body = {'os-retype': {'new_type': '1'}}
         self.sess.post.assert_called_with(
             url, json=body, microversion=sot._max_microversion
@@ -396,7 +396,7 @@ class TestVolumeActions(TestVolume):
 
         self.assertIsNone(sot.retype(self.sess, '1', migration_policy='2'))
 
-        url = 'volumes/%s/action' % FAKE_ID
+        url = f'volumes/{FAKE_ID}/action'
         body = {'os-retype': {'new_type': '1', 'migration_policy': '2'}}
         self.sess.post.assert_called_with(
             url, json=body, microversion=sot._max_microversion
@@ -407,7 +407,7 @@ class TestVolumeActions(TestVolume):
 
         self.assertIsNone(sot.migrate(self.sess, host='1'))
 
-        url = 'volumes/%s/action' % FAKE_ID
+        url = f'volumes/{FAKE_ID}/action'
         body = {'os-migrate_volume': {'host': '1'}}
         self.sess.post.assert_called_with(
             url, json=body, microversion=sot._max_microversion
@@ -422,7 +422,7 @@ class TestVolumeActions(TestVolume):
             )
         )
 
-        url = 'volumes/%s/action' % FAKE_ID
+        url = f'volumes/{FAKE_ID}/action'
         body = {
             'os-migrate_volume': {
                 'host': '1',
@@ -448,7 +448,7 @@ class TestVolumeActions(TestVolume):
             )
         )
 
-        url = 'volumes/%s/action' % FAKE_ID
+        url = f'volumes/{FAKE_ID}/action'
         body = {
             'os-migrate_volume': {
                 'cluster': '1',
@@ -466,7 +466,7 @@ class TestVolumeActions(TestVolume):
 
         self.assertIsNone(sot.complete_migration(self.sess, new_volume_id='1'))
 
-        url = 'volumes/%s/action' % FAKE_ID
+        url = f'volumes/{FAKE_ID}/action'
         body = {
             'os-migrate_volume_completion': {'new_volume': '1', 'error': False}
         }
@@ -481,7 +481,7 @@ class TestVolumeActions(TestVolume):
             sot.complete_migration(self.sess, new_volume_id='1', error=True)
         )
 
-        url = 'volumes/%s/action' % FAKE_ID
+        url = f'volumes/{FAKE_ID}/action'
         body = {
             'os-migrate_volume_completion': {'new_volume': '1', 'error': True}
         }
@@ -494,7 +494,7 @@ class TestVolumeActions(TestVolume):
 
         self.assertIsNone(sot.force_delete(self.sess))
 
-        url = 'volumes/%s/action' % FAKE_ID
+        url = f'volumes/{FAKE_ID}/action'
         body = {'os-force_delete': None}
         self.sess.post.assert_called_with(
             url, json=body, microversion=sot._max_microversion
@@ -511,7 +511,7 @@ class TestVolumeActions(TestVolume):
 
         self.assertDictEqual({'a': 'b'}, sot.upload_to_image(self.sess, '1'))
 
-        url = 'volumes/%s/action' % FAKE_ID
+        url = f'volumes/{FAKE_ID}/action'
         body = {'os-volume_upload_image': {'image_name': '1', 'force': False}}
         self.sess.post.assert_called_with(
             url, json=body, microversion=sot._max_microversion
@@ -543,7 +543,7 @@ class TestVolumeActions(TestVolume):
             ),
         )
 
-        url = 'volumes/%s/action' % FAKE_ID
+        url = f'volumes/{FAKE_ID}/action'
         body = {
             'os-volume_upload_image': {
                 'image_name': '1',
@@ -564,7 +564,7 @@ class TestVolumeActions(TestVolume):
 
         self.assertIsNone(sot.reserve(self.sess))
 
-        url = 'volumes/%s/action' % FAKE_ID
+        url = f'volumes/{FAKE_ID}/action'
         body = {'os-reserve': None}
         self.sess.post.assert_called_with(
             url, json=body, microversion=sot._max_microversion
@@ -575,7 +575,7 @@ class TestVolumeActions(TestVolume):
 
         self.assertIsNone(sot.unreserve(self.sess))
 
-        url = 'volumes/%s/action' % FAKE_ID
+        url = f'volumes/{FAKE_ID}/action'
         body = {'os-unreserve': None}
         self.sess.post.assert_called_with(
             url, json=body, microversion=sot._max_microversion
@@ -586,7 +586,7 @@ class TestVolumeActions(TestVolume):
 
         self.assertIsNone(sot.begin_detaching(self.sess))
 
-        url = 'volumes/%s/action' % FAKE_ID
+        url = f'volumes/{FAKE_ID}/action'
         body = {'os-begin_detaching': None}
         self.sess.post.assert_called_with(
             url, json=body, microversion=sot._max_microversion
@@ -597,7 +597,7 @@ class TestVolumeActions(TestVolume):
 
         self.assertIsNone(sot.abort_detaching(self.sess))
 
-        url = 'volumes/%s/action' % FAKE_ID
+        url = f'volumes/{FAKE_ID}/action'
         body = {'os-roll_detaching': None}
         self.sess.post.assert_called_with(
             url, json=body, microversion=sot._max_microversion
@@ -615,7 +615,7 @@ class TestVolumeActions(TestVolume):
             {'c': 'd'}, sot.init_attachment(self.sess, {'a': 'b'})
         )
 
-        url = 'volumes/%s/action' % FAKE_ID
+        url = f'volumes/{FAKE_ID}/action'
         body = {'os-initialize_connection': {'connector': {'a': 'b'}}}
         self.sess.post.assert_called_with(
             url, json=body, microversion=sot._max_microversion
@@ -626,7 +626,7 @@ class TestVolumeActions(TestVolume):
 
         self.assertIsNone(sot.terminate_attachment(self.sess, {'a': 'b'}))
 
-        url = 'volumes/%s/action' % FAKE_ID
+        url = f'volumes/{FAKE_ID}/action'
         body = {'os-terminate_connection': {'connector': {'a': 'b'}}}
         self.sess.post.assert_called_with(
             url, json=body, microversion=sot._max_microversion
@@ -734,6 +734,6 @@ class TestVolumeActions(TestVolume):
         self.sess.default_microversion = '3.50'
         self.assertIsNone(sot.extend(self.sess, '20'))
 
-        url = 'volumes/%s/action' % FAKE_ID
+        url = f'volumes/{FAKE_ID}/action'
         body = {"os-extend": {"new_size": "20"}}
         self.sess.post.assert_called_with(url, json=body, microversion="3.50")

openstack/tests/unit/cloud/test__utils.py

@@ -331,7 +331,7 @@ class TestUtils(base.TestCase):
         # if the use_direct_get flag is set to False(default).
         uuid = uuid4().hex
         resource = 'network'
-        func = 'search_%ss' % resource
+        func = f'search_{resource}s'
         filters = {}
         with mock.patch.object(self.cloud, func) as search:
             _utils._get_entity(self.cloud, resource, uuid, filters)
@@ -343,7 +343,7 @@ class TestUtils(base.TestCase):
         self.cloud.use_direct_get = True
         name = 'name_no_uuid'
         resource = 'network'
-        func = 'search_%ss' % resource
+        func = f'search_{resource}s'
         filters = {}
         with mock.patch.object(self.cloud, func) as search:
             _utils._get_entity(self.cloud, resource, name, filters)
@@ -363,7 +363,7 @@ class TestUtils(base.TestCase):
             'security_group',
         ]
         for r in resources:
-            f = 'get_%s_by_id' % r
+            f = f'get_{r}_by_id'
             with mock.patch.object(self.cloud, f) as get:
                 _utils._get_entity(self.cloud, r, uuid, {})
                 get.assert_called_once_with(uuid)
@@ -383,7 +383,7 @@ class TestUtils(base.TestCase):
         filters = {}
         name = 'name_no_uuid'
         for r in resources:
-            f = 'search_%ss' % r
+            f = f'search_{r}s'
             with mock.patch.object(self.cloud, f) as search:
                 _utils._get_entity(self.cloud, r, name, {})
                 search.assert_called_once_with(name, filters)
@@ -400,5 +400,5 @@ class TestUtils(base.TestCase):
             'security_group',
         ]
         for r in resources:
-            self.assertTrue(hasattr(self.cloud, 'get_%s_by_id' % r))
-            self.assertTrue(hasattr(self.cloud, 'search_%ss' % r))
+            self.assertTrue(hasattr(self.cloud, f'get_{r}_by_id'))
+            self.assertTrue(hasattr(self.cloud, f'search_{r}s'))

openstack/tests/unit/cloud/test_availability_zones.py

@@ -29,9 +29,7 @@ class TestAvailabilityZoneNames(base.TestCase):
             [
                 dict(
                     method='GET',
-                    uri='{endpoint}/os-availability-zone'.format(
-                        endpoint=fakes.COMPUTE_ENDPOINT
-                    ),
+                    uri=f'{fakes.COMPUTE_ENDPOINT}/os-availability-zone',
                     json=_fake_zone_list,
                 ),
             ]
@@ -46,9 +44,7 @@ class TestAvailabilityZoneNames(base.TestCase):
             [
                 dict(
                     method='GET',
-                    uri='{endpoint}/os-availability-zone'.format(
-                        endpoint=fakes.COMPUTE_ENDPOINT
-                    ),
+                    uri=f'{fakes.COMPUTE_ENDPOINT}/os-availability-zone',
                     status_code=403,
                 ),
             ]
@@ -63,9 +59,7 @@ class TestAvailabilityZoneNames(base.TestCase):
             [
                 dict(
                     method='GET',
-                    uri='{endpoint}/os-availability-zone'.format(
-                        endpoint=fakes.COMPUTE_ENDPOINT
-                    ),
+                    uri=f'{fakes.COMPUTE_ENDPOINT}/os-availability-zone',
                     json=_fake_zone_list,
                 ),
             ]

openstack/tests/unit/cloud/test_baremetal_node.py

@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ class TestBaremetalNode(base.IronicTestCase):
                     uri=self.get_mock_url(
                         resource='ports',
                         append=['detail'],
-                        qs_elements=['address=%s' % mac_address],
+                        qs_elements=[f'address={mac_address}'],
                     ),
                     json={
                         'ports': [
@@ -2041,7 +2041,7 @@ class TestBaremetalNode(base.IronicTestCase):
                     method='GET',
                     uri=self.get_mock_url(
                         resource='ports',
-                        qs_elements=['address=%s' % mac_address],
+                        qs_elements=[f'address={mac_address}'],
                     ),
                     json={
                         'ports': [
@@ -2129,7 +2129,7 @@ class TestBaremetalNode(base.IronicTestCase):
                     method='GET',
                     uri=self.get_mock_url(
                         resource='ports',
-                        qs_elements=['address=%s' % mac_address],
+                        qs_elements=[f'address={mac_address}'],
                     ),
                     json={
                         'ports': [

openstack/tests/unit/cloud/test_baremetal_ports.py

@@ -83,7 +83,9 @@ class TestBaremetalPort(base.IronicTestCase):
                         resource='ports',
                         append=['detail'],
                         qs_elements=[
-                            'node_uuid=%s' % self.fake_baremetal_node['uuid']
+                            'node_uuid={}'.format(
+                                self.fake_baremetal_node['uuid']
+                            )
                         ],
                     ),
                     json={
@@ -112,7 +114,9 @@ class TestBaremetalPort(base.IronicTestCase):
                         resource='ports',
                         append=['detail'],
                         qs_elements=[
-                            'node_uuid=%s' % self.fake_baremetal_node['uuid']
+                            'node_uuid={}'.format(
+                                self.fake_baremetal_node['uuid']
+                            )
                         ],
                     ),
                     status_code=400,
@@ -136,7 +140,7 @@ class TestBaremetalPort(base.IronicTestCase):
                     uri=self.get_mock_url(
                         resource='ports',
                         append=['detail'],
-                        qs_elements=['address=%s' % mac],
+                        qs_elements=[f'address={mac}'],
                     ),
                     json={'ports': [self.fake_baremetal_port]},
                 ),
@@ -157,7 +161,7 @@ class TestBaremetalPort(base.IronicTestCase):
                     uri=self.get_mock_url(
                         resource='ports',
                         append=['detail'],
-                        qs_elements=['address=%s' % mac],
+                        qs_elements=[f'address={mac}'],
                     ),
                     json={'ports': []},
                 ),

openstack/tests/unit/cloud/test_endpoints.py

@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ class TestCloudEndpoints(base.TestCase):
         )
 
     def _dummy_url(self):
-        return 'https://%s.example.com/' % uuid.uuid4().hex
+        return f'https://{uuid.uuid4().hex}.example.com/'
 
     def test_create_endpoint_v3(self):
         service_data = self._get_service_data()

