#!/usr/bin/python -u
# Copyright (c) 2010-2012 OpenStack, LLC.
#
# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
# You may obtain a copy of the License at
#
#    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or
# implied.
# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
# limitations under the License.

from __future__ import print_function, unicode_literals

import argparse
import logging
import signal
import socket

from os import environ, walk, _exit as os_exit
from os.path import isfile, isdir, join
from six import text_type, PY2
from six.moves.urllib.parse import unquote
from sys import argv as sys_argv, exit, stderr
from time import gmtime, strftime

from swiftclient import RequestException
from swiftclient.utils import config_true_value, generate_temp_url, prt_bytes
from swiftclient.multithreading import OutputManager
from swiftclient.exceptions import ClientException
from swiftclient import __version__ as client_version
from swiftclient.client import logger_settings as client_logger_settings, \
    parse_header_string
from swiftclient.service import SwiftService, SwiftError, \
    SwiftUploadObject, get_conn, process_options
from swiftclient.command_helpers import print_account_stats, \
    print_container_stats, print_object_stats

try:
    from shlex import quote as sh_quote
except ImportError:
    from pipes import quote as sh_quote

BASENAME = 'swift'
commands = ('delete', 'download', 'list', 'post', 'stat', 'upload',
            'capabilities', 'info', 'tempurl', 'auth')


def immediate_exit(signum, frame):
    stderr.write(" Aborted\n")
    os_exit(2)

st_delete_options = '''[--all] [--leave-segments]
                    [--object-threads <threads>]
                    [--container-threads <threads>]
                    [<container>] [<object>] [...]
'''

st_delete_help = '''
Delete a container or objects within a container.

Positional arguments:
  [<container>]         Name of container to delete from.
  [<object>]            Name of object to delete. Specify multiple times
                        for multiple objects.

Optional arguments:
  -a, --all             Delete all containers and objects.
  --leave-segments      Do not delete segments of manifest objects.
  --object-threads <threads>
                        Number of threads to use for deleting objects.
                        Default is 10.
  --container-threads <threads>
                        Number of threads to use for deleting containers.
                        Default is 10.
'''.strip("\n")


def st_delete(parser, args, output_manager):
    parser.add_argument(
        '-a', '--all', action='store_true', dest='yes_all',
        default=False, help='Delete all containers and objects.')
    parser.add_argument(
        '-p', '--prefix', dest='prefix',
        help='Only delete items beginning with the <prefix>.')
    parser.add_argument(
        '--leave-segments', action='store_true',
        dest='leave_segments', default=False,
        help='Do not delete segments of manifest objects.')
    parser.add_argument(
        '--object-threads', type=int,
        default=10, help='Number of threads to use for deleting objects. '
        'Its value must be a positive integer. Default is 10.')
    parser.add_argument(
        '--container-threads', type=int,
        default=10, help='Number of threads to use for deleting containers. '
        'Its value must be a positive integer. Default is 10.')
    (options, args) = parse_args(parser, args)
    args = args[1:]
    if (not args and not options['yes_all']) or (args and options['yes_all']):
        output_manager.error('Usage: %s delete %s\n%s',
                             BASENAME, st_delete_options,
                             st_delete_help)
        return

    if options['object_threads'] <= 0:
        output_manager.error(
            'ERROR: option --object-threads should be a positive integer.'
            '\n\nUsage: %s delete %s\n%s',
            BASENAME, st_delete_options,
            st_delete_help)
        return

    if options['container_threads'] <= 0:
        output_manager.error(
            'ERROR: option --container-threads should be a positive integer.'
            '\n\nUsage: %s delete %s\n%s',
            BASENAME, st_delete_options,
            st_delete_help)
        return

    options['object_dd_threads'] = options['object_threads']
    with SwiftService(options=options) as swift:
        try:
            if not args:
                del_iter = swift.delete()
            else:
                container = args[0]
                if '/' in container:
                    output_manager.error(
                        'WARNING: / in container name; you '
                        "might have meant '%s' instead of '%s'." %
                        (container.replace('/', ' ', 1), container)
                    )
                    return
                objects = args[1:]
                if objects:
                    del_iter = swift.delete(container=container,
                                            objects=objects)
                else:
                    del_iter = swift.delete(container=container)

            for r in del_iter:
                c = r.get('container', '')
                o = r.get('object', '')
                a = r.get('attempts')

                if r['action'] == 'bulk_delete':
                    if r['success']:
                        objs = r.get('objects', [])
                        for o, err in r.get('result', {}).get('Errors', []):
                            # o will be of the form quote("/<cont>/<obj>")
                            o = unquote(o)
                            if PY2:
                                # In PY3, unquote(unicode) uses utf-8 like we
                                # want, but PY2 uses latin-1
                                o = o.encode('latin-1').decode('utf-8')
                            output_manager.error('Error Deleting: {0}: {1}'
                                                 .format(o[1:], err))
                            try:
                                objs.remove(o[len(c) + 2:])
                            except ValueError:
                                # shouldn't happen, but ignoring it won't hurt
                                pass

                        for o in objs:
                            if options['yes_all']:
                                p = '{0}/{1}'.format(c, o)
                            else:
                                p = o
                            output_manager.print_msg('{0}{1}'.format(p, a))
                    else:
                        for o in r.get('objects', []):
                            output_manager.error('Error Deleting: {0}/{1}: {2}'
                                                 .format(c, o, r['error']))
                else:
                    if r['success']:
                        if options['verbose']:
                            a = (' [after {0} attempts]'.format(a)
                                 if a > 1 else '')

                            if r['action'] == 'delete_object':
                                if options['yes_all']:
                                    p = '{0}/{1}'.format(c, o)
                                else:
                                    p = o
                            elif r['action'] == 'delete_segment':
                                p = '{0}/{1}'.format(c, o)
                            elif r['action'] == 'delete_container':
                                p = c

                            output_manager.print_msg('{0}{1}'.format(p, a))
                    else:
                        p = '{0}/{1}'.format(c, o) if o else c
                        output_manager.error('Error Deleting: {0}: {1}'
                                             .format(p, r['error']))
        except SwiftError as err:
            output_manager.error(err.value)


st_download_options = '''[--all] [--marker <marker>] [--prefix <prefix>]
                      [--output <out_file>] [--output-dir <out_directory>]
                      [--object-threads <threads>]
                      [--container-threads <threads>] [--no-download]
                      [--skip-identical] [--remove-prefix]
                      [--header <header:value>] [--no-shuffle]
                      <container> <object>
'''

st_download_help = '''
Download objects from containers.

