# Copyright 2010 Jacob Kaplan-Moss
# Copyright 2011 OpenStack Foundation
# All Rights Reserved.
#
# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may
# not use this file except in compliance with the License. You may obtain
# a copy of the License at
#
# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT
# WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the
# License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations
# under the License.
"""
Command-line interface to the OpenStack Nova API.
"""
from __future__ import print_function
import argparse
import getpass
import glob
import imp
import itertools
import logging
import os
import pkgutil
import sys
from oslo.utils import encodeutils
from oslo.utils import strutils
import pkg_resources
import six
HAS_KEYRING = False
all_errors = ValueError
try:
import keyring
HAS_KEYRING = True
except ImportError:
pass
import novaclient
import novaclient.auth_plugin
from novaclient import client
from novaclient import exceptions as exc
import novaclient.extension
from novaclient.openstack.common import cliutils
from novaclient.openstack.common.gettextutils import _
from novaclient import utils
from novaclient.v1_1 import shell as shell_v1_1
from novaclient.v3 import shell as shell_v3
DEFAULT_OS_COMPUTE_API_VERSION = "1.1"
DEFAULT_NOVA_ENDPOINT_TYPE = 'publicURL'
# NOTE(cyeoh): Having the service type dependent on the API version
# is pretty ugly, but we have to do this because traditionally the
# catalog entry for compute points directly to the V2 API rather than
# the root, and then doing version discovery.
DEFAULT_NOVA_SERVICE_TYPE_MAP = {'1.1': 'compute',
'2': 'compute',
'3': 'computev3'}
logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
def positive_non_zero_float(text):
if text is None:
return None
try:
value = float(text)
except ValueError:
msg = _("%s must be a float") % text
raise argparse.ArgumentTypeError(msg)
if value <= 0:
msg = _("%s must be greater than 0") % text
raise argparse.ArgumentTypeError(msg)
return value
class SecretsHelper(object):
def __init__(self, args, client):
self.args = args
self.client = client
self.key = None
self._password = None
def _validate_string(self, text):
if text is None or len(text) == 0:
return False
return True
def _make_key(self):
if self.key is not None:
return self.key
keys = [
self.client.auth_url,
self.client.projectid,
self.client.user,
self.client.region_name,
self.client.endpoint_type,
self.client.service_type,
self.client.service_name,
self.client.volume_service_name,
]
for (index, key) in enumerate(keys):
if key is None:
keys[index] = '?'
else:
keys[index] = str(keys[index])
self.key = "/".join(keys)
return self.key
def _prompt_password(self, verify=True):
pw = None
if hasattr(sys.stdin, 'isatty') and sys.stdin.isatty():
# Check for Ctl-D
try:
while True:
pw1 = getpass.getpass('OS Password: ')
if verify:
pw2 = getpass.getpass('Please verify: ')
else:
pw2 = pw1
if pw1 == pw2 and self._validate_string(pw1):
pw = pw1
break
except EOFError:
pass
return pw
def save(self, auth_token, management_url, tenant_id):
if not HAS_KEYRING or not self.args.os_cache:
return
if (auth_token == self.auth_token and
management_url == self.management_url):
# Nothing changed....
return
if not all([management_url, auth_token, tenant_id]):
raise ValueError(_("Unable to save empty management url/auth "
"token"))
value = "|".join([str(auth_token),
str(management_url),
str(tenant_id)])
keyring.set_password("novaclient_auth", self._make_key(), value)
@property
def password(self):
# Cache password so we prompt user at most once
if self._password:
pass
elif self._validate_string(self.args.os_password):
self._password = self.args.os_password
else:
verify_pass = strutils.bool_from_string(
utils.env("OS_VERIFY_PASSWORD", default=False), True)
self._password = self._prompt_password(verify_pass)
if not self._password:
raise exc.CommandError(
'Expecting a password provided via either '
'--os-password, env[OS_PASSWORD], or '
'prompted response')
return self._password
@property
def management_url(self):
if not HAS_KEYRING or not self.args.os_cache:
return None
management_url = None
try:
block = keyring.get_password('novaclient_auth', self._make_key())
if block:
_token, management_url, _tenant_id = block.split('|', 2)
except all_errors:
pass
return management_url
@property
def auth_token(self):