openstack/tests/unit/cloud/test_flavors.py

@@ -26,9 +26,7 @@ class TestFlavors(base.TestCase):
             [
                 dict(
                     method='POST',
-                    uri='{endpoint}/flavors'.format(
-                        endpoint=fakes.COMPUTE_ENDPOINT
-                    ),
+                    uri=f'{fakes.COMPUTE_ENDPOINT}/flavors',
                     json={'flavor': fakes.FAKE_FLAVOR},
                     validate=dict(
                         json={
@@ -64,16 +62,12 @@ class TestFlavors(base.TestCase):
             [
                 dict(
                     method='GET',
-                    uri='{endpoint}/flavors/vanilla'.format(
-                        endpoint=fakes.COMPUTE_ENDPOINT
-                    ),
+                    uri=f'{fakes.COMPUTE_ENDPOINT}/flavors/vanilla',
                     json=fakes.FAKE_FLAVOR,
                 ),
                 dict(
                     method='DELETE',
-                    uri='{endpoint}/flavors/{id}'.format(
-                        endpoint=fakes.COMPUTE_ENDPOINT, id=fakes.FLAVOR_ID
-                    ),
+                    uri=f'{fakes.COMPUTE_ENDPOINT}/flavors/{fakes.FLAVOR_ID}',
                 ),
             ]
         )
@@ -87,16 +81,12 @@ class TestFlavors(base.TestCase):
             [
                 dict(
                     method='GET',
-                    uri='{endpoint}/flavors/invalid'.format(
-                        endpoint=fakes.COMPUTE_ENDPOINT
-                    ),
+                    uri=f'{fakes.COMPUTE_ENDPOINT}/flavors/invalid',
                     status_code=404,
                 ),
                 dict(
                     method='GET',
-                    uri='{endpoint}/flavors/detail?is_public=None'.format(
-                        endpoint=fakes.COMPUTE_ENDPOINT
-                    ),
+                    uri=f'{fakes.COMPUTE_ENDPOINT}/flavors/detail?is_public=None',
                     json={'flavors': fakes.FAKE_FLAVOR_LIST},
                 ),
             ]
@@ -112,23 +102,17 @@ class TestFlavors(base.TestCase):
             [
                 dict(
                     method='GET',
-                    uri='{endpoint}/flavors/vanilla'.format(
-                        endpoint=fakes.COMPUTE_ENDPOINT
-                    ),
+                    uri=f'{fakes.COMPUTE_ENDPOINT}/flavors/vanilla',
                     json=fakes.FAKE_FLAVOR,
                 ),
                 dict(
                     method='GET',
-                    uri='{endpoint}/flavors/detail?is_public=None'.format(
-                        endpoint=fakes.COMPUTE_ENDPOINT
-                    ),
+                    uri=f'{fakes.COMPUTE_ENDPOINT}/flavors/detail?is_public=None',
                     json={'flavors': fakes.FAKE_FLAVOR_LIST},
                 ),
                 dict(
                     method='DELETE',
-                    uri='{endpoint}/flavors/{id}'.format(
-                        endpoint=fakes.COMPUTE_ENDPOINT, id=fakes.FLAVOR_ID
-                    ),
+                    uri=f'{fakes.COMPUTE_ENDPOINT}/flavors/{fakes.FLAVOR_ID}',
                     status_code=503,
                 ),
             ]
@@ -145,9 +129,7 @@ class TestFlavors(base.TestCase):
         uris_to_mock = [
             dict(
                 method='GET',
-                uri='{endpoint}/flavors/detail?is_public=None'.format(
-                    endpoint=fakes.COMPUTE_ENDPOINT
-                ),
+                uri=f'{fakes.COMPUTE_ENDPOINT}/flavors/detail?is_public=None',
                 json={'flavors': fakes.FAKE_FLAVOR_LIST},
             ),
         ]
@@ -173,9 +155,7 @@ class TestFlavors(base.TestCase):
         uris_to_mock = [
             dict(
                 method='GET',
-                uri='{endpoint}/flavors/detail?is_public=None'.format(
-                    endpoint=fakes.COMPUTE_ENDPOINT
-                ),
+                uri=f'{fakes.COMPUTE_ENDPOINT}/flavors/detail?is_public=None',
                 json={'flavors': fakes.FAKE_FLAVOR_LIST},
             ),
         ]
@@ -213,9 +193,7 @@ class TestFlavors(base.TestCase):
         uris_to_mock = [
             dict(
                 method='GET',
-                uri='{endpoint}/flavors/detail?is_public=None'.format(
-                    endpoint=fakes.COMPUTE_ENDPOINT
-                ),
+                uri=f'{fakes.COMPUTE_ENDPOINT}/flavors/detail?is_public=None',
                 json={'flavors': fakes.FAKE_FLAVOR_LIST},
             ),
         ]
@@ -241,9 +219,7 @@ class TestFlavors(base.TestCase):
         uris_to_mock = [
             dict(
                 method='GET',
-                uri='{endpoint}/flavors/detail?is_public=None'.format(
-                    endpoint=fakes.COMPUTE_ENDPOINT
-                ),
+                uri=f'{fakes.COMPUTE_ENDPOINT}/flavors/detail?is_public=None',
                 json={'flavors': fakes.FAKE_FLAVOR_LIST},
             ),
         ]
@@ -269,9 +245,7 @@ class TestFlavors(base.TestCase):
             [
                 dict(
                     method='GET',
-                    uri='{endpoint}/flavors/detail?is_public=None'.format(
-                        endpoint=fakes.COMPUTE_ENDPOINT
-                    ),
+                    uri=f'{fakes.COMPUTE_ENDPOINT}/flavors/detail?is_public=None',
                     json={'flavors': []},
                 )
             ]
@@ -284,8 +258,8 @@ class TestFlavors(base.TestCase):
 
     def test_get_flavor_string_and_int(self):
         self.use_compute_discovery()
-        flavor_resource_uri = '{endpoint}/flavors/1/os-extra_specs'.format(
-            endpoint=fakes.COMPUTE_ENDPOINT
+        flavor_resource_uri = (
+            f'{fakes.COMPUTE_ENDPOINT}/flavors/1/os-extra_specs'
         )
         flavor = fakes.make_fake_flavor('1', 'vanilla')
         flavor_json = {'extra_specs': {}}
@@ -294,9 +268,7 @@ class TestFlavors(base.TestCase):
             [
                 dict(
                     method='GET',
-                    uri='{endpoint}/flavors/1'.format(
-                        endpoint=fakes.COMPUTE_ENDPOINT
-                    ),
+                    uri=f'{fakes.COMPUTE_ENDPOINT}/flavors/1',
                     json=flavor,
                 ),
                 dict(method='GET', uri=flavor_resource_uri, json=flavor_json),
@@ -315,9 +287,7 @@ class TestFlavors(base.TestCase):
             [
                 dict(
                     method='POST',
-                    uri='{endpoint}/flavors/{id}/os-extra_specs'.format(
-                        endpoint=fakes.COMPUTE_ENDPOINT, id=1
-                    ),
+                    uri=f'{fakes.COMPUTE_ENDPOINT}/flavors/{1}/os-extra_specs',
                     json=dict(extra_specs=extra_specs),
                 )
             ]
@@ -333,9 +303,7 @@ class TestFlavors(base.TestCase):
             [
                 dict(
                     method='DELETE',
-                    uri='{endpoint}/flavors/{id}/os-extra_specs/{key}'.format(
-                        endpoint=fakes.COMPUTE_ENDPOINT, id=1, key=key
-                    ),
+                    uri=f'{fakes.COMPUTE_ENDPOINT}/flavors/{1}/os-extra_specs/{key}',
                 )
                 for key in keys
             ]
@@ -394,9 +362,7 @@ class TestFlavors(base.TestCase):
             [
                 dict(
                     method='GET',
-                    uri='{endpoint}/flavors/vanilla/os-flavor-access'.format(
-                        endpoint=fakes.COMPUTE_ENDPOINT
-                    ),
+                    uri=f'{fakes.COMPUTE_ENDPOINT}/flavors/vanilla/os-flavor-access',
                     json={
                         'flavor_access': [
                             {'flavor_id': 'vanilla', 'tenant_id': 'tenant_id'}
@@ -410,9 +376,7 @@ class TestFlavors(base.TestCase):
 
     def test_get_flavor_by_id(self):
         self.use_compute_discovery()
-        flavor_uri = '{endpoint}/flavors/1'.format(
-            endpoint=fakes.COMPUTE_ENDPOINT
-        )
+        flavor_uri = f'{fakes.COMPUTE_ENDPOINT}/flavors/1'
         flavor_json = {'flavor': fakes.make_fake_flavor('1', 'vanilla')}
 
         self.register_uris(
@@ -430,12 +394,8 @@ class TestFlavors(base.TestCase):
 
     def test_get_flavor_with_extra_specs(self):
         self.use_compute_discovery()
-        flavor_uri = '{endpoint}/flavors/1'.format(
-            endpoint=fakes.COMPUTE_ENDPOINT
-        )
-        flavor_extra_uri = '{endpoint}/flavors/1/os-extra_specs'.format(
-            endpoint=fakes.COMPUTE_ENDPOINT
-        )
+        flavor_uri = f'{fakes.COMPUTE_ENDPOINT}/flavors/1'
+        flavor_extra_uri = f'{fakes.COMPUTE_ENDPOINT}/flavors/1/os-extra_specs'
         flavor_json = {'flavor': fakes.make_fake_flavor('1', 'vanilla')}
         flavor_extra_json = {'extra_specs': {'name': 'test'}}
 

openstack/tests/unit/cloud/test_floating_ip_neutron.py

@@ -258,7 +258,7 @@ class TestFloatingIP(base.TestCase):
                 dict(
                     method='GET',
                     uri='https://network.example.com/v2.0/floatingips/'
-                    '{id}'.format(id=fid),
+                    f'{fid}',
                     json=self.mock_floating_ip_new_rep,
                 )
             ]

openstack/tests/unit/cloud/test_floating_ip_pool.py

@@ -31,9 +31,7 @@ class TestFloatingIPPool(base.TestCase):
             [
                 dict(
                     method='GET',
-                    uri='{endpoint}/os-floating-ip-pools'.format(
-                        endpoint=fakes.COMPUTE_ENDPOINT
-                    ),
+                    uri=f'{fakes.COMPUTE_ENDPOINT}/os-floating-ip-pools',
                     json={"floating_ip_pools": [{"name": "public"}]},
                 ),
             ]

openstack/tests/unit/cloud/test_fwaas.py

@@ -1274,7 +1274,7 @@ class TestFirewallGroup(FirewallTestCase):
                         'network',
                         'public',
                         append=['v2.0', 'ports'],
-                        qs_elements=['name=%s' % self.mock_port['name']],
+                        qs_elements=['name={}'.format(self.mock_port['name'])],
                     ),
                     json={'ports': [self.mock_port]},
                 ),
@@ -1580,7 +1580,7 @@ class TestFirewallGroup(FirewallTestCase):
                         'network',
                         'public',
                         append=['v2.0', 'ports'],
-                        qs_elements=['name=%s' % self.mock_port['name']],
+                        qs_elements=['name={}'.format(self.mock_port['name'])],
                     ),
                     json={'ports': [self.mock_port]},
                 ),

openstack/tests/unit/cloud/test_identity_roles.py

@@ -286,8 +286,8 @@ class TestIdentityRoles(base.TestCase):
                     uri=self.get_mock_url(
                         resource='role_assignments',
                         qs_elements=[
-                            'scope.domain.id=%s' % domain_data.domain_id,
-                            'user.id=%s' % user_data.user_id,
+                            f'scope.domain.id={domain_data.domain_id}',
+                            f'user.id={user_data.user_id}',
                             'effective=True',
                         ],
                     ),

openstack/tests/unit/cloud/test_image.py

@@ -89,16 +89,12 @@ class TestImage(BaseTestImage):
             [
                 dict(
                     method='GET',
-                    uri='https://image.example.com/v2/images/{name}'.format(
-                        name=self.image_name
-                    ),
+                    uri=f'https://image.example.com/v2/images/{self.image_name}',
                     status_code=404,
                 ),
                 dict(
                     method='GET',
-                    uri='https://image.example.com/v2/images?name={name}'.format(  # noqa: E501
-                        name=self.image_name
-                    ),
+                    uri=f'https://image.example.com/v2/images?name={self.image_name}',  # noqa: E501
                     json=dict(images=[]),
                 ),
                 dict(
@@ -121,23 +117,17 @@ class TestImage(BaseTestImage):
             [
                 dict(
                     method='GET',
-                    uri='https://image.example.com/v2/images/{name}'.format(
-                        name=self.image_name
-                    ),
+                    uri=f'https://image.example.com/v2/images/{self.image_name}',
                     status_code=404,
                 ),
                 dict(
                     method='GET',
-                    uri='https://image.example.com/v2/images?name={name}'.format(  # noqa: E501
-                        name=self.image_name
-                    ),
+                    uri=f'https://image.example.com/v2/images?name={self.image_name}',  # noqa: E501
                     json=self.fake_search_return,
                 ),
                 dict(
                     method='GET',
-                    uri='https://image.example.com/v2/images/{id}/file'.format(
-                        id=self.image_id
-                    ),
+                    uri=f'https://image.example.com/v2/images/{self.image_id}/file',
                     content=self.output,
                     headers={
                         'Content-Type': 'application/octet-stream',
@@ -417,9 +407,7 @@ class TestImage(BaseTestImage):
                     ),
                     json={
                         'images': [self.fake_image_dict],
-                        'next': '/v2/images?marker={marker}'.format(
-                            marker=marker
-                        ),
+                        'next': f'/v2/images?marker={marker}',
                     },
                 ),
                 dict(
@@ -821,16 +809,12 @@ class TestImage(BaseTestImage):
                 ),
                 dict(
                     method='HEAD',
-                    uri='{endpoint}/{container}'.format(
-                        endpoint=endpoint, container=self.container_name
-                    ),
+                    uri=f'{endpoint}/{self.container_name}',
                     status_code=404,
                 ),
                 dict(
                     method='PUT',
-                    uri='{endpoint}/{container}'.format(
-                        endpoint=endpoint, container=self.container_name
-                    ),
+                    uri=f'{endpoint}/{self.container_name}',
                     status_code=201,
                     headers={
                         'Date': 'Fri, 16 Dec 2016 18:21:20 GMT',
@@ -840,9 +824,7 @@ class TestImage(BaseTestImage):
                 ),
                 dict(
                     method='HEAD',
-                    uri='{endpoint}/{container}'.format(
-                        endpoint=endpoint, container=self.container_name
-                    ),
+                    uri=f'{endpoint}/{self.container_name}',
                     headers={
                         'Content-Length': '0',
                         'X-Container-Object-Count': '0',
@@ -867,20 +849,12 @@ class TestImage(BaseTestImage):
                 ),
                 dict(
                     method='HEAD',
-                    uri='{endpoint}/{container}/{object}'.format(
-                        endpoint=endpoint,
-                        container=self.container_name,
-                        object=self.image_name,
-                    ),
+                    uri=f'{endpoint}/{self.container_name}/{self.image_name}',
                     status_code=404,
                 ),
                 dict(
                     method='PUT',
-                    uri='{endpoint}/{container}/{object}'.format(
-                        endpoint=endpoint,
-                        container=self.container_name,
-                        object=self.image_name,
-                    ),
+                    uri=f'{endpoint}/{self.container_name}/{self.image_name}',
                     status_code=201,
                     validate=dict(
                         headers={
@@ -903,10 +877,7 @@ class TestImage(BaseTestImage):
                         json=dict(
                             type='import',
                             input={
-                                'import_from': '{container}/{object}'.format(
-                                    container=self.container_name,
-                                    object=self.image_name,
-                                ),
+                                'import_from': f'{self.container_name}/{self.image_name}',
                                 'image_properties': {'name': self.image_name},
                             },
                         )
@@ -952,10 +923,7 @@ class TestImage(BaseTestImage):
                             [
                                 {
                                     'op': 'add',
-                                    'value': '{container}/{object}'.format(
-                                        container=self.container_name,
-                                        object=self.image_name,
-                                    ),
+                                    'value': f'{self.container_name}/{self.image_name}',
                                     'path': '/owner_specified.openstack.object',  # noqa: E501
                                 },
                                 {
@@ -983,11 +951,7 @@ class TestImage(BaseTestImage):
                 ),
                 dict(
                     method='HEAD',
-                    uri='{endpoint}/{container}/{object}'.format(
-                        endpoint=endpoint,
-                        container=self.container_name,
-                        object=self.image_name,
-                    ),
+                    uri=f'{endpoint}/{self.container_name}/{self.image_name}',
                     headers={
                         'X-Timestamp': '1429036140.50253',
                         'X-Trans-Id': 'txbbb825960a3243b49a36f-005a0dadaedfw1',
@@ -1007,11 +971,7 @@ class TestImage(BaseTestImage):
                 ),
                 dict(
                     method='DELETE',
-                    uri='{endpoint}/{container}/{object}'.format(
-                        endpoint=endpoint,
-                        container=self.container_name,
-                        object=self.image_name,
-                    ),
+                    uri=f'{endpoint}/{self.container_name}/{self.image_name}',
                 ),
                 dict(
                     method='GET',
@@ -1069,15 +1029,11 @@ class TestImage(BaseTestImage):
                 ),
                 dict(
                     method='DELETE',
-                    uri='https://image.example.com/v2/images/{id}'.format(
-                        id=self.image_id
-                    ),
+                    uri=f'https://image.example.com/v2/images/{self.image_id}',
                 ),
                 dict(
                     method='HEAD',
-                    uri='{endpoint}/{object}'.format(
-                        endpoint=endpoint, object=object_path
-                    ),
+                    uri=f'{endpoint}/{object_path}',
                     headers={
                         'X-Timestamp': '1429036140.50253',
                         'X-Trans-Id': 'txbbb825960a3243b49a36f-005a0dadaedfw1',
@@ -1097,9 +1053,7 @@ class TestImage(BaseTestImage):
                 ),
                 dict(
                     method='DELETE',
-                    uri='{endpoint}/{object}'.format(
-                        endpoint=endpoint, object=object_path
-                    ),
+                    uri=f'{endpoint}/{object_path}',
                 ),
             ]
         )
@@ -1187,11 +1141,7 @@ class TestImage(BaseTestImage):
                 ),
                 dict(
                     method='DELETE',
-                    uri='{endpoint}/{container}/{object}'.format(
-                        endpoint=endpoint,
-                        container=self.container_name,
-                        object=self.image_name,
-                    ),
+                    uri=f'{endpoint}/{self.container_name}/{self.image_name}',
                 ),
             ]
         )
@@ -1230,9 +1180,7 @@ class TestImage(BaseTestImage):
             'properties': {
                 'owner_specified.openstack.md5': fakes.NO_MD5,
                 'owner_specified.openstack.sha256': fakes.NO_SHA256,
-                'owner_specified.openstack.object': 'images/{name}'.format(
-                    name=self.image_name
-                ),
+                'owner_specified.openstack.object': f'images/{self.image_name}',
                 'is_public': False,
             },
         }
@@ -1263,9 +1211,7 @@ class TestImage(BaseTestImage):
                 ),
                 dict(
                     method='PUT',
-                    uri='https://image.example.com/v1/images/{id}'.format(
-                        id=self.image_id
-                    ),
+                    uri=f'https://image.example.com/v1/images/{self.image_id}',
                     json={'image': ret},
                     validate=dict(
                         headers={
@@ -1297,9 +1243,7 @@ class TestImage(BaseTestImage):
             'properties': {
                 'owner_specified.openstack.md5': fakes.NO_MD5,
                 'owner_specified.openstack.sha256': fakes.NO_SHA256,
-                'owner_specified.openstack.object': 'images/{name}'.format(
-                    name=self.image_name
-                ),
+                'owner_specified.openstack.object': f'images/{self.image_name}',
                 'is_public': False,
             },
             'validate_checksum': True,
@@ -1331,9 +1275,7 @@ class TestImage(BaseTestImage):
                 ),
                 dict(
                     method='PUT',
-                    uri='https://image.example.com/v1/images/{id}'.format(
-                        id=self.image_id
-                    ),
+                    uri=f'https://image.example.com/v1/images/{self.image_id}',
                     status_code=400,
                     validate=dict(
                         headers={
@@ -1344,9 +1286,7 @@ class TestImage(BaseTestImage):
                 ),
                 dict(
                     method='DELETE',
-                    uri='https://image.example.com/v1/images/{id}'.format(
-                        id=self.image_id
-                    ),
+                    uri=f'https://image.example.com/v1/images/{self.image_id}',
                     json={'images': [ret]},
                 ),
             ]
@@ -1369,9 +1309,7 @@ class TestImage(BaseTestImage):
             'disk_format': 'qcow2',
             'owner_specified.openstack.md5': fakes.NO_MD5,
             'owner_specified.openstack.sha256': fakes.NO_SHA256,
-            'owner_specified.openstack.object': 'images/{name}'.format(
-                name=self.image_name
-            ),
+            'owner_specified.openstack.object': f'images/{self.image_name}',
             'visibility': 'private',
         }
 