Positional arguments:
  <container>           Name of container to download from. To download a
                        whole account, omit this and specify --all.
  <object>              Name of object to download. Specify multiple times
                        for multiple objects. Omit this to download all
                        objects from the container.

Optional arguments:
  -a, --all             Indicates that you really want to download
                        everything in the account.
  -m, --marker <marker> Marker to use when starting a container or account
                        download.
  -p, --prefix <prefix> Only download items beginning with <prefix>
  -r, --remove-prefix   An optional flag for --prefix <prefix>, use this
                        option to download items without <prefix>
  -o, --output <out_file>
                        For a single file download, stream the output to
                        <out_file>. Specifying "-" as <out_file> will
                        redirect to stdout.
  -D, --output-dir <out_directory>
                        An optional directory to which to store objects.
                        By default, all objects are recreated in the current
                        directory.
  --object-threads <threads>
                        Number of threads to use for downloading objects.
                        Default is 10.
  --container-threads <threads>
                        Number of threads to use for downloading containers.
                        Default is 10.
  --no-download         Perform download(s), but don't actually write anything
                        to disk.
  -H, --header <header:value>
                        Adds a customized request header to the query, like
                        "Range" or "If-Match". This option may be repeated.
                        Example --header "content-type:text/plain"
  --skip-identical      Skip downloading files that are identical on both
                        sides.
  --no-shuffle          By default, when downloading a complete account or
                        container, download order is randomised in order to
                        reduce the load on individual drives when multiple
                        clients are executed simultaneously to download the
                        same set of objects (e.g. a nightly automated download
                        script to multiple servers). Enable this option to
                        submit download jobs to the thread pool in the order
                        they are listed in the object store.
'''.strip("\n")


def st_download(parser, args, output_manager):
    parser.add_argument(
        '-a', '--all', action='store_true', dest='yes_all',
        default=False, help='Indicates that you really want to download '
        'everything in the account.')
    parser.add_argument(
        '-m', '--marker', dest='marker',
        default='', help='Marker to use when starting a container or '
        'account download.')
    parser.add_argument(
        '-p', '--prefix', dest='prefix',
        help='Only download items beginning with the <prefix>.')
    parser.add_argument(
        '-o', '--output', dest='out_file', help='For a single '
        'download, stream the output to <out_file>. '
        'Specifying "-" as <out_file> will redirect to stdout.')
    parser.add_argument(
        '-D', '--output-dir', dest='out_directory',
        help='An optional directory to which to store objects. '
        'By default, all objects are recreated in the current directory.')
    parser.add_argument(
        '-r', '--remove-prefix', action='store_true', dest='remove_prefix',
        default=False, help='An optional flag for --prefix <prefix>, '
        'use this option to download items without <prefix>.')
    parser.add_argument(
        '--object-threads', type=int,
        default=10, help='Number of threads to use for downloading objects. '
        'Its value must be a positive integer. Default is 10.')
    parser.add_argument(
        '--container-threads', type=int, default=10,
        help='Number of threads to use for downloading containers. '
        'Its value must be a positive integer. Default is 10.')
    parser.add_argument(
        '--no-download', action='store_true',
        default=False,
        help="Perform download(s), but don't actually write anything to disk.")
    parser.add_argument(
        '-H', '--header', action='append', dest='header',
        default=[],
        help='Adds a customized request header to the query, like "Range" or '
        '"If-Match". This option may be repeated. '
        'Example: --header "content-type:text/plain"')
    parser.add_argument(
        '--skip-identical', action='store_true', dest='skip_identical',
        default=False, help='Skip downloading files that are identical on '
        'both sides.')
    parser.add_argument(
        '--no-shuffle', action='store_false', dest='shuffle',
        default=True, help='By default, download order is randomised in order '
        'to reduce the load on individual drives when multiple clients are '
        'executed simultaneously to download the same set of objects (e.g. a '
        'nightly automated download script to multiple servers). Enable this '
        'option to submit download jobs to the thread pool in the order they '
        'are listed in the object store.')
    (options, args) = parse_args(parser, args)
    args = args[1:]
    if options['out_file'] == '-':
        options['verbose'] = 0

    if options['out_file'] and len(args) != 2:
        exit('-o option only allowed for single file downloads')

    if not options['prefix']:
        options['remove_prefix'] = False

    if options['out_directory'] and len(args) == 2:
        exit('Please use -o option for single file downloads and renames')

    if (not args and not options['yes_all']) or (args and options['yes_all']):
        output_manager.error('Usage: %s download %s\n%s', BASENAME,
                             st_download_options, st_download_help)
        return

    if options['object_threads'] <= 0:
        output_manager.error(
            'ERROR: option --object-threads should be a positive integer.\n\n'
            'Usage: %s download %s\n%s', BASENAME,
            st_download_options, st_download_help)
        return

    if options['container_threads'] <= 0:
        output_manager.error(
            'ERROR: option --container-threads should be a positive integer.'
            '\n\nUsage: %s download %s\n%s', BASENAME,
            st_download_options, st_download_help)
        return

    options['object_dd_threads'] = options['object_threads']
    with SwiftService(options=options) as swift:
        try:
            if not args:
                down_iter = swift.download()
            else:
                container = args[0]
                if '/' in container:
                    output_manager.error(
                        'WARNING: / in container name; you '
                        "might have meant '%s' instead of '%s'." %
                        (container.replace('/', ' ', 1), container)
                    )
                    return
                objects = args[1:]
                if not objects:
                    down_iter = swift.download(container)
                else:
                    down_iter = swift.download(container, objects)