# Now is where it gets complicated since we
# want to look into the keyring module, if it
# exists and see if anything was provided in that
# file that we can use.
if not HAS_KEYRING or not self.args.os_cache:
return None
token = None
try:
block = keyring.get_password('novaclient_auth', self._make_key())
if block:
token, _management_url, _tenant_id = block.split('|', 2)
except all_errors:
pass
return token
@property
def tenant_id(self):
if not HAS_KEYRING or not self.args.os_cache:
return None
tenant_id = None
try:
block = keyring.get_password('novaclient_auth', self._make_key())
if block:
_token, _management_url, tenant_id = block.split('|', 2)
except all_errors:
pass
return tenant_id
class NovaClientArgumentParser(argparse.ArgumentParser):
def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
super(NovaClientArgumentParser, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
def error(self, message):
"""error(message: string)
Prints a usage message incorporating the message to stderr and
exits.
"""
self.print_usage(sys.stderr)
# FIXME(lzyeval): if changes occur in argparse.ArgParser._check_value
choose_from = ' (choose from'
progparts = self.prog.partition(' ')
self.exit(2, _("error: %(errmsg)s\nTry '%(mainp)s help %(subp)s'"
" for more information.\n") %
{'errmsg': message.split(choose_from)[0],
'mainp': progparts[0],
'subp': progparts[2]})
class OpenStackComputeShell(object):
def get_base_parser(self):
parser = NovaClientArgumentParser(
prog='nova',
description=__doc__.strip(),
epilog='See "nova help COMMAND" '
'for help on a specific command.',
add_help=False,
formatter_class=OpenStackHelpFormatter,
)
# Global arguments
parser.add_argument('-h', '--help',
action='store_true',
help=argparse.SUPPRESS,
)
parser.add_argument('--version',
action='version',
version=novaclient.__version__)
parser.add_argument('--debug',
default=False,
action='store_true',
help=_("Print debugging output"))
parser.add_argument('--os-cache',
default=strutils.bool_from_string(
utils.env('OS_CACHE', default=False), True),
action='store_true',
help=_("Use the auth token cache. Defaults to False if "
"env[OS_CACHE] is not set."))
parser.add_argument('--timings',
default=False,
action='store_true',
help=_("Print call timing info"))
parser.add_argument('--timeout',
default=600,
metavar='<seconds>',
type=positive_non_zero_float,
help=_("Set HTTP call timeout (in seconds)"))
parser.add_argument('--os-auth-token',
default=utils.env('OS_AUTH_TOKEN'),
help='Defaults to env[OS_AUTH_TOKEN]')
parser.add_argument('--os-username',
metavar='<auth-user-name>',
default=utils.env('OS_USERNAME', 'NOVA_USERNAME'),
help=_('Defaults to env[OS_USERNAME].'))
parser.add_argument('--os_username',
help=argparse.SUPPRESS)
parser.add_argument('--os-user-id',
metavar='<auth-user-id>',
default=utils.env('OS_USER_ID'),
help=_('Defaults to env[OS_USER_ID].'))
parser.add_argument('--os-password',
metavar='<auth-password>',
default=utils.env('OS_PASSWORD', 'NOVA_PASSWORD'),
help=_('Defaults to env[OS_PASSWORD].'))
parser.add_argument('--os_password',
help=argparse.SUPPRESS)
parser.add_argument('--os-tenant-name',
metavar='<auth-tenant-name>',
default=utils.env('OS_TENANT_NAME', 'NOVA_PROJECT_ID'),
help=_('Defaults to env[OS_TENANT_NAME].'))
parser.add_argument('--os_tenant_name',
help=argparse.SUPPRESS)
parser.add_argument('--os-tenant-id',
metavar='<auth-tenant-id>',
default=utils.env('OS_TENANT_ID'),
help=_('Defaults to env[OS_TENANT_ID].'))
parser.add_argument('--os-auth-url',
metavar='<auth-url>',
default=utils.env('OS_AUTH_URL', 'NOVA_URL'),
help=_('Defaults to env[OS_AUTH_URL].'))
parser.add_argument('--os_auth_url',
help=argparse.SUPPRESS)
parser.add_argument('--os-region-name',
metavar='<region-name>',
default=utils.env('OS_REGION_NAME', 'NOVA_REGION_NAME'),
help=_('Defaults to env[OS_REGION_NAME].'))