@@ -1382,9 +1320,7 @@ class TestImage(BaseTestImage):
         self.cloud.update_image_properties(
             image=image.Image.existing(**ret),
             **{
-                'owner_specified.openstack.object': 'images/{name}'.format(
-                    name=self.image_name
-                )
+                'owner_specified.openstack.object': f'images/{self.image_name}'
             },
         )
 
@@ -1399,9 +1335,7 @@ class TestImage(BaseTestImage):
             'disk_format': 'qcow2',
             'owner_specified.openstack.md5': fakes.NO_MD5,
             'owner_specified.openstack.sha256': fakes.NO_SHA256,
-            'owner_specified.openstack.object': 'images/{name}'.format(
-                name=self.image_name
-            ),
+            'owner_specified.openstack.object': f'images/{self.image_name}',
             'visibility': 'private',
         }
 
@@ -1449,9 +1383,7 @@ class TestImage(BaseTestImage):
                 ),
                 dict(
                     method='PUT',
-                    uri='https://image.example.com/v2/images/{id}/file'.format(
-                        id=self.image_id
-                    ),
+                    uri=f'https://image.example.com/v2/images/{self.image_id}/file',
                     status_code=400,
                     validate=dict(
                         headers={
@@ -1461,9 +1393,7 @@ class TestImage(BaseTestImage):
                 ),
                 dict(
                     method='DELETE',
-                    uri='https://image.example.com/v2/images/{id}'.format(
-                        id=self.image_id
-                    ),
+                    uri=f'https://image.example.com/v2/images/{self.image_id}',
                 ),
             ]
         )
@@ -1530,9 +1460,7 @@ class TestImage(BaseTestImage):
                 ),
                 dict(
                     method='DELETE',
-                    uri='https://image.example.com/v2/images/{id}'.format(
-                        id=self.image_id
-                    ),
+                    uri=f'https://image.example.com/v2/images/{self.image_id}',
                 ),
             ]
         )
@@ -1574,9 +1502,7 @@ class TestImage(BaseTestImage):
             'disk_format': 'qcow2',
             'owner_specified.openstack.md5': fakes.NO_MD5,
             'owner_specified.openstack.sha256': fakes.NO_SHA256,
-            'owner_specified.openstack.object': 'images/{name}'.format(
-                name=self.image_name
-            ),
+            'owner_specified.openstack.object': f'images/{self.image_name}',
             'int_v': '12345',
             'visibility': 'private',
             'min_disk': 0,
@@ -1627,9 +1553,7 @@ class TestImage(BaseTestImage):
                 ),
                 dict(
                     method='PUT',
-                    uri='https://image.example.com/v2/images/{id}/file'.format(
-                        id=self.image_id
-                    ),
+                    uri=f'https://image.example.com/v2/images/{self.image_id}/file',
                     validate=dict(
                         headers={
                             'Content-Type': 'application/octet-stream',
@@ -1638,9 +1562,7 @@ class TestImage(BaseTestImage):
                 ),
                 dict(
                     method='GET',
-                    uri='https://image.example.com/v2/images/{id}'.format(
-                        id=self.image_id
-                    ),
+                    uri=f'https://image.example.com/v2/images/{self.image_id}',
                     json=ret,
                 ),
                 dict(
@@ -1667,9 +1589,7 @@ class TestImage(BaseTestImage):
             'disk_format': 'qcow2',
             'owner_specified.openstack.md5': fakes.NO_MD5,
             'owner_specified.openstack.sha256': fakes.NO_SHA256,
-            'owner_specified.openstack.object': 'images/{name}'.format(
-                name=self.image_name
-            ),
+            'owner_specified.openstack.object': f'images/{self.image_name}',
             'int_v': 12345,
             'visibility': 'private',
             'min_disk': 0,
@@ -1721,9 +1641,7 @@ class TestImage(BaseTestImage):
                 ),
                 dict(
                     method='PUT',
-                    uri='https://image.example.com/v2/images/{id}/file'.format(
-                        id=self.image_id
-                    ),
+                    uri=f'https://image.example.com/v2/images/{self.image_id}/file',
                     validate=dict(
                         headers={
                             'Content-Type': 'application/octet-stream',
@@ -1732,9 +1650,7 @@ class TestImage(BaseTestImage):
                 ),
                 dict(
                     method='GET',
-                    uri='https://image.example.com/v2/images/{id}'.format(
-                        id=self.image_id
-                    ),
+                    uri=f'https://image.example.com/v2/images/{self.image_id}',
                     json=ret,
                 ),
                 dict(
@@ -1761,9 +1677,7 @@ class TestImage(BaseTestImage):
             'disk_format': 'qcow2',
             'owner_specified.openstack.md5': fakes.NO_MD5,
             'owner_specified.openstack.sha256': fakes.NO_SHA256,
-            'owner_specified.openstack.object': 'images/{name}'.format(
-                name=self.image_name
-            ),
+            'owner_specified.openstack.object': f'images/{self.image_name}',
             'int_v': '12345',
             'protected': False,
             'visibility': 'private',
@@ -1816,9 +1730,7 @@ class TestImage(BaseTestImage):
                 ),
                 dict(
                     method='PUT',
-                    uri='https://image.example.com/v2/images/{id}/file'.format(
-                        id=self.image_id
-                    ),
+                    uri=f'https://image.example.com/v2/images/{self.image_id}/file',
                     validate=dict(
                         headers={
                             'Content-Type': 'application/octet-stream',
@@ -1827,9 +1739,7 @@ class TestImage(BaseTestImage):
                 ),
                 dict(
                     method='GET',
-                    uri='https://image.example.com/v2/images/{id}'.format(
-                        id=self.image_id
-                    ),
+                    uri=f'https://image.example.com/v2/images/{self.image_id}',
                     json=ret,
                 ),
                 dict(
@@ -1892,9 +1802,7 @@ class TestImageSuburl(BaseTestImage):
                     ),
                     json={
                         'images': [self.fake_image_dict],
-                        'next': '/v2/images?marker={marker}'.format(
-                            marker=marker
-                        ),
+                        'next': f'/v2/images?marker={marker}',
                     },
                 ),
                 dict(

openstack/tests/unit/cloud/test_image_snapshot.py

@@ -37,10 +37,7 @@ class TestImageSnapshot(base.TestCase):
                 self.get_nova_discovery_mock_dict(),
                 dict(
                     method='POST',
-                    uri='{endpoint}/servers/{server_id}/action'.format(
-                        endpoint=fakes.COMPUTE_ENDPOINT,
-                        server_id=self.server_id,
-                    ),
+                    uri=f'{fakes.COMPUTE_ENDPOINT}/servers/{self.server_id}/action',
                     headers=dict(
                         Location='{endpoint}/images/{image_id}'.format(
                             endpoint='https://images.example.com',
@@ -87,10 +84,7 @@ class TestImageSnapshot(base.TestCase):
                 self.get_nova_discovery_mock_dict(),
                 dict(
                     method='POST',
-                    uri='{endpoint}/servers/{server_id}/action'.format(
-                        endpoint=fakes.COMPUTE_ENDPOINT,
-                        server_id=self.server_id,
-                    ),
+                    uri=f'{fakes.COMPUTE_ENDPOINT}/servers/{self.server_id}/action',
                     headers=dict(
                         Location='{endpoint}/images/{image_id}'.format(
                             endpoint='https://images.example.com',

openstack/tests/unit/cloud/test_meta.py

@@ -530,9 +530,7 @@ class TestMeta(base.TestCase):
                 ),
                 dict(
                     method='GET',
-                    uri='{endpoint}/servers/test-id/os-security-groups'.format(
-                        endpoint=fakes.COMPUTE_ENDPOINT
-                    ),
+                    uri=f'{fakes.COMPUTE_ENDPOINT}/servers/test-id/os-security-groups',
                     json={'security_groups': []},
                 ),
             ]
@@ -609,9 +607,7 @@ class TestMeta(base.TestCase):
                 ),
                 dict(
                     method='GET',
-                    uri='{endpoint}/servers/test-id/os-security-groups'.format(
-                        endpoint=fakes.COMPUTE_ENDPOINT
-                    ),
+                    uri=f'{fakes.COMPUTE_ENDPOINT}/servers/test-id/os-security-groups',
                     json={'security_groups': []},
                 ),
             ]
@@ -685,9 +681,7 @@ class TestMeta(base.TestCase):
                 ),
                 dict(
                     method='GET',
-                    uri='{endpoint}/servers/test-id/os-security-groups'.format(
-                        endpoint=fakes.COMPUTE_ENDPOINT
-                    ),
+                    uri=f'{fakes.COMPUTE_ENDPOINT}/servers/test-id/os-security-groups',
                     json={'security_groups': []},
                 ),
             ]
@@ -804,9 +798,7 @@ class TestMeta(base.TestCase):
                 ),
                 dict(
                     method='GET',
-                    uri='{endpoint}/servers/test-id/os-security-groups'.format(
-                        endpoint=fakes.COMPUTE_ENDPOINT
-                    ),
+                    uri=f'{fakes.COMPUTE_ENDPOINT}/servers/test-id/os-security-groups',
                     json={'security_groups': []},
                 ),
             ]
@@ -865,9 +857,7 @@ class TestMeta(base.TestCase):
                 ),
                 dict(
                     method='GET',
-                    uri='{endpoint}/servers/test-id/os-security-groups'.format(
-                        endpoint=fakes.COMPUTE_ENDPOINT
-                    ),
+                    uri=f'{fakes.COMPUTE_ENDPOINT}/servers/test-id/os-security-groups',
                     json={'security_groups': []},
                 ),
             ]
@@ -947,9 +937,7 @@ class TestMeta(base.TestCase):
                 ),
                 dict(
                     method='GET',
-                    uri='{endpoint}/servers/test-id/os-security-groups'.format(
-                        endpoint=fakes.COMPUTE_ENDPOINT
-                    ),
+                    uri=f'{fakes.COMPUTE_ENDPOINT}/servers/test-id/os-security-groups',
                     json={'security_groups': []},
                 ),
             ]

openstack/tests/unit/cloud/test_network.py

@@ -373,7 +373,7 @@ class TestNetworks(base.TestCase):
                         'network',
                         'public',
                         append=['v2.0', 'networks'],
-                        qs_elements=['name=%s' % network_name],
+                        qs_elements=[f'name={network_name}'],
                     ),
                     json={'networks': [network]},
                 ),
@@ -574,7 +574,7 @@ class TestNetworks(base.TestCase):
                         'network',
                         'public',
                         append=['v2.0', 'networks'],
-                        qs_elements=['name=%s' % network_name],
+                        qs_elements=[f'name={network_name}'],
                     ),
                     json={'networks': [network]},
                 ),
@@ -640,7 +640,7 @@ class TestNetworks(base.TestCase):
                         'network',
                         'public',
                         append=['v2.0', 'networks'],
-                        qs_elements=['name=%s' % network_name],
+                        qs_elements=[f'name={network_name}'],
                     ),
                     json={'networks': [network]},
                 ),

openstack/tests/unit/cloud/test_object.py

@@ -33,12 +33,8 @@ class BaseTestObject(base.TestCase):
         self.container = self.getUniqueString()
         self.object = self.getUniqueString()
         self.endpoint = self.cloud.object_store.get_endpoint()
-        self.container_endpoint = '{endpoint}/{container}'.format(
-            endpoint=self.endpoint, container=self.container
-        )
-        self.object_endpoint = '{endpoint}/{object}'.format(
-            endpoint=self.container_endpoint, object=self.object
-        )
+        self.container_endpoint = f'{self.endpoint}/{self.container}'
+        self.object_endpoint = f'{self.container_endpoint}/{self.object}'
 
     def _compare_containers(self, exp, real):
         self.assertDictEqual(
@@ -330,7 +326,7 @@ class TestObject(BaseTestObject):
         )
         with testtools.ExpectedException(
             exceptions.SDKException,
-            "Container not found: %s" % self.container,
+            f"Container not found: {self.container}",
         ):
             self.cloud.get_container_access(self.container)
 