            for down in down_iter:
                if options['out_file'] == '-' and 'contents' in down:
                    contents = down['contents']
                    for chunk in contents:
                        output_manager.print_raw(chunk)
                else:
                    if down['success']:
                        if options['verbose']:
                            start_time = down['start_time']
                            headers_receipt = \
                                down['headers_receipt'] - start_time
                            auth_time = down['auth_end_time'] - start_time
                            finish_time = down['finish_time']
                            read_length = down['read_length']
                            attempts = down['attempts']
                            total_time = finish_time - start_time
                            down_time = total_time - auth_time
                            _mega = 1000000
                            if down['pseudodir']:
                                time_str = (
                                    'auth %.3fs, headers %.3fs, total %.3fs, '
                                    'pseudo' % (
                                        auth_time, headers_receipt,
                                        total_time
                                    )
                                )
                            else:
                                speed = float(read_length) / down_time / _mega
                                time_str = (
                                    'auth %.3fs, headers %.3fs, total %.3fs, '
                                    '%.3f MB/s' % (
                                        auth_time, headers_receipt,
                                        total_time, speed
                                    )
                                )
                            path = down['path']
                            if attempts > 1:
                                output_manager.print_msg(
                                    '%s [%s after %d attempts]',
                                    path, time_str, attempts
                                )
                            else:
                                output_manager.print_msg(
                                    '%s [%s]', path, time_str
                                )
                    else:
                        error = down['error']
                        path = down['path']
                        container = down['container']
                        obj = down['object']
                        if isinstance(error, ClientException):
                            if error.http_status == 304 and \
                                    options['skip_identical']:
                                output_manager.print_msg(
                                    "Skipped identical file '%s'", path)
                                continue
                            if error.http_status == 404:
                                output_manager.error(
                                    "Object '%s/%s' not found", container, obj)
                                continue
                        output_manager.error(
                            "Error downloading object '%s/%s': %s",
                            container, obj, error)

        except SwiftError as e:
            output_manager.error(e.value)
        except Exception as e:
            output_manager.error(e)


st_list_options = '''[--long] [--lh] [--totals] [--prefix <prefix>]
                  [--delimiter <delimiter>] [container]
'''

st_list_help = '''
Lists the containers for the account or the objects for a container.

Positional arguments:
  [container]           Name of container to list object in.

Optional arguments:
  -l, --long            Long listing format, similar to ls -l.
  --lh                  Report sizes in human readable format similar to
                        ls -lh.
  -t, --totals          Used with -l or --lh, only report totals.
  -p <prefix>, --prefix <prefix>
                        Only list items beginning with the prefix.
  -d <delim>, --delimiter <delim>
                        Roll up items with the given delimiter. For containers
                        only. See OpenStack Swift API documentation for what
                        this means.
'''.strip('\n')


def st_list(parser, args, output_manager):

    def _print_stats(options, stats, human):
        total_count = total_bytes = 0
        container = stats.get("container", None)
        for item in stats["listing"]:
            item_name = item.get('name')
            if not options['long'] and not human:
                output_manager.print_msg(item.get('name', item.get('subdir')))
            else:
                if not container:    # listing containers
                    item_bytes = item.get('bytes')
                    byte_str = prt_bytes(item_bytes, human)
                    count = item.get('count')
                    total_count += count
                    try:
                        meta = item.get('meta')
                        utc = gmtime(float(meta.get('x-timestamp')))
                        datestamp = strftime('%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S', utc)
                    except TypeError:
                        datestamp = '????-??-?? ??:??:??'
                    if not options['totals']:
                        output_manager.print_msg(
                            "%5s %s %s %s", count, byte_str,
                            datestamp, item_name)
                else:    # list container contents
                    subdir = item.get('subdir')
                    content_type = item.get('content_type')
                    if subdir is None:
                        item_bytes = item.get('bytes')
                        byte_str = prt_bytes(item_bytes, human)
                        date, xtime = item.get('last_modified').split('T')
                        xtime = xtime.split('.')[0]
                    else:
                        item_bytes = 0
                        byte_str = prt_bytes(item_bytes, human)
                        date = xtime = ''
                        item_name = subdir
                    if not options['totals']:
                        output_manager.print_msg(
                            "%s %10s %8s %24s %s",
                            byte_str, date, xtime, content_type, item_name)
                total_bytes += item_bytes

        # report totals
        if options['long'] or human:
            if not container:
                output_manager.print_msg(
                    "%5s %s", prt_bytes(total_count, True),
                    prt_bytes(total_bytes, human))
            else:
                output_manager.print_msg(
                    prt_bytes(total_bytes, human))

    parser.add_argument(
        '-l', '--long', dest='long', action='store_true', default=False,
        help='Long listing format, similar to ls -l.')
    parser.add_argument(
        '--lh', dest='human', action='store_true',
        default=False, help='Report sizes in human readable format, '
        "similar to ls -lh.")
    parser.add_argument(
        '-t', '--totals', dest='totals',
        help='used with -l or --lh, only report totals.',
        action='store_true', default=False)
    parser.add_argument(
        '-p', '--prefix', dest='prefix',
        help='Only list items beginning with the prefix.')
    parser.add_argument(
        '-d', '--delimiter', dest='delimiter',
        help='Roll up items with the given delimiter. For containers '
             'only. See OpenStack Swift API documentation for '
             'what this means.')
    options, args = parse_args(parser, args)
    args = args[1:]
    if options['delimiter'] and not args:
        exit('-d option only allowed for container listings')

    human = options.pop('human')
    if human:
        options['long'] = True

    if options['totals'] and not options['long']:
        output_manager.error(
            "Listing totals only works with -l or --lh.")
        return

    with SwiftService(options=options) as swift:
        try:
            if not args:
                stats_parts_gen = swift.list()
            else:
                container = args[0]
                args = args[1:]
                if "/" in container or args:
                    output_manager.error(
                        'Usage: %s list %s\n%s', BASENAME,
                        st_list_options, st_list_help)
                    return
                else:
                    stats_parts_gen = swift.list(container=container)

            for stats in stats_parts_gen:
                if stats["success"]:
                    _print_stats(options, stats, human)
                else:
                    raise stats["error"]

        except SwiftError as e:
            output_manager.error(e.value)


st_stat_options = '''[--lh]
                  [container] [object]
'''

st_stat_help = '''
Displays information for the account, container, or object.

Positional arguments:
  [container]           Name of container to stat from.
  [object]              Name of object to stat.