parser.add_argument('--os_region_name',
help=argparse.SUPPRESS)
parser.add_argument('--os-auth-system',
metavar='<auth-system>',
default=utils.env('OS_AUTH_SYSTEM'),
help='Defaults to env[OS_AUTH_SYSTEM].')
parser.add_argument('--os_auth_system',
help=argparse.SUPPRESS)
parser.add_argument('--service-type',
metavar='<service-type>',
help=_('Defaults to compute for most actions'))
parser.add_argument('--service_type',
help=argparse.SUPPRESS)
parser.add_argument('--service-name',
metavar='<service-name>',
default=utils.env('NOVA_SERVICE_NAME'),
help=_('Defaults to env[NOVA_SERVICE_NAME]'))
parser.add_argument('--service_name',
help=argparse.SUPPRESS)
parser.add_argument('--volume-service-name',
metavar='<volume-service-name>',
default=utils.env('NOVA_VOLUME_SERVICE_NAME'),
help=_('Defaults to env[NOVA_VOLUME_SERVICE_NAME]'))
parser.add_argument('--volume_service_name',
help=argparse.SUPPRESS)
parser.add_argument('--endpoint-type',
metavar='<endpoint-type>',
default=utils.env('NOVA_ENDPOINT_TYPE',
default=DEFAULT_NOVA_ENDPOINT_TYPE),
help=_('Defaults to env[NOVA_ENDPOINT_TYPE] or ')
+ DEFAULT_NOVA_ENDPOINT_TYPE + '.')
# NOTE(dtroyer): We can't add --endpoint_type here due to argparse
# thinking usage-list --end is ambiguous; but it
# works fine with only --endpoint-type present
# Go figure. I'm leaving this here for doc purposes.
# parser.add_argument('--endpoint_type',
# help=argparse.SUPPRESS)
parser.add_argument('--os-compute-api-version',
metavar='<compute-api-ver>',
default=utils.env('OS_COMPUTE_API_VERSION',
default=DEFAULT_OS_COMPUTE_API_VERSION),
help=_('Accepts 1.1 or 3, '
'defaults to env[OS_COMPUTE_API_VERSION].'))
parser.add_argument('--os_compute_api_version',
help=argparse.SUPPRESS)
parser.add_argument('--os-cacert',
metavar='<ca-certificate>',
default=utils.env('OS_CACERT', default=None),
help='Specify a CA bundle file to use in '
'verifying a TLS (https) server certificate. '
'Defaults to env[OS_CACERT]')
parser.add_argument('--insecure',
default=utils.env('NOVACLIENT_INSECURE', default=False),
action='store_true',
help=_("Explicitly allow novaclient to perform \"insecure\" "
"SSL (https) requests. The server's certificate will "
"not be verified against any certificate authorities. "
"This option should be used with caution."))
parser.add_argument('--bypass-url',
metavar='<bypass-url>',
dest='bypass_url',
default=utils.env('NOVACLIENT_BYPASS_URL'),
help="Use this API endpoint instead of the Service Catalog. "
"Defaults to env[NOVACLIENT_BYPASS_URL]")
parser.add_argument('--bypass_url',
help=argparse.SUPPRESS)
# The auth-system-plugins might require some extra options
novaclient.auth_plugin.load_auth_system_opts(parser)
return parser
def get_subcommand_parser(self, version):
parser = self.get_base_parser()
self.subcommands = {}
subparsers = parser.add_subparsers(metavar='<subcommand>')
try:
actions_module = {
'1.1': shell_v1_1,
'2': shell_v1_1,
'3': shell_v3,
}[version]
except KeyError:
actions_module = shell_v1_1
self._find_actions(subparsers, actions_module)
self._find_actions(subparsers, self)
for extension in self.extensions:
self._find_actions(subparsers, extension.module)
self._add_bash_completion_subparser(subparsers)
return parser
def _discover_extensions(self, version):
extensions = []
for name, module in itertools.chain(
self._discover_via_python_path(),
self._discover_via_contrib_path(version),
self._discover_via_entry_points()):
extension = novaclient.extension.Extension(name, module)