@@ -594,9 +590,7 @@ class TestObject(BaseTestObject):
         self.assert_calls()
 
     def test_list_objects(self):
-        endpoint = '{endpoint}?format=json'.format(
-            endpoint=self.container_endpoint
-        )
+        endpoint = f'{self.container_endpoint}?format=json'
 
         objects = [
             {
@@ -619,9 +613,7 @@ class TestObject(BaseTestObject):
             self._compare_objects(a, b)
 
     def test_list_objects_with_prefix(self):
-        endpoint = '{endpoint}?format=json&prefix=test'.format(
-            endpoint=self.container_endpoint
-        )
+        endpoint = f'{self.container_endpoint}?format=json&prefix=test'
 
         objects = [
             {
@@ -644,9 +636,7 @@ class TestObject(BaseTestObject):
             self._compare_objects(a, b)
 
     def test_list_objects_exception(self):
-        endpoint = '{endpoint}?format=json'.format(
-            endpoint=self.container_endpoint
-        )
+        endpoint = f'{self.container_endpoint}?format=json'
         self.register_uris(
             [
                 dict(
@@ -903,20 +893,12 @@ class TestObjectUploads(BaseTestObject):
                 ),
                 dict(
                     method='HEAD',
-                    uri='{endpoint}/{container}/{object}'.format(
-                        endpoint=self.endpoint,
-                        container=self.container,
-                        object=self.object,
-                    ),
+                    uri=f'{self.endpoint}/{self.container}/{self.object}',
                     status_code=404,
                 ),
                 dict(
                     method='PUT',
-                    uri='{endpoint}/{container}/{object}'.format(
-                        endpoint=self.endpoint,
-                        container=self.container,
-                        object=self.object,
-                    ),
+                    uri=f'{self.endpoint}/{self.container}/{self.object}',
                     status_code=201,
                     validate=dict(
                         headers={
@@ -972,11 +954,7 @@ class TestObjectUploads(BaseTestObject):
             [
                 dict(
                     method='PUT',
-                    uri='{endpoint}/{container}/{object}'.format(
-                        endpoint=self.endpoint,
-                        container=self.container,
-                        object=self.object,
-                    ),
+                    uri=f'{self.endpoint}/{self.container}/{self.object}',
                     status_code=201,
                     validate=dict(
                         headers={
@@ -1008,11 +986,7 @@ class TestObjectUploads(BaseTestObject):
             ),
             dict(
                 method='HEAD',
-                uri='{endpoint}/{container}/{object}'.format(
-                    endpoint=self.endpoint,
-                    container=self.container,
-                    object=self.object,
-                ),
+                uri=f'{self.endpoint}/{self.container}/{self.object}',
                 status_code=404,
             ),
         ]
@@ -1021,12 +995,7 @@ class TestObjectUploads(BaseTestObject):
             [
                 dict(
                     method='PUT',
-                    uri='{endpoint}/{container}/{object}/{index:0>6}'.format(
-                        endpoint=self.endpoint,
-                        container=self.container,
-                        object=self.object,
-                        index=index,
-                    ),
+                    uri=f'{self.endpoint}/{self.container}/{self.object}/{index:0>6}',
                     status_code=201,
                 )
                 for index, offset in enumerate(
@@ -1038,17 +1007,11 @@ class TestObjectUploads(BaseTestObject):
         uris_to_mock.append(
             dict(
                 method='PUT',
-                uri='{endpoint}/{container}/{object}'.format(
-                    endpoint=self.endpoint,
-                    container=self.container,
-                    object=self.object,
-                ),
+                uri=f'{self.endpoint}/{self.container}/{self.object}',
                 status_code=201,
                 validate=dict(
                     headers={
-                        'x-object-manifest': '{container}/{object}'.format(
-                            container=self.container, object=self.object
-                        ),
+                        'x-object-manifest': f'{self.container}/{self.object}',
                         'x-object-meta-x-sdk-md5': self.md5,
                         'x-object-meta-x-sdk-sha256': self.sha256,
                     }
@@ -1088,11 +1051,7 @@ class TestObjectUploads(BaseTestObject):
             ),
             dict(
                 method='HEAD',
-                uri='{endpoint}/{container}/{object}'.format(
-                    endpoint=self.endpoint,
-                    container=self.container,
-                    object=self.object,
-                ),
+                uri=f'{self.endpoint}/{self.container}/{self.object}',
                 status_code=404,
             ),
         ]
@@ -1101,12 +1060,7 @@ class TestObjectUploads(BaseTestObject):
             [
                 dict(
                     method='PUT',
-                    uri='{endpoint}/{container}/{object}/{index:0>6}'.format(
-                        endpoint=self.endpoint,
-                        container=self.container,
-                        object=self.object,
-                        index=index,
-                    ),
+                    uri=f'{self.endpoint}/{self.container}/{self.object}/{index:0>6}',
                     status_code=201,
                     headers=dict(Etag=f'etag{index}'),
                 )
@@ -1119,11 +1073,7 @@ class TestObjectUploads(BaseTestObject):
         uris_to_mock.append(
             dict(
                 method='PUT',
-                uri='{endpoint}/{container}/{object}'.format(
-                    endpoint=self.endpoint,
-                    container=self.container,
-                    object=self.object,
-                ),
+                uri=f'{self.endpoint}/{self.container}/{self.object}',
                 status_code=201,
                 validate=dict(
                     params={'multipart-manifest', 'put'},
@@ -1153,37 +1103,27 @@ class TestObjectUploads(BaseTestObject):
                 'header mismatch in manifest call',
             )
 
-        base_object = '/{container}/{object}'.format(
-            container=self.container, object=self.object
-        )
+        base_object = f'/{self.container}/{self.object}'
 
         self.assertEqual(
             [
                 {
-                    'path': "{base_object}/000000".format(
-                        base_object=base_object
-                    ),
+                    'path': f"{base_object}/000000",
                     'size_bytes': 25,
                     'etag': 'etag0',
                 },
                 {
-                    'path': "{base_object}/000001".format(
-                        base_object=base_object
-                    ),
+                    'path': f"{base_object}/000001",
                     'size_bytes': 25,
                     'etag': 'etag1',
                 },
                 {
-                    'path': "{base_object}/000002".format(
-                        base_object=base_object
-                    ),
+                    'path': f"{base_object}/000002",
                     'size_bytes': 25,
                     'etag': 'etag2',
                 },
                 {
-                    'path': "{base_object}/000003".format(
-                        base_object=base_object
-                    ),
+                    'path': f"{base_object}/000003",
                     'size_bytes': len(self.object) - 75,
                     'etag': 'etag3',
                 },
@@ -1210,11 +1150,7 @@ class TestObjectUploads(BaseTestObject):
             ),
             dict(
                 method='HEAD',
-                uri='{endpoint}/{container}/{object}'.format(
-                    endpoint=self.endpoint,
-                    container=self.container,
-                    object=self.object,
-                ),
+                uri=f'{self.endpoint}/{self.container}/{self.object}',
                 status_code=404,
             ),
         ]
@@ -1223,12 +1159,7 @@ class TestObjectUploads(BaseTestObject):
             [
                 dict(
                     method='PUT',
-                    uri='{endpoint}/{container}/{object}/{index:0>6}'.format(
-                        endpoint=self.endpoint,
-                        container=self.container,
-                        object=self.object,
-                        index=index,
-                    ),
+                    uri=f'{self.endpoint}/{self.container}/{self.object}/{index:0>6}',
                     status_code=201,
                     headers=dict(Etag=f'etag{index}'),
                 )
@@ -1243,11 +1174,7 @@ class TestObjectUploads(BaseTestObject):
             [
                 dict(
                     method='PUT',
-                    uri='{endpoint}/{container}/{object}'.format(
-                        endpoint=self.endpoint,
-                        container=self.container,
-                        object=self.object,
-                    ),
+                    uri=f'{self.endpoint}/{self.container}/{self.object}',
                     status_code=400,
                     validate=dict(
                         params={'multipart-manifest', 'put'},
@@ -1259,11 +1186,7 @@ class TestObjectUploads(BaseTestObject):
                 ),
                 dict(
                     method='PUT',
-                    uri='{endpoint}/{container}/{object}'.format(
-                        endpoint=self.endpoint,
-                        container=self.container,
-                        object=self.object,
-                    ),
+                    uri=f'{self.endpoint}/{self.container}/{self.object}',
                     status_code=400,
                     validate=dict(
                         params={'multipart-manifest', 'put'},
@@ -1275,11 +1198,7 @@ class TestObjectUploads(BaseTestObject):
                 ),
                 dict(
                     method='PUT',
-                    uri='{endpoint}/{container}/{object}'.format(
-                        endpoint=self.endpoint,
-                        container=self.container,
-                        object=self.object,
-                    ),
+                    uri=f'{self.endpoint}/{self.container}/{self.object}',
                     status_code=201,
                     validate=dict(
                         params={'multipart-manifest', 'put'},
@@ -1311,37 +1230,27 @@ class TestObjectUploads(BaseTestObject):
                 'header mismatch in manifest call',
             )
 
-        base_object = '/{container}/{object}'.format(
-            container=self.container, object=self.object
-        )
+        base_object = f'/{self.container}/{self.object}'
 
         self.assertEqual(
             [
                 {
-                    'path': "{base_object}/000000".format(
-                        base_object=base_object
-                    ),
+                    'path': f"{base_object}/000000",
                     'size_bytes': 25,
                     'etag': 'etag0',
                 },
                 {
-                    'path': "{base_object}/000001".format(
-                        base_object=base_object
-                    ),
+                    'path': f"{base_object}/000001",
                     'size_bytes': 25,
                     'etag': 'etag1',
                 },
                 {
-                    'path': "{base_object}/000002".format(
-                        base_object=base_object
-                    ),
+                    'path': f"{base_object}/000002",
                     'size_bytes': 25,
                     'etag': 'etag2',
                 },
                 {
-                    'path': "{base_object}/000003".format(
-                        base_object=base_object
-                    ),
+                    'path': f"{base_object}/000003",
                     'size_bytes': len(self.object) - 75,
                     'etag': 'etag3',
                 },
@@ -1369,11 +1278,7 @@ class TestObjectUploads(BaseTestObject):
             ),
             dict(
                 method='HEAD',
-                uri='{endpoint}/{container}/{object}'.format(
-                    endpoint=self.endpoint,
-                    container=self.container,
-                    object=self.object,
-                ),
+                uri=f'{self.endpoint}/{self.container}/{self.object}',
                 status_code=404,
             ),
         ]
@@ -1382,12 +1287,7 @@ class TestObjectUploads(BaseTestObject):
             [
                 dict(
                     method='PUT',
-                    uri='{endpoint}/{container}/{object}/{index:0>6}'.format(
-                        endpoint=self.endpoint,
-                        container=self.container,
-                        object=self.object,
-                        index=index,
-                    ),
+                    uri=f'{self.endpoint}/{self.container}/{self.object}/{index:0>6}',
                     status_code=201,
                     headers=dict(Etag=f'etag{index}'),
                 )
@@ -1402,11 +1302,7 @@ class TestObjectUploads(BaseTestObject):
             [
                 dict(
                     method='PUT',
-                    uri='{endpoint}/{container}/{object}'.format(
-                        endpoint=self.endpoint,
-                        container=self.container,
-                        object=self.object,
-                    ),
+                    uri=f'{self.endpoint}/{self.container}/{self.object}',
                     status_code=400,
                     validate=dict(
                         params={'multipart-manifest', 'put'},
@@ -1418,11 +1314,7 @@ class TestObjectUploads(BaseTestObject):
                 ),
                 dict(
                     method='PUT',
-                    uri='{endpoint}/{container}/{object}'.format(
-                        endpoint=self.endpoint,
-                        container=self.container,
-                        object=self.object,
-                    ),
+                    uri=f'{self.endpoint}/{self.container}/{self.object}',
                     status_code=400,
                     validate=dict(
                         params={'multipart-manifest', 'put'},
@@ -1434,11 +1326,7 @@ class TestObjectUploads(BaseTestObject):
                 ),
                 dict(
                     method='PUT',
-                    uri='{endpoint}/{container}/{object}'.format(
-                        endpoint=self.endpoint,
-                        container=self.container,
-                        object=self.object,
-                    ),
+                    uri=f'{self.endpoint}/{self.container}/{self.object}',
                     status_code=400,
                     validate=dict(
                         params={'multipart-manifest', 'put'},
@@ -1459,9 +1347,7 @@ class TestObjectUploads(BaseTestObject):
             [
                 dict(
                     method='GET',
-                    uri='{endpoint}/images?format=json&prefix={prefix}'.format(
-                        endpoint=self.endpoint, prefix=self.object
-                    ),
+                    uri=f'{self.endpoint}/images?format=json&prefix={self.object}',
                     complete_qs=True,
                     json=[
                         {
@@ -1475,9 +1361,7 @@ class TestObjectUploads(BaseTestObject):
                 ),
                 dict(
                     method='HEAD',
-                    uri='{endpoint}/images/{object}'.format(
-                        endpoint=self.endpoint, object=self.object
-                    ),
+                    uri=f'{self.endpoint}/images/{self.object}',
                     headers={
                         'X-Timestamp': '1429036140.50253',
                         'X-Trans-Id': 'txbbb825960a3243b49a36f-005a0dadaedfw1',
@@ -1495,9 +1379,7 @@ class TestObjectUploads(BaseTestObject):
                 ),
                 dict(
                     method='DELETE',
-                    uri='{endpoint}/images/{object}'.format(
-                        endpoint=self.endpoint, object=self.object
-                    ),
+                    uri=f'{self.endpoint}/images/{self.object}',
                 ),
             ]
         )
@@ -1536,56 +1418,32 @@ class TestObjectUploads(BaseTestObject):
                 ),
                 dict(
                     method='HEAD',
-                    uri='{endpoint}/{container}/{object}'.format(
-                        endpoint=self.endpoint,
-                        container=self.container,
-                        object=self.object,
-                    ),
+                    uri=f'{self.endpoint}/{self.container}/{self.object}',
                     status_code=404,
                 ),
                 dict(
                     method='PUT',
-                    uri='{endpoint}/{container}/{object}/000000'.format(
-                        endpoint=self.endpoint,
-                        container=self.container,
-                        object=self.object,
-                    ),
+                    uri=f'{self.endpoint}/{self.container}/{self.object}/000000',
                     status_code=201,
                 ),
                 dict(
                     method='PUT',
-                    uri='{endpoint}/{container}/{object}/000001'.format(
-                        endpoint=self.endpoint,
-                        container=self.container,
-                        object=self.object,
-                    ),
+                    uri=f'{self.endpoint}/{self.container}/{self.object}/000001',
                     status_code=201,
                 ),
                 dict(
                     method='PUT',
-                    uri='{endpoint}/{container}/{object}/000002'.format(
-                        endpoint=self.endpoint,
-                        container=self.container,
-                        object=self.object,
-                    ),
+                    uri=f'{self.endpoint}/{self.container}/{self.object}/000002',
                     status_code=201,
                 ),
                 dict(
                     method='PUT',
-                    uri='{endpoint}/{container}/{object}/000003'.format(
-                        endpoint=self.endpoint,
-                        container=self.container,
-                        object=self.object,
-                    ),
+                    uri=f'{self.endpoint}/{self.container}/{self.object}/000003',
                     status_code=501,
                 ),
                 dict(
                     method='PUT',
-                    uri='{endpoint}/{container}/{object}'.format(
-                        endpoint=self.endpoint,
-                        container=self.container,
-                        object=self.object,
-                    ),
+                    uri=f'{self.endpoint}/{self.container}/{self.object}',
                     status_code=201,
                 ),
             ]
@@ -1619,69 +1477,41 @@ class TestObjectUploads(BaseTestObject):
                 ),
                 dict(
                     method='HEAD',
-                    uri='{endpoint}/{container}/{object}'.format(
-                        endpoint=self.endpoint,
-                        container=self.container,
-                        object=self.object,
-                    ),
+                    uri=f'{self.endpoint}/{self.container}/{self.object}',
                     status_code=404,
                 ),
                 dict(
                     method='PUT',
-                    uri='{endpoint}/{container}/{object}/000000'.format(
-                        endpoint=self.endpoint,
-                        container=self.container,
-                        object=self.object,
-                    ),
+                    uri=f'{self.endpoint}/{self.container}/{self.object}/000000',
                     headers={'etag': 'etag0'},
                     status_code=201,
                 ),
                 dict(
                     method='PUT',
-                    uri='{endpoint}/{container}/{object}/000001'.format(
-                        endpoint=self.endpoint,
-                        container=self.container,
-                        object=self.object,
-                    ),
+                    uri=f'{self.endpoint}/{self.container}/{self.object}/000001',
                     headers={'etag': 'etag1'},
                     status_code=201,
                 ),
                 dict(
                     method='PUT',
-                    uri='{endpoint}/{container}/{object}/000002'.format(
-                        endpoint=self.endpoint,
-                        container=self.container,
-                        object=self.object,
-                    ),
+                    uri=f'{self.endpoint}/{self.container}/{self.object}/000002',
                     headers={'etag': 'etag2'},
                     status_code=201,
                 ),
                 dict(
                     method='PUT',
-                    uri='{endpoint}/{container}/{object}/000003'.format(
-                        endpoint=self.endpoint,
-                        container=self.container,
-                        object=self.object,
-                    ),
+                    uri=f'{self.endpoint}/{self.container}/{self.object}/000003',
                     status_code=501,
                 ),
                 dict(
                     method='PUT',
-                    uri='{endpoint}/{container}/{object}/000003'.format(
-                        endpoint=self.endpoint,
-                        container=self.container,
-                        object=self.object,
-                    ),
+                    uri=f'{self.endpoint}/{self.container}/{self.object}/000003',
                     status_code=201,
                     headers={'etag': 'etag3'},
                 ),
                 dict(
                     method='PUT',
-                    uri='{endpoint}/{container}/{object}'.format(
-                        endpoint=self.endpoint,
-                        container=self.container,
-                        object=self.object,
-                    ),
+                    uri=f'{self.endpoint}/{self.container}/{self.object}',
                     status_code=201,
                     validate=dict(
                         params={'multipart-manifest', 'put'},
@@ -1711,37 +1541,27 @@ class TestObjectUploads(BaseTestObject):
                 'header mismatch in manifest call',
             )
 