Optional arguments:
  --lh                  Report sizes in human readable format similar to
                        ls -lh.
'''.strip('\n')


def st_stat(parser, args, output_manager):
    parser.add_argument(
        '--lh', dest='human', action='store_true', default=False,
        help='Report sizes in human readable format similar to ls -lh.')
    options, args = parse_args(parser, args)
    args = args[1:]

    with SwiftService(options=options) as swift:
        try:
            if not args:
                stat_result = swift.stat()
                if not stat_result['success']:
                    raise stat_result['error']
                items = stat_result['items']
                headers = stat_result['headers']
                print_account_stats(items, headers, output_manager)
            else:
                container = args[0]
                if '/' in container:
                    output_manager.error(
                        'WARNING: / in container name; you might have '
                        "meant '%s' instead of '%s'." %
                        (container.replace('/', ' ', 1), container))
                    return
                args = args[1:]
                if not args:
                    stat_result = swift.stat(container=container)
                    if not stat_result['success']:
                        raise stat_result['error']
                    items = stat_result['items']
                    headers = stat_result['headers']
                    print_container_stats(items, headers, output_manager)
                else:
                    if len(args) == 1:
                        objects = [args[0]]
                        stat_results = swift.stat(
                            container=container, objects=objects)
                        for stat_result in stat_results:  # only 1 result
                            if stat_result["success"]:
                                items = stat_result['items']
                                headers = stat_result['headers']
                                print_object_stats(
                                    items, headers, output_manager
                                )
                            else:
                                raise(stat_result["error"])
                    else:
                        output_manager.error(
                            'Usage: %s stat %s\n%s', BASENAME,
                            st_stat_options, st_stat_help)

        except SwiftError as e:
            output_manager.error(e.value)


st_post_options = '''[--read-acl <acl>] [--write-acl <acl>] [--sync-to]
                  [--sync-key <sync-key>] [--meta <name:value>]
                  [--header <header>]
                  [container] [object]
'''

st_post_help = '''
Updates meta information for the account, container, or object.
If the container is not found, it will be created automatically.

Positional arguments:
  [container]           Name of container to post to.
  [object]              Name of object to post.

Optional arguments:
  -r, --read-acl <acl>  Read ACL for containers. Quick summary of ACL syntax:
                        .r:*, .r:-.example.com, .r:www.example.com, account1,
                        account2:user2
  -w, --write-acl <acl> Write ACL for containers. Quick summary of ACL syntax:
                        account1 account2:user2
  -t, --sync-to <sync-to>
                        Sync To for containers, for multi-cluster replication.
  -k, --sync-key <sync-key>
                        Sync Key for containers, for multi-cluster replication.
  -m, --meta <name:value>
                        Sets a meta data item. This option may be repeated.
                        Example: -m Color:Blue -m Size:Large
  -H, --header <header:value>
                        Adds a customized request header.
                        This option may be repeated. Example
                        -H "content-type:text/plain" -H "Content-Length: 4000"
'''.strip('\n')


def st_post(parser, args, output_manager):
    parser.add_argument(
        '-r', '--read-acl', dest='read_acl', help='Read ACL for containers. '
        'Quick summary of ACL syntax: .r:*, .r:-.example.com, '
        '.r:www.example.com, account1, account2:user2')
    parser.add_argument(
        '-w', '--write-acl', dest='write_acl', help='Write ACL for '
        'containers. Quick summary of ACL syntax: account1, '
        'account2:user2')
    parser.add_argument(
        '-t', '--sync-to', dest='sync_to', help='Sets the '
        'Sync To for containers, for multi-cluster replication.')
    parser.add_argument(
        '-k', '--sync-key', dest='sync_key', help='Sets the '
        'Sync Key for containers, for multi-cluster replication.')
    parser.add_argument(
        '-m', '--meta', action='append', dest='meta', default=[],
        help='Sets a meta data item. This option may be repeated. '
        'Example: -m Color:Blue -m Size:Large')
    parser.add_argument(
        '-H', '--header', action='append', dest='header',
        default=[], help='Adds a customized request header. '
        'This option may be repeated. '
        'Example: -H "content-type:text/plain" '
        '-H "Content-Length: 4000"')
    (options, args) = parse_args(parser, args)
    args = args[1:]
    if (options['read_acl'] or options['write_acl'] or options['sync_to'] or
            options['sync_key']) and not args:
        exit('-r, -w, -t, and -k options only allowed for containers')

    with SwiftService(options=options) as swift:
        try:
            if not args:
                result = swift.post()
            else:
                container = args[0]
                if '/' in container:
                    output_manager.error(
                        'WARNING: / in container name; you might have '
                        "meant '%s' instead of '%s'." %
                        (args[0].replace('/', ' ', 1), args[0]))
                    return
                args = args[1:]
                if args:
                    if len(args) == 1:
                        objects = [args[0]]
                        results_iterator = swift.post(
                            container=container, objects=objects
                        )
                        result = next(results_iterator)
                    else:
                        output_manager.error(
                            'Usage: %s post %s\n%s', BASENAME,
                            st_post_options, st_post_help)
                        return
                else:
                    result = swift.post(container=container)
            if not result["success"]:
                raise(result["error"])

        except SwiftError as e:
            output_manager.error(e.value)


st_upload_options = '''[--changed] [--skip-identical] [--segment-size <size>]
                    [--segment-container <container>] [--leave-segments]
                    [--object-threads <thread>] [--segment-threads <threads>]
                    [--header <header>] [--use-slo] [--ignore-checksum]
                    [--object-name <object-name>]
                    <container> <file_or_directory> [<file_or_directory>] [...]
'''

st_upload_help = ''' Uploads specified files and directories to the given container.

Positional arguments:
  <container>           Name of container to upload to.
  <file_or_directory>   Name of file or directory to upload. Specify multiple
                        times for multiple uploads.