extensions.append(extension)
return extensions
def _discover_via_python_path(self):
for (module_loader, name, _ispkg) in pkgutil.iter_modules():
if name.endswith('_python_novaclient_ext'):
if not hasattr(module_loader, 'load_module'):
# Python 2.6 compat: actually get an ImpImporter obj
module_loader = module_loader.find_module(name)
module = module_loader.load_module(name)
if hasattr(module, 'extension_name'):
name = module.extension_name
yield name, module
def _discover_via_contrib_path(self, version):
module_path = os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__))
version_str = "v%s" % version.replace('.', '_')
ext_path = os.path.join(module_path, version_str, 'contrib')
ext_glob = os.path.join(ext_path, "*.py")
for ext_path in glob.iglob(ext_glob):
name = os.path.basename(ext_path)[:-3]
if name == "__init__":
continue
module = imp.load_source(name, ext_path)
yield name, module
def _discover_via_entry_points(self):
for ep in pkg_resources.iter_entry_points('novaclient.extension'):
name = ep.name
module = ep.load()
yield name, module
def _add_bash_completion_subparser(self, subparsers):
subparser = subparsers.add_parser('bash_completion',
add_help=False,
formatter_class=OpenStackHelpFormatter
)
self.subcommands['bash_completion'] = subparser
subparser.set_defaults(func=self.do_bash_completion)
def _find_actions(self, subparsers, actions_module):
for attr in (a for a in dir(actions_module) if a.startswith('do_')):
# I prefer to be hyphen-separated instead of underscores.
command = attr[3:].replace('_', '-')
callback = getattr(actions_module, attr)
desc = callback.__doc__ or ''
action_help = desc.strip()
arguments = getattr(callback, 'arguments', [])
subparser = subparsers.add_parser(command,
help=action_help,
description=desc,
add_help=False,
formatter_class=OpenStackHelpFormatter
)
subparser.add_argument('-h', '--help',
action='help',
help=argparse.SUPPRESS,
)
self.subcommands[command] = subparser
for (args, kwargs) in arguments:
subparser.add_argument(*args, **kwargs)
subparser.set_defaults(func=callback)
def setup_debugging(self, debug):
if not debug:
return
streamformat = "%(levelname)s (%(module)s:%(lineno)d) %(message)s"
# Set up the root logger to debug so that the submodules can
# print debug messages
logging.basicConfig(level=logging.DEBUG,
format=streamformat)
def main(self, argv):
# Parse args once to find version and debug settings
parser = self.get_base_parser()
(options, args) = parser.parse_known_args(argv)
self.setup_debugging(options.debug)
# Discover available auth plugins
novaclient.auth_plugin.discover_auth_systems()
# build available subcommands based on version
self.extensions = self._discover_extensions(
options.os_compute_api_version)
self._run_extension_hooks('__pre_parse_args__')
# NOTE(dtroyer): Hackery to handle --endpoint_type due to argparse
# thinking usage-list --end is ambiguous; but it
# works fine with only --endpoint-type present
# Go figure.
if '--endpoint_type' in argv:
spot = argv.index('--endpoint_type')
argv[spot] = '--endpoint-type'
subcommand_parser = self.get_subcommand_parser(
options.os_compute_api_version)
self.parser = subcommand_parser
if options.help or not argv:
subcommand_parser.print_help()
return 0
args = subcommand_parser.parse_args(argv)
self._run_extension_hooks('__post_parse_args__', args)
# Short-circuit and deal with help right away.
if args.func == self.do_help:
self.do_help(args)
return 0
elif args.func == self.do_bash_completion:
self.do_bash_completion(args)