-        base_object = '/{container}/{object}'.format(
-            container=self.container, object=self.object
-        )
+        base_object = f'/{self.container}/{self.object}'
 
         self.assertEqual(
             [
                 {
-                    'path': "{base_object}/000000".format(
-                        base_object=base_object
-                    ),
+                    'path': f"{base_object}/000000",
                     'size_bytes': 25,
                     'etag': 'etag0',
                 },
                 {
-                    'path': "{base_object}/000001".format(
-                        base_object=base_object
-                    ),
+                    'path': f"{base_object}/000001",
                     'size_bytes': 25,
                     'etag': 'etag1',
                 },
                 {
-                    'path': "{base_object}/000002".format(
-                        base_object=base_object
-                    ),
+                    'path': f"{base_object}/000002",
                     'size_bytes': 25,
                     'etag': 'etag2',
                 },
                 {
-                    'path': "{base_object}/000003".format(
-                        base_object=base_object
-                    ),
+                    'path': f"{base_object}/000003",
                     'size_bytes': len(self.object) - 75,
                     'etag': 'etag3',
                 },
@@ -1762,20 +1582,12 @@ class TestObjectUploads(BaseTestObject):
                 ),
                 dict(
                     method='HEAD',
-                    uri='{endpoint}/{container}/{object}'.format(
-                        endpoint=self.endpoint,
-                        container=self.container,
-                        object=self.object,
-                    ),
+                    uri=f'{self.endpoint}/{self.container}/{self.object}',
                     status_code=200,
                 ),
                 dict(
                     method='PUT',
-                    uri='{endpoint}/{container}/{object}'.format(
-                        endpoint=self.endpoint,
-                        container=self.container,
-                        object=self.object,
-                    ),
+                    uri=f'{self.endpoint}/{self.container}/{self.object}',
                     status_code=201,
                     validate=dict(headers={}),
                 ),
@@ -1796,11 +1608,7 @@ class TestObjectUploads(BaseTestObject):
             [
                 dict(
                     method='PUT',
-                    uri='{endpoint}/{container}/{object}'.format(
-                        endpoint=self.endpoint,
-                        container=self.container,
-                        object=self.object,
-                    ),
+                    uri=f'{self.endpoint}/{self.container}/{self.object}',
                     status_code=201,
                     validate=dict(
                         headers={},

openstack/tests/unit/cloud/test_operator.py

@@ -91,8 +91,8 @@ class TestOperatorCloud(base.TestCase):
         self.cloud.config.config['region_name'] = 'testregion'
         with testtools.ExpectedException(
             exceptions.SDKException,
-            "Error getting image endpoint on testcloud:testregion:"
-            " No service",
+            "Error getting image endpoint on testcloud:testregion: "
+            "No service",
         ):
             self.cloud.get_session_endpoint("image")
 

openstack/tests/unit/cloud/test_port.py

@@ -507,7 +507,7 @@ class TestPort(base.TestCase):
                         'network',
                         'public',
                         append=['v2.0', 'ports'],
-                        qs_elements=['name=%s' % port_name],
+                        qs_elements=[f'name={port_name}'],
                     ),
                     json={'ports': [port1, port2]},
                 ),

openstack/tests/unit/cloud/test_project.py

@@ -179,7 +179,7 @@ class TestProject(base.TestCase):
                     method='GET',
                     uri=self.get_mock_url(
                         resource=(
-                            'projects?domain_id=%s' % project_data.domain_id
+                            f'projects?domain_id={project_data.domain_id}'
                         )
                     ),
                     status_code=200,
@@ -204,7 +204,7 @@ class TestProject(base.TestCase):
                     method='GET',
                     uri=self.get_mock_url(
                         resource=(
-                            'projects?domain_id=%s' % project_data.domain_id
+                            f'projects?domain_id={project_data.domain_id}'
                         )
                     ),
                     status_code=200,
@@ -250,7 +250,7 @@ class TestProject(base.TestCase):
                     method='GET',
                     uri=self.get_mock_url(
                         resource=(
-                            'projects?domain_id=%s' % project_data.domain_id
+                            f'projects?domain_id={project_data.domain_id}'
                         )
                     ),
                     status_code=200,

openstack/tests/unit/cloud/test_qos_bandwidth_limit_rule.py

@@ -104,7 +104,7 @@ class TestQosBandwidthLimitRule(base.TestCase):
                         'network',
                         'public',
                         append=['v2.0', 'qos', 'policies'],
-                        qs_elements=['name=%s' % self.policy_name],
+                        qs_elements=[f'name={self.policy_name}'],
                     ),
                     json={'policies': [self.mock_policy]},
                 ),
@@ -157,7 +157,7 @@ class TestQosBandwidthLimitRule(base.TestCase):
                         'network',
                         'public',
                         append=['v2.0', 'qos', 'policies'],
-                        qs_elements=['name=%s' % self.policy_name],
+                        qs_elements=[f'name={self.policy_name}'],
                     ),
                     json={'policies': []},
                 ),
@@ -216,7 +216,7 @@ class TestQosBandwidthLimitRule(base.TestCase):
                         'network',
                         'public',
                         append=['v2.0', 'qos', 'policies'],
-                        qs_elements=['name=%s' % self.policy_name],
+                        qs_elements=[f'name={self.policy_name}'],
                     ),
                     json={'policies': [self.mock_policy]},
                 ),
@@ -288,7 +288,7 @@ class TestQosBandwidthLimitRule(base.TestCase):
                         'network',
                         'public',
                         append=['v2.0', 'qos', 'policies'],
-                        qs_elements=['name=%s' % self.policy_name],
+                        qs_elements=[f'name={self.policy_name}'],
                     ),
                     json={'policies': [self.mock_policy]},
                 ),
@@ -516,7 +516,7 @@ class TestQosBandwidthLimitRule(base.TestCase):
                         'network',
                         'public',
                         append=['v2.0', 'qos', 'policies'],
-                        qs_elements=['name=%s' % self.policy_name],
+                        qs_elements=[f'name={self.policy_name}'],
                     ),
                     json={'policies': [self.mock_policy]},
                 ),
@@ -590,7 +590,7 @@ class TestQosBandwidthLimitRule(base.TestCase):
                         'network',
                         'public',
                         append=['v2.0', 'qos', 'policies'],
-                        qs_elements=['name=%s' % self.policy_name],
+                        qs_elements=[f'name={self.policy_name}'],
                     ),
                     json={'policies': [self.mock_policy]},
                 ),

openstack/tests/unit/cloud/test_qos_dscp_marking_rule.py

@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ class TestQosDscpMarkingRule(base.TestCase):
                         'network',
                         'public',
                         append=['v2.0', 'qos', 'policies'],
-                        qs_elements=['name=%s' % self.policy_name],
+                        qs_elements=[f'name={self.policy_name}'],
                     ),
                     json={'policies': [self.mock_policy]},
                 ),
@@ -140,7 +140,7 @@ class TestQosDscpMarkingRule(base.TestCase):
                         'network',
                         'public',
                         append=['v2.0', 'qos', 'policies'],
-                        qs_elements=['name=%s' % self.policy_name],
+                        qs_elements=[f'name={self.policy_name}'],
                     ),
                     json={'policies': []},
                 ),
@@ -199,7 +199,7 @@ class TestQosDscpMarkingRule(base.TestCase):
                         'network',
                         'public',
                         append=['v2.0', 'qos', 'policies'],
-                        qs_elements=['name=%s' % self.policy_name],
+                        qs_elements=[f'name={self.policy_name}'],
                     ),
                     json={'policies': [self.mock_policy]},
                 ),
@@ -361,7 +361,7 @@ class TestQosDscpMarkingRule(base.TestCase):
                         'network',
                         'public',
                         append=['v2.0', 'qos', 'policies'],
-                        qs_elements=['name=%s' % self.policy_name],
+                        qs_elements=[f'name={self.policy_name}'],
                     ),
                     json={'policies': [self.mock_policy]},
                 ),
@@ -435,7 +435,7 @@ class TestQosDscpMarkingRule(base.TestCase):
                         'network',
                         'public',
                         append=['v2.0', 'qos', 'policies'],
-                        qs_elements=['name=%s' % self.policy_name],
+                        qs_elements=[f'name={self.policy_name}'],
                     ),
                     json={'policies': [self.mock_policy]},
                 ),

openstack/tests/unit/cloud/test_qos_minimum_bandwidth_rule.py

@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ class TestQosMinimumBandwidthRule(base.TestCase):
                         'network',
                         'public',
                         append=['v2.0', 'qos', 'policies'],
-                        qs_elements=['name=%s' % self.policy_name],
+                        qs_elements=[f'name={self.policy_name}'],
                     ),
                     json={'policies': [self.mock_policy]},
                 ),
@@ -141,7 +141,7 @@ class TestQosMinimumBandwidthRule(base.TestCase):
                         'network',
                         'public',
                         append=['v2.0', 'qos', 'policies'],
-                        qs_elements=['name=%s' % self.policy_name],
+                        qs_elements=[f'name={self.policy_name}'],
                     ),
                     json={'policies': []},
                 ),
@@ -200,7 +200,7 @@ class TestQosMinimumBandwidthRule(base.TestCase):
                         'network',
                         'public',
                         append=['v2.0', 'qos', 'policies'],
-                        qs_elements=['name=%s' % self.policy_name],
+                        qs_elements=[f'name={self.policy_name}'],
                     ),
                     json={'policies': [self.mock_policy]},
                 ),
@@ -361,7 +361,7 @@ class TestQosMinimumBandwidthRule(base.TestCase):
                         'network',
                         'public',
                         append=['v2.0', 'qos', 'policies'],
-                        qs_elements=['name=%s' % self.policy_name],
+                        qs_elements=[f'name={self.policy_name}'],
                     ),
                     json={'policies': [self.mock_policy]},
                 ),
@@ -435,7 +435,7 @@ class TestQosMinimumBandwidthRule(base.TestCase):
                         'network',
                         'public',
                         append=['v2.0', 'qos', 'policies'],
-                        qs_elements=['name=%s' % self.policy_name],
+                        qs_elements=[f'name={self.policy_name}'],
                     ),
                     json={'policies': [self.mock_policy]},
                 ),

openstack/tests/unit/cloud/test_qos_policy.py

@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ class TestQosPolicy(base.TestCase):
                         'network',
                         'public',
                         append=['v2.0', 'qos', 'policies'],
-                        qs_elements=['name=%s' % self.policy_name],
+                        qs_elements=[f'name={self.policy_name}'],
                     ),
                     json={'policies': [self.mock_policy]},
                 ),
@@ -225,7 +225,7 @@ class TestQosPolicy(base.TestCase):
                         'network',
                         'public',
                         append=['v2.0', 'qos', 'policies'],
-                        qs_elements=['name=%s' % self.policy_name],
+                        qs_elements=[f'name={self.policy_name}'],
                     ),
                     json={'policies': [self.mock_policy]},
                 ),
@@ -323,7 +323,7 @@ class TestQosPolicy(base.TestCase):
                         'network',
                         'public',
                         append=['v2.0', 'qos', 'policies'],
-                        qs_elements=['name=%s' % self.policy_name],
+                        qs_elements=[f'name={self.policy_name}'],
                     ),
                     json={'policies': [policy1, policy2]},
                 ),