Optional arguments:
  -c, --changed         Only upload files that have changed since the last
                        upload.
  --skip-identical      Skip uploading files that are identical on both sides.
  -S, --segment-size <size>
                        Upload files in segments no larger than <size> (in
                        Bytes) and then create a "manifest" file that will
                        download all the segments as if it were the original
                        file.
  --segment-container <container>
                        Upload the segments into the specified container. If
                        not specified, the segments will be uploaded to a
                        <container>_segments container to not pollute the
                        main <container> listings.
  --leave-segments      Indicates that you want the older segments of manifest
                        objects left alone (in the case of overwrites).
  --object-threads <threads>
                        Number of threads to use for uploading full objects.
                        Default is 10.
  --segment-threads <threads>
                        Number of threads to use for uploading object segments.
                        Default is 10.
  -H, --header <header:value>
                        Adds a customized request header. This option may be
                        repeated. Example -H "content-type:text/plain"
                         -H "Content-Length: 4000".
  --use-slo             When used in conjunction with --segment-size it will
                        create a Static Large Object instead of the default
                        Dynamic Large Object.
  --object-name <object-name>
                        Upload file and name object to <object-name> or upload
                        dir and use <object-name> as object prefix instead of
                        folder name.
  --ignore-checksum     Turn off checksum validation for uploads.
'''.strip('\n')


def st_upload(parser, args, output_manager):
    parser.add_argument(
        '-c', '--changed', action='store_true', dest='changed',
        default=False, help='Only upload files that have changed since '
        'the last upload.')
    parser.add_argument(
        '--skip-identical', action='store_true', dest='skip_identical',
        default=False, help='Skip uploading files that are identical on '
        'both sides.')
    parser.add_argument(
        '-S', '--segment-size', dest='segment_size', help='Upload files '
        'in segments no larger than <size> (in Bytes) and then create a '
        '"manifest" file that will download all the segments as if it were '
        'the original file. Sizes may also be expressed as bytes with the '
        'B suffix, kilobytes with the K suffix, megabytes with the M suffix '
        'or gigabytes with the G suffix.')
    parser.add_argument(
        '-C', '--segment-container', dest='segment_container',
        help='Upload the segments into the specified container. '
        'If not specified, the segments will be uploaded to a '
        '<container>_segments container to not pollute the main '
        '<container> listings.')
    parser.add_argument(
        '--leave-segments', action='store_true',
        dest='leave_segments', default=False, help='Indicates that you want '
        'the older segments of manifest objects left alone (in the case of '
        'overwrites).')
    parser.add_argument(
        '--object-threads', type=int, default=10,
        help='Number of threads to use for uploading full objects. '
        'Its value must be a positive integer. Default is 10.')
    parser.add_argument(
        '--segment-threads', type=int, default=10,
        help='Number of threads to use for uploading object segments. '
        'Its value must be a positive integer. Default is 10.')
    parser.add_argument(
        '-H', '--header', action='append', dest='header',
        default=[], help='Set request headers with the syntax header:value. '
        ' This option may be repeated. Example -H "content-type:text/plain" '
        '-H "Content-Length: 4000"')
    parser.add_argument(
        '--use-slo', action='store_true', default=False,
        help='When used in conjunction with --segment-size, it will '
        'create a Static Large Object instead of the default '
        'Dynamic Large Object.')
    parser.add_argument(
        '--object-name', dest='object_name',
        help='Upload file and name object to <object-name> or upload dir and '
        'use <object-name> as object prefix instead of folder name.')
    parser.add_argument(
        '--ignore-checksum', dest='checksum', default=True,
        action='store_false', help='Turn off checksum validation for uploads.')
    options, args = parse_args(parser, args)
    args = args[1:]
    if len(args) < 2:
        output_manager.error(
            'Usage: %s upload %s\n%s', BASENAME, st_upload_options,
            st_upload_help)
        return
    else:
        container = args[0]
        files = args[1:]

    if options['object_name'] is not None:
        if len(files) > 1:
            output_manager.error('object-name only be used with 1 file or dir')
            return
        else:
            orig_path = files[0]

    if options['segment_size']:
        try:
            # If segment size only has digits assume it is bytes
            int(options['segment_size'])
        except ValueError:
            try:
                size_mod = "BKMG".index(options['segment_size'][-1].upper())
                multiplier = int(options['segment_size'][:-1])
            except ValueError:
                output_manager.error("Invalid segment size")
                return

            options['segment_size'] = str((1024 ** size_mod) * multiplier)
        if int(options['segment_size']) <= 0:
            output_manager.error("segment-size should be positive")
            return

    if options['object_threads'] <= 0:
        output_manager.error(
            'ERROR: option --object-threads should be a positive integer.'
            '\n\nUsage: %s upload %s\n%s', BASENAME, st_upload_options,
            st_upload_help)
        return

    if options['segment_threads'] <= 0:
        output_manager.error(
            'ERROR: option --segment-threads should be a positive integer.'
            '\n\nUsage: %s upload %s\n%s', BASENAME, st_upload_options,
            st_upload_help)
        return

    options['object_uu_threads'] = options['object_threads']
    with SwiftService(options=options) as swift:
        try:
            objs = []
            dir_markers = []
            for f in files:
                if isfile(f):
                    objs.append(f)
                elif isdir(f):
                    for (_dir, _ds, _fs) in walk(f):
                        if not (_ds + _fs):
                            dir_markers.append(_dir)
                        else:
                            objs.extend([join(_dir, _f) for _f in _fs])
                else:
                    output_manager.error("Local file '%s' not found" % f)

            # Now that we've collected all the required files and dir markers
            # build the tuples for the call to upload
            if options['object_name'] is not None:
                objs = [
                    SwiftUploadObject(
                        o, object_name=o.replace(
                            orig_path, options['object_name'], 1
                        )
                    ) for o in objs
                ]
                dir_markers = [
                    SwiftUploadObject(
                        None, object_name=d.replace(
                            orig_path, options['object_name'], 1
                        ), options={'dir_marker': True}
                    ) for d in dir_markers
                ]