return 0
os_username = args.os_username
os_user_id = args.os_user_id
os_password = None # Fetched and set later as needed
os_tenant_name = args.os_tenant_name
os_tenant_id = args.os_tenant_id
os_auth_url = args.os_auth_url
os_region_name = args.os_region_name
os_auth_system = args.os_auth_system
endpoint_type = args.endpoint_type
insecure = args.insecure
service_type = args.service_type
service_name = args.service_name
volume_service_name = args.volume_service_name
bypass_url = args.bypass_url
os_cache = args.os_cache
cacert = args.os_cacert
timeout = args.timeout
# We may have either, both or none of these.
# If we have both, we don't need USERNAME, PASSWORD etc.
# Fill in the blanks from the SecretsHelper if possible.
# Finally, authenticate unless we have both.
# Note if we don't auth we probably don't have a tenant ID so we can't
# cache the token.
auth_token = args.os_auth_token if args.os_auth_token else None
management_url = bypass_url if bypass_url else None
if os_auth_system and os_auth_system != "keystone":
auth_plugin = novaclient.auth_plugin.load_plugin(os_auth_system)
else:
auth_plugin = None
if not endpoint_type:
endpoint_type = DEFAULT_NOVA_ENDPOINT_TYPE
if not service_type:
os_compute_api_version = (options.os_compute_api_version or
DEFAULT_OS_COMPUTE_API_VERSION)
try:
service_type = DEFAULT_NOVA_SERVICE_TYPE_MAP[
os_compute_api_version]
except KeyError:
service_type = DEFAULT_NOVA_SERVICE_TYPE_MAP[
DEFAULT_OS_COMPUTE_API_VERSION]
service_type = cliutils.get_service_type(args.func) or service_type
# If we have an auth token but no management_url, we must auth anyway.
# Expired tokens are handled by client.py:_cs_request
must_auth = not (cliutils.isunauthenticated(args.func)
or (auth_token and management_url))
# FIXME(usrleon): Here should be restrict for project id same as
# for os_username or os_password but for compatibility it is not.
if must_auth:
if auth_plugin:
auth_plugin.parse_opts(args)
if not auth_plugin or not auth_plugin.opts:
if not os_username and not os_user_id:
raise exc.CommandError(_("You must provide a username "
"or user id via --os-username, --os-user-id, "
"env[OS_USERNAME] or env[OS_USER_ID]"))
if not os_tenant_name and not os_tenant_id:
raise exc.CommandError(_("You must provide a tenant name "
"or tenant id via --os-tenant-name, "
"--os-tenant-id, env[OS_TENANT_NAME] "
"or env[OS_TENANT_ID]"))
if not os_auth_url:
if os_auth_system and os_auth_system != 'keystone':
os_auth_url = auth_plugin.get_auth_url()
if not os_auth_url:
raise exc.CommandError(_("You must provide an auth url "
"via either --os-auth-url or env[OS_AUTH_URL] "
"or specify an auth_system which defines a "
"default url with --os-auth-system "
"or env[OS_AUTH_SYSTEM]"))
if (options.os_compute_api_version and
options.os_compute_api_version != '1.0'):
if not os_tenant_name and not os_tenant_id:
raise exc.CommandError(_("You must provide a tenant name "
"or tenant id via --os-tenant-name, "
"--os-tenant-id, env[OS_TENANT_NAME] "
"or env[OS_TENANT_ID]"))
if not os_auth_url:
raise exc.CommandError(_("You must provide an auth url "
"via either --os-auth-url or env[OS_AUTH_URL]"))
completion_cache = client.CompletionCache(os_username, os_auth_url)
self.cs = client.Client(options.os_compute_api_version,
os_username, os_password, os_tenant_name,
tenant_id=os_tenant_id, user_id=os_user_id,
auth_url=os_auth_url, insecure=insecure,
region_name=os_region_name, endpoint_type=endpoint_type,
extensions=self.extensions, service_type=service_type,
service_name=service_name, auth_system=os_auth_system,
auth_plugin=auth_plugin, auth_token=auth_token,
volume_service_name=volume_service_name,
timings=args.timings, bypass_url=bypass_url,
os_cache=os_cache, http_log_debug=options.debug,
cacert=cacert, timeout=timeout,
completion_cache=completion_cache)
# Now check for the password/token of which pieces of the
# identifying keyring key can come from the underlying client
if must_auth:
helper = SecretsHelper(args, self.cs.client)
if (auth_plugin and auth_plugin.opts and
"os_password" not in auth_plugin.opts):
use_pw = False
else:
use_pw = True
tenant_id = helper.tenant_id
# Allow commandline to override cache
if not auth_token:
auth_token = helper.auth_token
if not management_url:
management_url = helper.management_url
if tenant_id and auth_token and management_url:
self.cs.client.tenant_id = tenant_id
self.cs.client.auth_token = auth_token
self.cs.client.management_url = management_url
self.cs.client.password_func = lambda: helper.password
elif use_pw:
# We're missing something, so auth with user/pass and save
# the result in our helper.
self.cs.client.password = helper.password
self.cs.client.keyring_saver = helper
try:
# This does a couple of bits which are useful even if we've
# got the token + service URL already. It exits fast in that case.
if not cliutils.isunauthenticated(args.func):
self.cs.authenticate()
except exc.Unauthorized:
raise exc.CommandError(_("Invalid OpenStack Nova credentials."))