openstack/tests/unit/cloud/test_router.py

@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ class TestRouter(base.TestCase):
                         'network',
                         'public',
                         append=['v2.0', 'routers'],
-                        qs_elements=['name=%s' % self.router_name],
+                        qs_elements=[f'name={self.router_name}'],
                     ),
                     json={'routers': [self.mock_router_rep]},
                 ),
@@ -450,7 +450,7 @@ class TestRouter(base.TestCase):
                         'network',
                         'public',
                         append=['v2.0', 'routers'],
-                        qs_elements=['name=%s' % self.router_name],
+                        qs_elements=[f'name={self.router_name}'],
                     ),
                     json={'routers': [self.mock_router_rep]},
                 ),
@@ -486,7 +486,7 @@ class TestRouter(base.TestCase):
                         'network',
                         'public',
                         append=['v2.0', 'routers'],
-                        qs_elements=['name=%s' % self.router_name],
+                        qs_elements=[f'name={self.router_name}'],
                     ),
                     json={'routers': []},
                 ),
@@ -576,7 +576,7 @@ class TestRouter(base.TestCase):
                 'network',
                 'public',
                 append=['v2.0', 'ports'],
-                qs_elements=["device_id=%s" % self.router_id],
+                qs_elements=[f"device_id={self.router_id}"],
             ),
             json={'ports': (internal_ports + external_ports)},
         )

openstack/tests/unit/cloud/test_security_groups.py

@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ class TestSecurityGroups(base.TestCase):
                         'network',
                         'public',
                         append=['v2.0', 'security-groups'],
-                        qs_elements=["project_id=%s" % project_id],
+                        qs_elements=[f"project_id={project_id}"],
                     ),
                     json={'security_groups': [neutron_grp_dict]},
                 )
@@ -88,9 +88,7 @@ class TestSecurityGroups(base.TestCase):
             [
                 dict(
                     method='GET',
-                    uri='{endpoint}/os-security-groups?project_id=42'.format(
-                        endpoint=fakes.COMPUTE_ENDPOINT
-                    ),
+                    uri=f'{fakes.COMPUTE_ENDPOINT}/os-security-groups?project_id=42',
                     json={'security_groups': []},
                 ),
             ]
@@ -126,7 +124,7 @@ class TestSecurityGroups(base.TestCase):
                     uri=self.get_mock_url(
                         'network',
                         'public',
-                        append=['v2.0', 'security-groups', '%s' % sg_id],
+                        append=['v2.0', 'security-groups', f'{sg_id}'],
                     ),
                     status_code=200,
                     json={},
@@ -144,16 +142,12 @@ class TestSecurityGroups(base.TestCase):
             [
                 dict(
                     method='GET',
-                    uri='{endpoint}/os-security-groups'.format(
-                        endpoint=fakes.COMPUTE_ENDPOINT
-                    ),
+                    uri=f'{fakes.COMPUTE_ENDPOINT}/os-security-groups',
                     json={'security_groups': nova_return},
                 ),
                 dict(
                     method='DELETE',
-                    uri='{endpoint}/os-security-groups/2'.format(
-                        endpoint=fakes.COMPUTE_ENDPOINT
-                    ),
+                    uri=f'{fakes.COMPUTE_ENDPOINT}/os-security-groups/2',
                 ),
             ]
         )
@@ -184,9 +178,7 @@ class TestSecurityGroups(base.TestCase):
             [
                 dict(
                     method='GET',
-                    uri='{endpoint}/os-security-groups'.format(
-                        endpoint=fakes.COMPUTE_ENDPOINT
-                    ),
+                    uri=f'{fakes.COMPUTE_ENDPOINT}/os-security-groups',
                     json={'security_groups': nova_return},
                 ),
             ]
@@ -240,8 +232,8 @@ class TestSecurityGroups(base.TestCase):
         project_id = "861808a93da0484ea1767967c4df8a23"
         group_name = self.getUniqueString()
         group_desc = (
-            'security group from'
-            ' test_create_security_group_neutron_specific_tenant'
+            'security group from '
+            'test_create_security_group_neutron_specific_tenant'
         )
         new_group = fakes.make_fake_neutron_security_group(
             id='2',
@@ -331,9 +323,7 @@ class TestSecurityGroups(base.TestCase):
             [
                 dict(
                     method='POST',
-                    uri='{endpoint}/os-security-groups'.format(
-                        endpoint=fakes.COMPUTE_ENDPOINT
-                    ),
+                    uri=f'{fakes.COMPUTE_ENDPOINT}/os-security-groups',
                     json={'security_group': new_group},
                     validate=dict(
                         json={
@@ -385,7 +375,7 @@ class TestSecurityGroups(base.TestCase):
                     uri=self.get_mock_url(
                         'network',
                         'public',
-                        append=['v2.0', 'security-groups', '%s' % sg_id],
+                        append=['v2.0', 'security-groups', f'{sg_id}'],
                     ),
                     json={'security_group': update_return},
                     validate=dict(
@@ -418,16 +408,12 @@ class TestSecurityGroups(base.TestCase):
             [
                 dict(
                     method='GET',
-                    uri='{endpoint}/os-security-groups'.format(
-                        endpoint=fakes.COMPUTE_ENDPOINT
-                    ),
+                    uri=f'{fakes.COMPUTE_ENDPOINT}/os-security-groups',
                     json={'security_groups': nova_return},
                 ),
                 dict(
                     method='PUT',
-                    uri='{endpoint}/os-security-groups/2'.format(
-                        endpoint=fakes.COMPUTE_ENDPOINT
-                    ),
+                    uri=f'{fakes.COMPUTE_ENDPOINT}/os-security-groups/2',
                     json={'security_group': update_return},
                 ),
             ]
@@ -586,16 +572,12 @@ class TestSecurityGroups(base.TestCase):
             [
                 dict(
                     method='GET',
-                    uri='{endpoint}/os-security-groups'.format(
-                        endpoint=fakes.COMPUTE_ENDPOINT
-                    ),
+                    uri=f'{fakes.COMPUTE_ENDPOINT}/os-security-groups',
                     json={'security_groups': nova_return},
                 ),
                 dict(
                     method='POST',
-                    uri='{endpoint}/os-security-group-rules'.format(
-                        endpoint=fakes.COMPUTE_ENDPOINT
-                    ),
+                    uri=f'{fakes.COMPUTE_ENDPOINT}/os-security-group-rules',
                     json={'security_group_rule': new_rule},
                     validate=dict(
                         json={
@@ -642,16 +624,12 @@ class TestSecurityGroups(base.TestCase):
             [
                 dict(
                     method='GET',
-                    uri='{endpoint}/os-security-groups'.format(
-                        endpoint=fakes.COMPUTE_ENDPOINT
-                    ),
+                    uri=f'{fakes.COMPUTE_ENDPOINT}/os-security-groups',
                     json={'security_groups': nova_return},
                 ),
                 dict(
                     method='POST',
-                    uri='{endpoint}/os-security-group-rules'.format(
-                        endpoint=fakes.COMPUTE_ENDPOINT
-                    ),
+                    uri=f'{fakes.COMPUTE_ENDPOINT}/os-security-group-rules',
                     json={'security_group_rule': new_rule},
                     validate=dict(
                         json={
@@ -700,7 +678,7 @@ class TestSecurityGroups(base.TestCase):
                         append=[
                             'v2.0',
                             'security-group-rules',
-                            '%s' % rule_id,
+                            f'{rule_id}',
                         ],
                     ),
                     json={},
@@ -717,9 +695,7 @@ class TestSecurityGroups(base.TestCase):
             [
                 dict(
                     method='DELETE',
-                    uri='{endpoint}/os-security-group-rules/xyz'.format(
-                        endpoint=fakes.COMPUTE_ENDPOINT
-                    ),
+                    uri=f'{fakes.COMPUTE_ENDPOINT}/os-security-group-rules/xyz',
                 ),
             ]
         )
@@ -760,9 +736,7 @@ class TestSecurityGroups(base.TestCase):
             [
                 dict(
                     method='GET',
-                    uri='{endpoint}/os-security-groups'.format(
-                        endpoint=fakes.COMPUTE_ENDPOINT
-                    ),
+                    uri=f'{fakes.COMPUTE_ENDPOINT}/os-security-groups',
                     json={'security_groups': [nova_grp_dict]},
                 ),
             ]
@@ -779,9 +753,7 @@ class TestSecurityGroups(base.TestCase):
             [
                 dict(
                     method='GET',
-                    uri='{endpoint}/os-security-groups'.format(
-                        endpoint=fakes.COMPUTE_ENDPOINT
-                    ),
+                    uri=f'{fakes.COMPUTE_ENDPOINT}/os-security-groups',
                     json={'security_groups': [nova_grp_dict]},
                 ),
             ]
@@ -842,16 +814,15 @@ class TestSecurityGroups(base.TestCase):
             [
                 dict(
                     method='GET',
-                    uri='{endpoint}/os-security-groups'.format(
-                        endpoint=fakes.COMPUTE_ENDPOINT,
-                    ),
+                    uri=f'{fakes.COMPUTE_ENDPOINT}/os-security-groups',
                     json={'security_groups': [nova_grp_dict]},
                 ),
                 self.get_nova_discovery_mock_dict(),
                 dict(
                     method='POST',
-                    uri='%s/servers/%s/action'
-                    % (fakes.COMPUTE_ENDPOINT, '1234'),
+                    uri='{}/servers/{}/action'.format(
+                        fakes.COMPUTE_ENDPOINT, '1234'
+                    ),
                     validate=dict(
                         json={'addSecurityGroup': {'name': 'nova-sec-group'}}
                     ),
@@ -894,8 +865,9 @@ class TestSecurityGroups(base.TestCase):
                 ),
                 dict(
                     method='POST',
-                    uri='%s/servers/%s/action'
-                    % (fakes.COMPUTE_ENDPOINT, '1234'),
+                    uri='{}/servers/{}/action'.format(
+                        fakes.COMPUTE_ENDPOINT, '1234'
+                    ),
                     validate=dict(
                         json={
                             'addSecurityGroup': {'name': 'neutron-sec-group'}
@@ -921,16 +893,15 @@ class TestSecurityGroups(base.TestCase):
             [
                 dict(
                     method='GET',
-                    uri='{endpoint}/os-security-groups'.format(
-                        endpoint=fakes.COMPUTE_ENDPOINT
-                    ),
+                    uri=f'{fakes.COMPUTE_ENDPOINT}/os-security-groups',
                     json={'security_groups': [nova_grp_dict]},
                 ),
                 self.get_nova_discovery_mock_dict(),
                 dict(
                     method='POST',
-                    uri='%s/servers/%s/action'
-                    % (fakes.COMPUTE_ENDPOINT, '1234'),
+                    uri='{}/servers/{}/action'.format(
+                        fakes.COMPUTE_ENDPOINT, '1234'
+                    ),
                     validate=dict(
                         json={
                             'removeSecurityGroup': {'name': 'nova-sec-group'}
@@ -974,8 +945,9 @@ class TestSecurityGroups(base.TestCase):
                 ),
                 dict(
                     method='POST',
-                    uri='%s/servers/%s/action'
-                    % (fakes.COMPUTE_ENDPOINT, '1234'),
+                    uri='{}/servers/{}/action'.format(
+                        fakes.COMPUTE_ENDPOINT, '1234'
+                    ),
                     validate=dict(json=validate),
                 ),
             ]
@@ -1000,16 +972,12 @@ class TestSecurityGroups(base.TestCase):
                 self.get_nova_discovery_mock_dict(),
                 dict(
                     method='GET',
-                    uri='{endpoint}/servers/detail'.format(
-                        endpoint=fakes.COMPUTE_ENDPOINT
-                    ),
+                    uri=f'{fakes.COMPUTE_ENDPOINT}/servers/detail',
                     json={'servers': [fake_server]},
                 ),
                 dict(
                     method='GET',
-                    uri='{endpoint}/os-security-groups'.format(
-                        endpoint=fakes.COMPUTE_ENDPOINT
-                    ),
+                    uri=f'{fakes.COMPUTE_ENDPOINT}/os-security-groups',
                     json={'security_groups': [nova_grp_dict]},
                 ),
             ]
@@ -1064,9 +1032,7 @@ class TestSecurityGroups(base.TestCase):
                 self.get_nova_discovery_mock_dict(),
                 dict(
                     method='GET',
-                    uri='{endpoint}/servers/detail'.format(
-                        endpoint=fakes.COMPUTE_ENDPOINT
-                    ),
+                    uri=f'{fakes.COMPUTE_ENDPOINT}/servers/detail',
                     json={'servers': [fake_server]},
                 ),
             ]

openstack/tests/unit/cloud/test_server_console.py

@@ -33,9 +33,7 @@ class TestServerConsole(base.TestCase):
                 self.get_nova_discovery_mock_dict(),
                 dict(
                     method='POST',
-                    uri='{endpoint}/servers/{id}/action'.format(
-                        endpoint=fakes.COMPUTE_ENDPOINT, id=self.server_id
-                    ),
+                    uri=f'{fakes.COMPUTE_ENDPOINT}/servers/{self.server_id}/action',
                     json={"output": self.output},
                     validate=dict(json={'os-getConsoleOutput': {'length': 5}}),
                 ),
@@ -53,16 +51,12 @@ class TestServerConsole(base.TestCase):
                 self.get_nova_discovery_mock_dict(),
                 dict(
                     method='GET',
-                    uri='{endpoint}/servers/detail'.format(
-                        endpoint=fakes.COMPUTE_ENDPOINT
-                    ),
+                    uri=f'{fakes.COMPUTE_ENDPOINT}/servers/detail',
                     json={"servers": [self.server]},
                 ),
                 dict(
                     method='POST',
-                    uri='{endpoint}/servers/{id}/action'.format(
-                        endpoint=fakes.COMPUTE_ENDPOINT, id=self.server_id
-                    ),
+                    uri=f'{fakes.COMPUTE_ENDPOINT}/servers/{self.server_id}/action',
                     json={"output": self.output},
                     validate=dict(json={'os-getConsoleOutput': {}}),
                 ),
@@ -81,9 +75,7 @@ class TestServerConsole(base.TestCase):
                 self.get_nova_discovery_mock_dict(),
                 dict(
                     method='POST',
-                    uri='{endpoint}/servers/{id}/action'.format(
-                        endpoint=fakes.COMPUTE_ENDPOINT, id=self.server_id
-                    ),
+                    uri=f'{fakes.COMPUTE_ENDPOINT}/servers/{self.server_id}/action',
                     status_code=400,
                     validate=dict(json={'os-getConsoleOutput': {}}),
                 ),