            for r in swift.upload(container, objs + dir_markers):
                if r['success']:
                    if options['verbose']:
                        if 'attempts' in r and r['attempts'] > 1:
                            if 'object' in r:
                                output_manager.print_msg(
                                    '%s [after %d attempts]' %
                                    (r['object'],
                                     r['attempts'])
                                )
                        else:
                            if 'object' in r:
                                output_manager.print_msg(r['object'])
                            elif 'for_object' in r:
                                output_manager.print_msg(
                                    '%s segment %s' % (r['for_object'],
                                                       r['segment_index'])
                                )
                else:
                    error = r['error']
                    if 'action' in r and r['action'] == "create_container":
                        # it is not an error to be unable to create the
                        # container so print a warning and carry on
                        if isinstance(error, ClientException):
                            if (r['headers'] and
                                    'X-Storage-Policy' in r['headers']):
                                msg = ' with Storage Policy %s' % \
                                      r['headers']['X-Storage-Policy'].strip()
                            else:
                                msg = ' '.join(str(x) for x in (
                                    error.http_status, error.http_reason)
                                )
                                if error.http_response_content:
                                    if msg:
                                        msg += ': '
                                    msg += (error.http_response_content
                                            .decode('utf8')[:60])
                                msg = ': %s' % msg
                        else:
                            msg = ': %s' % error
                        output_manager.warning(
                            'Warning: failed to create container '
                            "'%s'%s", r['container'], msg
                        )
                    else:
                        output_manager.error("%s" % error)
                        too_large = (isinstance(error, ClientException) and
                                     error.http_status == 413)
                        if too_large and options['verbose'] > 0:
                            output_manager.error(
                                "Consider using the --segment-size option "
                                "to chunk the object")

        except SwiftError as e:
            output_manager.error(e.value)


st_capabilities_options = "[<proxy_url>]"
st_info_options = st_capabilities_options
st_capabilities_help = '''
Retrieve capability of the proxy.

Optional positional arguments:
  <proxy_url>           Proxy URL of the cluster to retrieve capabilities.
'''.strip('\n')
st_info_help = st_capabilities_help


def st_capabilities(parser, args, output_manager):
    def _print_compo_cap(name, capabilities):
        for feature, options in sorted(capabilities.items(),
                                       key=lambda x: x[0]):
            output_manager.print_msg("%s: %s" % (name, feature))
            if options:
                output_manager.print_msg(" Options:")
                for key, value in sorted(options.items(),
                                         key=lambda x: x[0]):
                    output_manager.print_msg("  %s: %s" % (key, value))

    (options, args) = parse_args(parser, args)
    if args and len(args) > 2:
        output_manager.error('Usage: %s capabilities %s\n%s',
                             BASENAME,
                             st_capabilities_options, st_capabilities_help)
        return

    with SwiftService(options=options) as swift:
        try:
            if len(args) == 2:
                url = args[1]
                capabilities_result = swift.capabilities(url)
                capabilities = capabilities_result['capabilities']
            else:
                capabilities_result = swift.capabilities()
                capabilities = capabilities_result['capabilities']

            _print_compo_cap('Core', {'swift': capabilities['swift']})
            del capabilities['swift']
            _print_compo_cap('Additional middleware', capabilities)
        except SwiftError as e:
            output_manager.error(e.value)


st_info = st_capabilities

st_auth_help = '''
Display auth related authentication variables in shell friendly format.

  Commands to run to export storage url and auth token into
  OS_STORAGE_URL and OS_AUTH_TOKEN:

      swift auth

  Commands to append to a runcom file (e.g. ~/.bashrc, /etc/profile) for
  automatic authentication:

      swift auth -v -U test:tester -K testing \
          -A http://localhost:8080/auth/v1.0

'''.strip('\n')


def st_auth(parser, args, thread_manager):
    (options, args) = parse_args(parser, args)
    if options['verbose'] > 1:
        if options['auth_version'] in ('1', '1.0'):
            print('export ST_AUTH=%s' % sh_quote(options['auth']))
            print('export ST_USER=%s' % sh_quote(options['user']))
            print('export ST_KEY=%s' % sh_quote(options['key']))
        else:
            print('export OS_IDENTITY_API_VERSION=%s' % sh_quote(
                options['auth_version']))
            print('export OS_AUTH_VERSION=%s' % sh_quote(
                options['auth_version']))
            print('export OS_AUTH_URL=%s' % sh_quote(options['auth']))
            for k, v in sorted(options.items()):
                if v and k.startswith('os_') and \
                        k not in ('os_auth_url', 'os_options'):
                    print('export %s=%s' % (k.upper(), sh_quote(v)))
    else:
        conn = get_conn(options)
        url, token = conn.get_auth()
        print('export OS_STORAGE_URL=%s' % sh_quote(url))
        print('export OS_AUTH_TOKEN=%s' % sh_quote(token))


st_tempurl_options = '''[--absolute]
                     <method> <seconds> <path> <key>'''


st_tempurl_help = '''
Generates a temporary URL for a Swift object.

Positional arguments:
  <method>              An HTTP method to allow for this temporary URL.
                        Usually 'GET' or 'PUT'.
  <seconds>             The amount of time in seconds the temporary URL will be
                        valid for; or, if --absolute is passed, the Unix
                        timestamp when the temporary URL will expire.
  <path>                The full path to the Swift object. Example:
                        /v1/AUTH_account/c/o.
  <key>                 The secret temporary URL key set on the Swift cluster.
                        To set a key, run \'swift post -m
                        "Temp-URL-Key:b3968d0207b54ece87cccc06515a89d4"\'

Optional arguments:
  --absolute            Interpret the <seconds> positional argument as a Unix
                        timestamp rather than a number of seconds in the
                        future.
'''.strip('\n')


def st_tempurl(parser, args, thread_manager):
    parser.add_argument(
        '--absolute', action='store_true',
        dest='absolute_expiry', default=False,
        help=("If present, seconds argument will be interpreted as a Unix "
              "timestamp representing when the tempURL should expire, rather "
              "than an offset from the current time")
    )
    (options, args) = parse_args(parser, args)
    args = args[1:]
    if len(args) < 4:
        thread_manager.error('Usage: %s tempurl %s\n%s', BASENAME,
                             st_tempurl_options, st_tempurl_help)
        return
    method, seconds, path, key = args[:4]
    try:
        seconds = int(seconds)
    except ValueError:
        thread_manager.error('Seconds must be an integer')
        return
    if method.upper() not in ['GET', 'PUT', 'HEAD', 'POST', 'DELETE']:
        thread_manager.print_msg('WARNING: Non default HTTP method %s for '
                                 'tempurl specified, possibly an error' %
                                 method.upper())
    url = generate_temp_url(path, seconds, key, method,
                            absolute=options['absolute_expiry'])
    thread_manager.print_msg(url)


class HelpFormatter(argparse.HelpFormatter):
    def _format_action_invocation(self, action):
        if not action.option_strings:
            default = self._get_default_metavar_for_positional(action)
            metavar, = self._metavar_formatter(action, default)(1)
            return metavar

        else:
            parts = []