except exc.AuthorizationFailure:
raise exc.CommandError(_("Unable to authorize user"))
if options.os_compute_api_version == "3" and service_type != 'image':
# NOTE(cyeoh): create an image based client because the
# images api is no longer proxied by the V3 API and we
# sometimes need to be able to look up images information
# via glance when connected to the nova api.
image_service_type = 'image'
# NOTE(hdd): the password is needed again because creating a new
# Client without specifying bypass_url will force authentication.
# We can't reuse self.cs's bypass_url, because that's the URL for
# the nova service; we need to get glance's URL for this Client
if not os_password:
os_password = helper.password
self.cs.image_cs = client.Client(
options.os_compute_api_version, os_username,
os_password, os_tenant_name, tenant_id=os_tenant_id,
auth_url=os_auth_url, insecure=insecure,
region_name=os_region_name, endpoint_type=endpoint_type,
extensions=self.extensions, service_type=image_service_type,
service_name=service_name, auth_system=os_auth_system,
auth_plugin=auth_plugin,
volume_service_name=volume_service_name,
timings=args.timings, bypass_url=bypass_url,
os_cache=os_cache, http_log_debug=options.debug,
cacert=cacert, timeout=timeout)
args.func(self.cs, args)
if args.timings:
self._dump_timings(self.cs.get_timings())
def _dump_timings(self, timings):
class Tyme(object):
def __init__(self, url, seconds):
self.url = url
self.seconds = seconds
results = [Tyme(url, end - start) for url, start, end in timings]
total = 0.0
for tyme in results:
total += tyme.seconds
results.append(Tyme("Total", total))
utils.print_list(results, ["url", "seconds"], sortby_index=None)
def _run_extension_hooks(self, hook_type, *args, **kwargs):
"""Run hooks for all registered extensions."""
for extension in self.extensions:
extension.run_hooks(hook_type, *args, **kwargs)
def do_bash_completion(self, _args):
"""
Prints all of the commands and options to stdout so that the
nova.bash_completion script doesn't have to hard code them.
"""
commands = set()
options = set()
for sc_str, sc in self.subcommands.items():
commands.add(sc_str)
for option in sc._optionals._option_string_actions.keys():
options.add(option)
commands.remove('bash-completion')
commands.remove('bash_completion')
print(' '.join(commands | options))
@utils.arg('command', metavar='<subcommand>', nargs='?',
help='Display help for <subcommand>')
def do_help(self, args):
"""
Display help about this program or one of its subcommands.
"""
if args.command:
if args.command in self.subcommands:
self.subcommands[args.command].print_help()
else:
raise exc.CommandError(_("'%s' is not a valid subcommand") %
args.command)
else:
self.parser.print_help()
# I'm picky about my shell help.
class OpenStackHelpFormatter(argparse.HelpFormatter):
def __init__(self, prog, indent_increment=2, max_help_position=32,
width=None):
super(OpenStackHelpFormatter, self).__init__(prog, indent_increment,
max_help_position, width)
def start_section(self, heading):
# Title-case the headings
heading = '%s%s' % (heading[0].upper(), heading[1:])
super(OpenStackHelpFormatter, self).start_section(heading)
def main():
try:
argv = [encodeutils.safe_decode(a) for a in sys.argv[1:]]
OpenStackComputeShell().main(argv)
except Exception as e:
logger.debug(e, exc_info=1)
details = {'name': encodeutils.safe_encode(e.__class__.__name__),
'msg': encodeutils.safe_encode(six.text_type(e))}
print("ERROR (%(name)s): %(msg)s" % details,
file=sys.stderr)
sys.exit(1)
except KeyboardInterrupt as e:
print("... terminating nova client", file=sys.stderr)
sys.exit(130)
if __name__ == "__main__":
main()