openstack/tests/unit/cloud/test_stack.py

@@ -45,9 +45,7 @@ class TestStack(base.TestCase):
             [
                 dict(
                     method='GET',
-                    uri='{endpoint}/stacks'.format(
-                        endpoint=fakes.ORCHESTRATION_ENDPOINT
-                    ),
+                    uri=f'{fakes.ORCHESTRATION_ENDPOINT}/stacks',
                     json={"stacks": fake_stacks},
                 ),
             ]
@@ -88,9 +86,7 @@ class TestStack(base.TestCase):
             [
                 dict(
                     method='GET',
-                    uri='{endpoint}/stacks'.format(
-                        endpoint=fakes.ORCHESTRATION_ENDPOINT
-                    ),
+                    uri=f'{fakes.ORCHESTRATION_ENDPOINT}/stacks',
                     status_code=404,
                 )
             ]
@@ -110,9 +106,7 @@ class TestStack(base.TestCase):
             [
                 dict(
                     method='GET',
-                    uri='{endpoint}/stacks'.format(
-                        endpoint=fakes.ORCHESTRATION_ENDPOINT
-                    ),
+                    uri=f'{fakes.ORCHESTRATION_ENDPOINT}/stacks',
                     json={"stacks": fake_stacks},
                 ),
             ]
@@ -134,9 +128,7 @@ class TestStack(base.TestCase):
             [
                 dict(
                     method='GET',
-                    uri='{endpoint}/stacks'.format(
-                        endpoint=fakes.ORCHESTRATION_ENDPOINT
-                    ),
+                    uri=f'{fakes.ORCHESTRATION_ENDPOINT}/stacks',
                     json={"stacks": fake_stacks},
                 ),
             ]
@@ -151,9 +143,7 @@ class TestStack(base.TestCase):
             [
                 dict(
                     method='GET',
-                    uri='{endpoint}/stacks'.format(
-                        endpoint=fakes.ORCHESTRATION_ENDPOINT
-                    ),
+                    uri=f'{fakes.ORCHESTRATION_ENDPOINT}/stacks',
                     status_code=404,
                 )
             ]
@@ -167,36 +157,20 @@ class TestStack(base.TestCase):
             [
                 dict(
                     method='GET',
-                    uri='{endpoint}/stacks/{name}?{resolve}'.format(
-                        endpoint=fakes.ORCHESTRATION_ENDPOINT,
-                        name=self.stack_name,
-                        resolve=resolve,
-                    ),
+                    uri=f'{fakes.ORCHESTRATION_ENDPOINT}/stacks/{self.stack_name}?{resolve}',
                     status_code=302,
                     headers=dict(
-                        location='{endpoint}/stacks/{name}/{id}?{resolve}'.format(  # noqa: E501
-                            endpoint=fakes.ORCHESTRATION_ENDPOINT,
-                            id=self.stack_id,
-                            name=self.stack_name,
-                            resolve=resolve,
-                        )
+                        location=f'{fakes.ORCHESTRATION_ENDPOINT}/stacks/{self.stack_name}/{self.stack_id}?{resolve}',  # noqa: E501
                     ),
                 ),
                 dict(
                     method='GET',
-                    uri='{endpoint}/stacks/{name}/{id}?{resolve}'.format(
-                        endpoint=fakes.ORCHESTRATION_ENDPOINT,
-                        id=self.stack_id,
-                        name=self.stack_name,
-                        resolve=resolve,
-                    ),
+                    uri=f'{fakes.ORCHESTRATION_ENDPOINT}/stacks/{self.stack_name}/{self.stack_id}?{resolve}',
                     json={"stack": self.stack},
                 ),
                 dict(
                     method='DELETE',
-                    uri='{endpoint}/stacks/{id}'.format(
-                        endpoint=fakes.ORCHESTRATION_ENDPOINT, id=self.stack_id
-                    ),
+                    uri=f'{fakes.ORCHESTRATION_ENDPOINT}/stacks/{self.stack_id}',
                 ),
             ]
         )
@@ -209,9 +183,7 @@ class TestStack(base.TestCase):
             [
                 dict(
                     method='GET',
-                    uri='{endpoint}/stacks/stack_name?{resolve}'.format(
-                        endpoint=fakes.ORCHESTRATION_ENDPOINT, resolve=resolve
-                    ),
+                    uri=f'{fakes.ORCHESTRATION_ENDPOINT}/stacks/stack_name?{resolve}',
                     status_code=404,
                 ),
             ]
@@ -225,36 +197,20 @@ class TestStack(base.TestCase):
             [
                 dict(
                     method='GET',
-                    uri='{endpoint}/stacks/{id}?{resolve}'.format(
-                        endpoint=fakes.ORCHESTRATION_ENDPOINT,
-                        id=self.stack_id,
-                        resolve=resolve,
-                    ),
+                    uri=f'{fakes.ORCHESTRATION_ENDPOINT}/stacks/{self.stack_id}?{resolve}',
                     status_code=302,
                     headers=dict(
-                        location='{endpoint}/stacks/{name}/{id}?{resolve}'.format(  # noqa: E501
-                            endpoint=fakes.ORCHESTRATION_ENDPOINT,
-                            id=self.stack_id,
-                            name=self.stack_name,
-                            resolve=resolve,
-                        )
+                        location=f'{fakes.ORCHESTRATION_ENDPOINT}/stacks/{self.stack_name}/{self.stack_id}?{resolve}',  # noqa: E501
                     ),
                 ),
                 dict(
                     method='GET',
-                    uri='{endpoint}/stacks/{name}/{id}?{resolve}'.format(
-                        endpoint=fakes.ORCHESTRATION_ENDPOINT,
-                        id=self.stack_id,
-                        name=self.stack_name,
-                        resolve=resolve,
-                    ),
+                    uri=f'{fakes.ORCHESTRATION_ENDPOINT}/stacks/{self.stack_name}/{self.stack_id}?{resolve}',
                     json={"stack": self.stack},
                 ),
                 dict(
                     method='DELETE',
-                    uri='{endpoint}/stacks/{id}'.format(
-                        endpoint=fakes.ORCHESTRATION_ENDPOINT, id=self.stack_id
-                    ),
+                    uri=f'{fakes.ORCHESTRATION_ENDPOINT}/stacks/{self.stack_id}',
                     status_code=400,
                     reason="ouch",
                 ),
@@ -279,29 +235,15 @@ class TestStack(base.TestCase):
             [
                 dict(
                     method='GET',
-                    uri='{endpoint}/stacks/{name}?{resolve}'.format(
-                        endpoint=fakes.ORCHESTRATION_ENDPOINT,
-                        name=self.stack_name,
-                        resolve=resolve,
-                    ),
+                    uri=f'{fakes.ORCHESTRATION_ENDPOINT}/stacks/{self.stack_name}?{resolve}',
                     status_code=302,
                     headers=dict(
-                        location='{endpoint}/stacks/{name}/{id}?{resolve}'.format(  # noqa: E501
-                            endpoint=fakes.ORCHESTRATION_ENDPOINT,
-                            id=self.stack_id,
-                            name=self.stack_name,
-                            resolve=resolve,
-                        )
+                        location=f'{fakes.ORCHESTRATION_ENDPOINT}/stacks/{self.stack_name}/{self.stack_id}?{resolve}',  # noqa: E501
                     ),
                 ),
                 dict(
                     method='GET',
-                    uri='{endpoint}/stacks/{name}/{id}?{resolve}'.format(
-                        endpoint=fakes.ORCHESTRATION_ENDPOINT,
-                        id=self.stack_id,
-                        name=self.stack_name,
-                        resolve=resolve,
-                    ),
+                    uri=f'{fakes.ORCHESTRATION_ENDPOINT}/stacks/{self.stack_name}/{self.stack_id}?{resolve}',
                     json={"stack": self.stack},
                 ),
                 dict(
@@ -316,17 +258,11 @@ class TestStack(base.TestCase):
                 ),
                 dict(
                     method='DELETE',
-                    uri='{endpoint}/stacks/{id}'.format(
-                        endpoint=fakes.ORCHESTRATION_ENDPOINT, id=self.stack_id
-                    ),
+                    uri=f'{fakes.ORCHESTRATION_ENDPOINT}/stacks/{self.stack_id}',
                 ),
                 dict(
                     method='GET',
-                    uri='{endpoint}/stacks/{name}/events?{qs}'.format(
-                        endpoint=fakes.ORCHESTRATION_ENDPOINT,
-                        name=self.stack_name,
-                        qs=marker_qs,
-                    ),
+                    uri=f'{fakes.ORCHESTRATION_ENDPOINT}/stacks/{self.stack_name}/events?{marker_qs}',
                     complete_qs=True,
                     json={
                         "events": [
@@ -341,11 +277,7 @@ class TestStack(base.TestCase):
                 ),
                 dict(
                     method='GET',
-                    uri='{endpoint}/stacks/{name}?{resolve}'.format(
-                        endpoint=fakes.ORCHESTRATION_ENDPOINT,
-                        name=self.stack_name,
-                        resolve=resolve,
-                    ),
+                    uri=f'{fakes.ORCHESTRATION_ENDPOINT}/stacks/{self.stack_name}?{resolve}',
                     status_code=404,
                 ),
             ]
@@ -369,29 +301,15 @@ class TestStack(base.TestCase):
             [
                 dict(
                     method='GET',
-                    uri='{endpoint}/stacks/{id}?{resolve}'.format(
-                        endpoint=fakes.ORCHESTRATION_ENDPOINT,
-                        id=self.stack_id,
-                        resolve=resolve,
-                    ),
+                    uri=f'{fakes.ORCHESTRATION_ENDPOINT}/stacks/{self.stack_id}?{resolve}',
                     status_code=302,
                     headers=dict(
-                        location='{endpoint}/stacks/{name}/{id}?{resolve}'.format(  # noqa: E501
-                            endpoint=fakes.ORCHESTRATION_ENDPOINT,
-                            id=self.stack_id,
-                            name=self.stack_name,
-                            resolve=resolve,
-                        )
+                        location=f'{fakes.ORCHESTRATION_ENDPOINT}/stacks/{self.stack_name}/{self.stack_id}?{resolve}',  # noqa: E501
                     ),
                 ),
                 dict(
                     method='GET',
-                    uri='{endpoint}/stacks/{name}/{id}?{resolve}'.format(
-                        endpoint=fakes.ORCHESTRATION_ENDPOINT,
-                        id=self.stack_id,
-                        name=self.stack_name,
-                        resolve=resolve,
-                    ),
+                    uri=f'{fakes.ORCHESTRATION_ENDPOINT}/stacks/{self.stack_name}/{self.stack_id}?{resolve}',
                     json={"stack": self.stack},
                 ),
                 dict(
@@ -406,17 +324,11 @@ class TestStack(base.TestCase):
                 ),
                 dict(
                     method='DELETE',
-                    uri='{endpoint}/stacks/{id}'.format(
-                        endpoint=fakes.ORCHESTRATION_ENDPOINT, id=self.stack_id
-                    ),
+                    uri=f'{fakes.ORCHESTRATION_ENDPOINT}/stacks/{self.stack_id}',
                 ),
                 dict(
                     method='GET',
-                    uri='{endpoint}/stacks/{id}/events?{qs}'.format(
-                        endpoint=fakes.ORCHESTRATION_ENDPOINT,
-                        id=self.stack_id,
-                        qs=marker_qs,
-                    ),
+                    uri=f'{fakes.ORCHESTRATION_ENDPOINT}/stacks/{self.stack_id}/events?{marker_qs}',
                     complete_qs=True,
                     json={
                         "events": [
@@ -430,11 +342,7 @@ class TestStack(base.TestCase):
                 ),
                 dict(
                     method='GET',
-                    uri='{endpoint}/stacks/{id}?{resolve}'.format(
-                        endpoint=fakes.ORCHESTRATION_ENDPOINT,
-                        id=self.stack_id,
-                        resolve=resolve,
-                    ),
+                    uri=f'{fakes.ORCHESTRATION_ENDPOINT}/stacks/{self.stack_id}?{resolve}',
                     status_code=404,
                 ),
             ]
@@ -457,29 +365,15 @@ class TestStack(base.TestCase):
             [
                 dict(
                     method='GET',
-                    uri='{endpoint}/stacks/{id}?{resolve}'.format(
-                        endpoint=fakes.ORCHESTRATION_ENDPOINT,
-                        id=self.stack_id,
-                        resolve=resolve,
-                    ),
+                    uri=f'{fakes.ORCHESTRATION_ENDPOINT}/stacks/{self.stack_id}?{resolve}',
                     status_code=302,
                     headers=dict(
-                        location='{endpoint}/stacks/{name}/{id}?{resolve}'.format(  # noqa: E501
-                            endpoint=fakes.ORCHESTRATION_ENDPOINT,
-                            id=self.stack_id,
-                            name=self.stack_name,
-                            resolve=resolve,
-                        )
+                        location=f'{fakes.ORCHESTRATION_ENDPOINT}/stacks/{self.stack_name}/{self.stack_id}?{resolve}',  # noqa: E501
                     ),
                 ),
                 dict(
                     method='GET',
-                    uri='{endpoint}/stacks/{name}/{id}?{resolve}'.format(
-                        endpoint=fakes.ORCHESTRATION_ENDPOINT,
-                        id=self.stack_id,
-                        name=self.stack_name,
-                        resolve=resolve,
-                    ),
+                    uri=f'{fakes.ORCHESTRATION_ENDPOINT}/stacks/{self.stack_name}/{self.stack_id}?{resolve}',
                     json={"stack": self.stack},
                 ),
                 dict(
@@ -494,17 +388,11 @@ class TestStack(base.TestCase):
                 ),
                 dict(
                     method='DELETE',
-                    uri='{endpoint}/stacks/{id}'.format(
-                        endpoint=fakes.ORCHESTRATION_ENDPOINT, id=self.stack_id
-                    ),
+                    uri=f'{fakes.ORCHESTRATION_ENDPOINT}/stacks/{self.stack_id}',
                 ),
                 dict(
                     method='GET',
-                    uri='{endpoint}/stacks/{id}/events?{qs}'.format(
-                        endpoint=fakes.ORCHESTRATION_ENDPOINT,
-                        id=self.stack_id,
-                        qs=marker_qs,
-                    ),
+                    uri=f'{fakes.ORCHESTRATION_ENDPOINT}/stacks/{self.stack_id}/events?{marker_qs}',
                     complete_qs=True,
                     json={
                         "events": [
@@ -518,27 +406,15 @@ class TestStack(base.TestCase):
                 ),
                 dict(
                     method='GET',
-                    uri='{endpoint}/stacks/{id}?resolve_outputs=False'.format(
-                        endpoint=fakes.ORCHESTRATION_ENDPOINT, id=self.stack_id
-                    ),
+                    uri=f'{fakes.ORCHESTRATION_ENDPOINT}/stacks/{self.stack_id}?resolve_outputs=False',
                     status_code=302,
                     headers=dict(
-                        location='{endpoint}/stacks/{name}/{id}?{resolve}'.format(  # noqa: E501
-                            endpoint=fakes.ORCHESTRATION_ENDPOINT,
-                            id=self.stack_id,
-                            name=self.stack_name,
-                            resolve=resolve,
-                        )
+                        location=f'{fakes.ORCHESTRATION_ENDPOINT}/stacks/{self.stack_name}/{self.stack_id}?{resolve}',  # noqa: E501
                     ),
                 ),
                 dict(
                     method='GET',
-                    uri='{endpoint}/stacks/{name}/{id}?{resolve}'.format(
-                        endpoint=fakes.ORCHESTRATION_ENDPOINT,
-                        id=self.stack_id,
-                        name=self.stack_name,
-                        resolve=resolve,
-                    ),
+                    uri=f'{fakes.ORCHESTRATION_ENDPOINT}/stacks/{self.stack_name}/{self.stack_id}?{resolve}',
                     json={"stack": failed_stack},
                 ),
             ]
@@ -557,9 +433,7 @@ class TestStack(base.TestCase):
             [
                 dict(
                     method='POST',
-                    uri='{endpoint}/stacks'.format(
-                        endpoint=fakes.ORCHESTRATION_ENDPOINT
-                    ),
+                    uri=f'{fakes.ORCHESTRATION_ENDPOINT}/stacks',
                     json={"stack": self.stack},
                     validate=dict(
                         json={
@@ -574,26 +448,15 @@ class TestStack(base.TestCase):
                 ),
                 dict(
                     method='GET',
-                    uri='{endpoint}/stacks/{name}'.format(
-                        endpoint=fakes.ORCHESTRATION_ENDPOINT,
-                        name=self.stack_name,
-                    ),
+                    uri=f'{fakes.ORCHESTRATION_ENDPOINT}/stacks/{self.stack_name}',
                     status_code=302,
                     headers=dict(
-                        location='{endpoint}/stacks/{name}/{id}'.format(
-                            endpoint=fakes.ORCHESTRATION_ENDPOINT,
-                            id=self.stack_id,
-                            name=self.stack_name,
-                        )
+                        location=f'{fakes.ORCHESTRATION_ENDPOINT}/stacks/{self.stack_name}/{self.stack_id}'
                     ),
                 ),
                 dict(
                     method='GET',
-                    uri='{endpoint}/stacks/{name}/{id}'.format(
-                        endpoint=fakes.ORCHESTRATION_ENDPOINT,
-                        id=self.stack_id,
-                        name=self.stack_name,
-                    ),
+                    uri=f'{fakes.ORCHESTRATION_ENDPOINT}/stacks/{self.stack_name}/{self.stack_id}',
                     json={"stack": self.stack},
                 ),
             ]
@@ -616,9 +479,7 @@ class TestStack(base.TestCase):
             [
                 dict(
                     method='POST',
-                    uri='{endpoint}/stacks'.format(
-                        endpoint=fakes.ORCHESTRATION_ENDPOINT
-                    ),
+                    uri=f'{fakes.ORCHESTRATION_ENDPOINT}/stacks',
                     json={"stack": self.stack},
                     validate=dict(
                         json={
@@ -633,10 +494,7 @@ class TestStack(base.TestCase):
                 ),
                 dict(
                     method='GET',
-                    uri='{endpoint}/stacks/{name}/events?sort_dir=asc'.format(
-                        endpoint=fakes.ORCHESTRATION_ENDPOINT,
-                        name=self.stack_name,
-                    ),
+                    uri=f'{fakes.ORCHESTRATION_ENDPOINT}/stacks/{self.stack_name}/events?sort_dir=asc',
                     json={
                         "events": [
                             fakes.make_fake_stack_event(
@@ -650,26 +508,15 @@ class TestStack(base.TestCase):
                 ),
                 dict(
                     method='GET',
-                    uri='{endpoint}/stacks/{name}'.format(
-                        endpoint=fakes.ORCHESTRATION_ENDPOINT,
-                        name=self.stack_name,
-                    ),
+                    uri=f'{fakes.ORCHESTRATION_ENDPOINT}/stacks/{self.stack_name}',
                     status_code=302,
                     headers=dict(
-                        location='{endpoint}/stacks/{name}/{id}'.format(
-                            endpoint=fakes.ORCHESTRATION_ENDPOINT,
-                            id=self.stack_id,
-                            name=self.stack_name,
-                        )
+                        location=f'{fakes.ORCHESTRATION_ENDPOINT}/stacks/{self.stack_name}/{self.stack_id}'
                     ),
                 ),
                 dict(
                     method='GET',
-                    uri='{endpoint}/stacks/{name}/{id}'.format(
-                        endpoint=fakes.ORCHESTRATION_ENDPOINT,
-                        id=self.stack_id,
-                        name=self.stack_name,
-                    ),
+                    uri=f'{fakes.ORCHESTRATION_ENDPOINT}/stacks/{self.stack_name}/{self.stack_id}',
                     json={"stack": self.stack},
                 ),
             ]
@@ -692,10 +539,7 @@ class TestStack(base.TestCase):
             [
                 dict(
                     method='PUT',
-                    uri='{endpoint}/stacks/{name}'.format(
-                        endpoint=fakes.ORCHESTRATION_ENDPOINT,
-                        name=self.stack_name,
-                    ),
+                    uri=f'{fakes.ORCHESTRATION_ENDPOINT}/stacks/{self.stack_name}',
                     validate=dict(
                         json={
                             'disable_rollback': False,
@@ -709,26 +553,15 @@ class TestStack(base.TestCase):
                 ),
                 dict(
                     method='GET',
-                    uri='{endpoint}/stacks/{name}'.format(
-                        endpoint=fakes.ORCHESTRATION_ENDPOINT,
-                        name=self.stack_name,
-                    ),
+                    uri=f'{fakes.ORCHESTRATION_ENDPOINT}/stacks/{self.stack_name}',
                     status_code=302,
                     headers=dict(
-                        location='{endpoint}/stacks/{name}/{id}'.format(
-                            endpoint=fakes.ORCHESTRATION_ENDPOINT,
-                            id=self.stack_id,
-                            name=self.stack_name,
-                        )
+                        location=f'{fakes.ORCHESTRATION_ENDPOINT}/stacks/{self.stack_name}/{self.stack_id}'
                     ),
                 ),
                 dict(
                     method='GET',
-                    uri='{endpoint}/stacks/{name}/{id}'.format(
-                        endpoint=fakes.ORCHESTRATION_ENDPOINT,
-                        id=self.stack_id,
-                        name=self.stack_name,
-                    ),
+                    uri=f'{fakes.ORCHESTRATION_ENDPOINT}/stacks/{self.stack_name}/{self.stack_id}',
                     json={"stack": self.stack},
                 ),
             ]
@@ -768,10 +601,7 @@ class TestStack(base.TestCase):
                 ),
                 dict(
                     method='PUT',
-                    uri='{endpoint}/stacks/{name}'.format(
-                        endpoint=fakes.ORCHESTRATION_ENDPOINT,
-                        name=self.stack_name,
-                    ),
+                    uri=f'{fakes.ORCHESTRATION_ENDPOINT}/stacks/{self.stack_name}',
                     validate=dict(
                         json={
                             'disable_rollback': False,
@@ -785,11 +615,7 @@ class TestStack(base.TestCase):
                 ),
                 dict(
                     method='GET',
-                    uri='{endpoint}/stacks/{name}/events?{qs}'.format(
-                        endpoint=fakes.ORCHESTRATION_ENDPOINT,
-                        name=self.stack_name,
-                        qs=marker_qs,
-                    ),
+                    uri=f'{fakes.ORCHESTRATION_ENDPOINT}/stacks/{self.stack_name}/events?{marker_qs}',
                     json={
                         "events": [
                             fakes.make_fake_stack_event(
@@ -803,26 +629,15 @@ class TestStack(base.TestCase):
                 ),
                 dict(
                     method='GET',
-                    uri='{endpoint}/stacks/{name}'.format(
-                        endpoint=fakes.ORCHESTRATION_ENDPOINT,
-                        name=self.stack_name,
-                    ),
+                    uri=f'{fakes.ORCHESTRATION_ENDPOINT}/stacks/{self.stack_name}',
                     status_code=302,
                     headers=dict(
-                        location='{endpoint}/stacks/{name}/{id}'.format(
-                            endpoint=fakes.ORCHESTRATION_ENDPOINT,
-                            id=self.stack_id,
-                            name=self.stack_name,
-                        )
+                        location=f'{fakes.ORCHESTRATION_ENDPOINT}/stacks/{self.stack_name}/{self.stack_id}'
                     ),
                 ),
                 dict(
                     method='GET',
-                    uri='{endpoint}/stacks/{name}/{id}'.format(
-                        endpoint=fakes.ORCHESTRATION_ENDPOINT,
-                        id=self.stack_id,
-                        name=self.stack_name,
-                    ),
+                    uri=f'{fakes.ORCHESTRATION_ENDPOINT}/stacks/{self.stack_name}/{self.stack_id}',
                     json={"stack": self.stack},
                 ),
             ]
@@ -841,26 +656,15 @@ class TestStack(base.TestCase):
             [
                 dict(
                     method='GET',
-                    uri='{endpoint}/stacks/{name}'.format(
-                        endpoint=fakes.ORCHESTRATION_ENDPOINT,
-                        name=self.stack_name,
-                    ),
+                    uri=f'{fakes.ORCHESTRATION_ENDPOINT}/stacks/{self.stack_name}',
                     status_code=302,
                     headers=dict(
-                        location='{endpoint}/stacks/{name}/{id}'.format(
-                            endpoint=fakes.ORCHESTRATION_ENDPOINT,
-                            id=self.stack_id,
-                            name=self.stack_name,
-                        )
+                        location=f'{fakes.ORCHESTRATION_ENDPOINT}/stacks/{self.stack_name}/{self.stack_id}'
                     ),
                 ),
                 dict(
                     method='GET',
-                    uri='{endpoint}/stacks/{name}/{id}'.format(
-                        endpoint=fakes.ORCHESTRATION_ENDPOINT,
-                        id=self.stack_id,
-                        name=self.stack_name,
-                    ),
+                    uri=f'{fakes.ORCHESTRATION_ENDPOINT}/stacks/{self.stack_name}/{self.stack_id}',
                     json={"stack": self.stack},
                 ),
             ]
@@ -881,26 +685,15 @@ class TestStack(base.TestCase):
             [
                 dict(
                     method='GET',
-                    uri='{endpoint}/stacks/{name}'.format(
-                        endpoint=fakes.ORCHESTRATION_ENDPOINT,
-                        name=self.stack_name,
-                    ),
+                    uri=f'{fakes.ORCHESTRATION_ENDPOINT}/stacks/{self.stack_name}',
                     status_code=302,
                     headers=dict(
-                        location='{endpoint}/stacks/{name}/{id}'.format(
-                            endpoint=fakes.ORCHESTRATION_ENDPOINT,
-                            id=self.stack_id,
-                            name=self.stack_name,
-                        )
+                        location=f'{fakes.ORCHESTRATION_ENDPOINT}/stacks/{self.stack_name}/{self.stack_id}'
                     ),
                 ),
                 dict(
                     method='GET',
-                    uri='{endpoint}/stacks/{name}/{id}'.format(
-                        endpoint=fakes.ORCHESTRATION_ENDPOINT,
-                        id=self.stack_id,
-                        name=self.stack_name,
-                    ),
+                    uri=f'{fakes.ORCHESTRATION_ENDPOINT}/stacks/{self.stack_name}/{self.stack_id}',
                     json={"stack": in_progress},
                 ),
             ]