            # if the Optional doesn't take a value, format is:
            #    -s, --long
            if action.nargs == 0:
                parts.extend(action.option_strings)

            # if the Optional takes a value, format is:
            #    -s=ARGS, --long=ARGS
            else:
                default = self._get_default_metavar_for_optional(action)
                args_string = self._format_args(action, default)
                for option_string in action.option_strings:
                    parts.append('%s=%s' % (option_string, args_string))

            return ', '.join(parts)

    # Back-port py3 methods
    def _get_default_metavar_for_optional(self, action):
        return action.dest.upper()

    def _get_default_metavar_for_positional(self, action):
        return action.dest


def parse_args(parser, args, enforce_requires=True):
    options, args = parser.parse_known_args(args or ['-h'])
    options = vars(options)
    if enforce_requires and (options['debug'] or options['info']):
        logging.getLogger("swiftclient")
        if options['debug']:
            logging.basicConfig(level=logging.DEBUG)
            logging.getLogger('iso8601').setLevel(logging.WARNING)
            client_logger_settings['redact_sensitive_headers'] = False
        elif options['info']:
            logging.basicConfig(level=logging.INFO)

    if args and options['help']:
        _help = globals().get('st_%s_help' % args[0],
                              "no help for %s" % args[0])
        print(_help)
        exit()

    # Short circuit for tempurl, which doesn't need auth
    if args and args[0] == 'tempurl':
        return options, args

    # Massage auth version; build out os_options subdict
    process_options(options)

    if len(args) > 1 and args[0] == "capabilities":
        return options, args

    if (options['os_options']['object_storage_url'] and
            options['os_options']['auth_token']):
        return options, args

    if enforce_requires:
        if options['auth_version'] == '3':
            if not options['auth']:
                exit('Auth version 3 requires OS_AUTH_URL to be set or ' +
                     'overridden with --os-auth-url')
            if not (options['user'] or options['os_user_id']):
                exit('Auth version 3 requires either OS_USERNAME or ' +
                     'OS_USER_ID to be set or overridden with ' +
                     '--os-username or --os-user-id respectively.')
            if not options['key']:
                exit('Auth version 3 requires OS_PASSWORD to be set or ' +
                     'overridden with --os-password')
        elif not (options['auth'] and options['user'] and options['key']):
            exit('''
Auth version 1.0 requires ST_AUTH, ST_USER, and ST_KEY environment variables
to be set or overridden with -A, -U, or -K.

Auth version 2.0 requires OS_AUTH_URL, OS_USERNAME, OS_PASSWORD, and
OS_TENANT_NAME OS_TENANT_ID to be set or overridden with --os-auth-url,
--os-username, --os-password, --os-tenant-name or os-tenant-id. Note:
adding "-V 2" is necessary for this.'''.strip('\n'))
    return options, args


def main(arguments=None):
    argv = sys_argv if arguments is None else arguments

    argv = [a if isinstance(a, text_type) else a.decode('utf-8') for a in argv]

    version = client_version
    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(
        add_help=False, formatter_class=HelpFormatter, usage='''
%(prog)s [--version] [--help] [--os-help] [--snet] [--verbose]
             [--debug] [--info] [--quiet] [--auth <auth_url>]
             [--auth-version <auth_version> |
                 --os-identity-api-version <auth_version> ]
             [--user <username>]
             [--key <api_key>] [--retries <num_retries>]
             [--os-username <auth-user-name>] [--os-password <auth-password>]
             [--os-user-id <auth-user-id>]
             [--os-user-domain-id <auth-user-domain-id>]
             [--os-user-domain-name <auth-user-domain-name>]
             [--os-tenant-id <auth-tenant-id>]
             [--os-tenant-name <auth-tenant-name>]
             [--os-project-id <auth-project-id>]
             [--os-project-name <auth-project-name>]
             [--os-project-domain-id <auth-project-domain-id>]
             [--os-project-domain-name <auth-project-domain-name>]
             [--os-auth-url <auth-url>] [--os-auth-token <auth-token>]
             [--os-storage-url <storage-url>] [--os-region-name <region-name>]
             [--os-service-type <service-type>]
             [--os-endpoint-type <endpoint-type>]
             [--os-cacert <ca-certificate>] [--insecure]
             [--os-cert <client-certificate-file>]
             [--os-key <client-certificate-key-file>]
             [--no-ssl-compression]
             <subcommand> [--help] [<subcommand options>]

Command-line interface to the OpenStack Swift API.

Positional arguments:
  <subcommand>
    delete               Delete a container or objects within a container.
    download             Download objects from containers.
    list                 Lists the containers for the account or the objects
                         for a container.
    post                 Updates meta information for the account, container,
                         or object; creates containers if not present.
    stat                 Displays information for the account, container,
                         or object.
    upload               Uploads files or directories to the given container.
    capabilities         List cluster capabilities.
    tempurl              Create a temporary URL.
    auth                 Display auth related environment variables.