openstack/tests/unit/cloud/test_subnet.py

@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ class TestSubnet(base.TestCase):
                         'network',
                         'public',
                         append=['v2.0', 'subnets'],
-                        qs_elements=['name=%s' % self.subnet_name],
+                        qs_elements=[f'name={self.subnet_name}'],
                     ),
                     json={'subnets': [self.mock_subnet_rep]},
                 ),
@@ -143,7 +143,7 @@ class TestSubnet(base.TestCase):
                         'network',
                         'public',
                         append=['v2.0', 'networks'],
-                        qs_elements=['name=%s' % self.network_name],
+                        qs_elements=[f'name={self.network_name}'],
                     ),
                     json={'networks': [self.mock_network_rep]},
                 ),
@@ -198,7 +198,7 @@ class TestSubnet(base.TestCase):
                         'network',
                         'public',
                         append=['v2.0', 'networks'],
-                        qs_elements=['name=%s' % self.network_name],
+                        qs_elements=[f'name={self.network_name}'],
                     ),
                     json={'networks': [self.mock_network_rep]},
                 ),
@@ -246,7 +246,7 @@ class TestSubnet(base.TestCase):
                         'network',
                         'public',
                         append=['v2.0', 'networks'],
-                        qs_elements=['name=%s' % self.network_name],
+                        qs_elements=[f'name={self.network_name}'],
                     ),
                     json={'networks': [self.mock_network_rep]},
                 ),
@@ -284,7 +284,7 @@ class TestSubnet(base.TestCase):
                         'network',
                         'public',
                         append=['v2.0', 'networks'],
-                        qs_elements=['name=%s' % self.network_name],
+                        qs_elements=[f'name={self.network_name}'],
                     ),
                     json={'networks': [self.mock_network_rep]},
                 ),
@@ -345,7 +345,7 @@ class TestSubnet(base.TestCase):
                         'network',
                         'public',
                         append=['v2.0', 'networks'],
-                        qs_elements=['name=%s' % self.network_name],
+                        qs_elements=[f'name={self.network_name}'],
                     ),
                     json={'networks': [self.mock_network_rep]},
                 ),
@@ -468,7 +468,7 @@ class TestSubnet(base.TestCase):
                         'network',
                         'public',
                         append=['v2.0', 'networks'],
-                        qs_elements=['name=%s' % self.network_name],
+                        qs_elements=[f'name={self.network_name}'],
                     ),
                     json={'networks': [net1, net2]},
                 ),
@@ -513,7 +513,7 @@ class TestSubnet(base.TestCase):
                         'network',
                         'public',
                         append=['v2.0', 'networks'],
-                        qs_elements=['name=%s' % self.network_name],
+                        qs_elements=[f'name={self.network_name}'],
                     ),
                     json={'networks': [self.mock_network_rep]},
                 ),
@@ -585,7 +585,7 @@ class TestSubnet(base.TestCase):
                         'network',
                         'public',
                         append=['v2.0', 'networks'],
-                        qs_elements=['name=%s' % self.network_name],
+                        qs_elements=[f'name={self.network_name}'],
                     ),
                     json={'networks': [self.mock_network_rep]},
                 ),
@@ -659,7 +659,7 @@ class TestSubnet(base.TestCase):
                         'network',
                         'public',
                         append=['v2.0', 'subnets'],
-                        qs_elements=['name=%s' % self.subnet_name],
+                        qs_elements=[f'name={self.subnet_name}'],
                     ),
                     json={'subnets': [self.mock_subnet_rep]},
                 ),
@@ -724,7 +724,7 @@ class TestSubnet(base.TestCase):
                         'network',
                         'public',
                         append=['v2.0', 'subnets'],
-                        qs_elements=['name=%s' % self.subnet_name],
+                        qs_elements=[f'name={self.subnet_name}'],
                     ),
                     json={'subnets': [subnet1, subnet2]},
                 ),

openstack/tests/unit/cloud/test_update_server.py

@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ class TestUpdateServer(base.TestCase):
                         'compute',
                         'public',
                         append=['servers', 'detail'],
-                        qs_elements=['name=%s' % self.server_name],
+                        qs_elements=[f'name={self.server_name}'],
                     ),
                     json={'servers': [self.fake_server]},
                 ),
@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ class TestUpdateServer(base.TestCase):
                         'compute',
                         'public',
                         append=['servers', 'detail'],
-                        qs_elements=['name=%s' % self.server_name],
+                        qs_elements=[f'name={self.server_name}'],
                     ),
                     json={'servers': [self.fake_server]},
                 ),