Examples:
  %(prog)s download --help

  %(prog)s -A https://auth.api.rackspacecloud.com/v1.0 \\
      -U user -K api_key stat -v

  %(prog)s --os-auth-url https://api.example.com/v2.0 \\
      --os-tenant-name tenant \\
      --os-username user --os-password password list

  %(prog)s --os-auth-url https://api.example.com/v3 --auth-version 3\\
      --os-project-name project1 --os-project-domain-name domain1 \\
      --os-username user --os-user-domain-name domain1 \\
      --os-password password list

  %(prog)s --os-auth-url https://api.example.com/v3 --auth-version 3\\
      --os-project-id 0123456789abcdef0123456789abcdef \\
      --os-user-id abcdef0123456789abcdef0123456789 \\
      --os-password password list

  %(prog)s --os-auth-token 6ee5eb33efad4e45ab46806eac010566 \\
      --os-storage-url https://10.1.5.2:8080/v1/AUTH_ced809b6a4baea7aeab61a \\
      list

  %(prog)s list --lh
'''.strip('\n'))
    parser.add_argument('--version', action='version',
                        version='python-swiftclient %s' % version)
    parser.add_argument('-h', '--help', action='store_true')

    default_auth_version = '1.0'
    for k in ('ST_AUTH_VERSION', 'OS_AUTH_VERSION', 'OS_IDENTITY_API_VERSION'):
        try:
            default_auth_version = environ[k]
            break
        except KeyError:
            pass

    parser.add_argument('--os-help', action='store_true', dest='os_help',
                        help='Show OpenStack authentication options.')
    parser.add_argument('--os_help', action='store_true',
                        help=argparse.SUPPRESS)
    parser.add_argument('-s', '--snet', action='store_true', dest='snet',
                        default=False, help='Use SERVICENET internal network.')
    parser.add_argument('-v', '--verbose', action='count', dest='verbose',
                        default=1, help='Print more info.')
    parser.add_argument('--debug', action='store_true', dest='debug',
                        default=False, help='Show the curl commands and '
                        'results of all http queries regardless of result '
                        'status.')
    parser.add_argument('--info', action='store_true', dest='info',
                        default=False, help='Show the curl commands and '
                        'results of all http queries which return an error.')
    parser.add_argument('-q', '--quiet', action='store_const', dest='verbose',
                        const=0, default=1, help='Suppress status output.')
    parser.add_argument('-A', '--auth', dest='auth',
                        default=environ.get('ST_AUTH'),
                        help='URL for obtaining an auth token.')
    parser.add_argument('-V', '--auth-version', '--os-identity-api-version',
                        dest='auth_version',
                        default=default_auth_version,
                        type=str,
                        help='Specify a version for authentication. '
                             'Defaults to env[ST_AUTH_VERSION], '
                             'env[OS_AUTH_VERSION], '
                             'env[OS_IDENTITY_API_VERSION] or 1.0.')
    parser.add_argument('-U', '--user', dest='user',
                        default=environ.get('ST_USER'),
                        help='User name for obtaining an auth token.')
    parser.add_argument('-K', '--key', dest='key',
                        default=environ.get('ST_KEY'),
                        help='Key for obtaining an auth token.')
    parser.add_argument('-R', '--retries', type=int, default=5, dest='retries',
                        help='The number of times to retry a failed '
                             'connection.')
    default_val = config_true_value(environ.get('SWIFTCLIENT_INSECURE'))
    parser.add_argument('--insecure',
                        action="store_true", dest="insecure",
                        default=default_val,
                        help='Allow swiftclient to access servers without '
                             'having to verify the SSL certificate. '
                             'Defaults to env[SWIFTCLIENT_INSECURE] '
                             '(set to \'true\' to enable).')
    parser.add_argument('--no-ssl-compression',
                        action='store_false', dest='ssl_compression',
                        default=True,
                        help='This option is deprecated and not used anymore. '
                             'SSL compression should be disabled by default '
                             'by the system SSL library.')

    os_grp = parser.add_argument_group("OpenStack authentication options")
    os_grp.add_argument('--os-username',
                        metavar='<auth-user-name>',
                        default=environ.get('OS_USERNAME'),
                        help='OpenStack username. Defaults to '
                             'env[OS_USERNAME].')
    os_grp.add_argument('--os_username',
                        help=argparse.SUPPRESS)
    os_grp.add_argument('--os-user-id',
                        metavar='<auth-user-id>',
                        default=environ.get('OS_USER_ID'),
                        help='OpenStack user ID. '
                        'Defaults to env[OS_USER_ID].')
    os_grp.add_argument('--os_user_id',
                        help=argparse.SUPPRESS)
    os_grp.add_argument('--os-user-domain-id',
                        metavar='<auth-user-domain-id>',
                        default=environ.get('OS_USER_DOMAIN_ID'),
                        help='OpenStack user domain ID. '
                        'Defaults to env[OS_USER_DOMAIN_ID].')
    os_grp.add_argument('--os_user_domain_id',
                        help=argparse.SUPPRESS)
    os_grp.add_argument('--os-user-domain-name',
                        metavar='<auth-user-domain-name>',
                        default=environ.get('OS_USER_DOMAIN_NAME'),
                        help='OpenStack user domain name. '
                             'Defaults to env[OS_USER_DOMAIN_NAME].')
    os_grp.add_argument('--os_user_domain_name',
                        help=argparse.SUPPRESS)
    os_grp.add_argument('--os-password',
                        metavar='<auth-password>',
                        default=environ.get('OS_PASSWORD'),
                        help='OpenStack password. Defaults to '
                             'env[OS_PASSWORD].')
    os_grp.add_argument('--os_password',
                        help=argparse.SUPPRESS)
    os_grp.add_argument('--os-tenant-id',
                        metavar='<auth-tenant-id>',
                        default=environ.get('OS_TENANT_ID'),
                        help='OpenStack tenant ID. '
                        'Defaults to env[OS_TENANT_ID].')
    os_grp.add_argument('--os_tenant_id',
                        help=argparse.SUPPRESS)
    os_grp.add_argument('--os-tenant-name',
                        metavar='<auth-tenant-name>',
                        default=environ.get('OS_TENANT_NAME'),
                        help='OpenStack tenant name. '
                             'Defaults to env[OS_TENANT_NAME].')
    os_grp.add_argument('--os_tenant_name',
                        help=argparse.SUPPRESS)
    os_grp.add_argument('--os-project-id',
                        metavar='<auth-project-id>',
                        default=environ.get('OS_PROJECT_ID'),
                        help='OpenStack project ID. '
                        'Defaults to env[OS_PROJECT_ID].')
    os_grp.add_argument('--os_project_id',
                        help=argparse.SUPPRESS)
    os_grp.add_argument('--os-project-name',
                        metavar='<auth-project-name>',
                        default=environ.get('OS_PROJECT_NAME'),
                        help='OpenStack project name. '
                             'Defaults to env[OS_PROJECT_NAME].')
    os_grp.add_argument('--os_project_name',
                        help=argparse.SUPPRESS)
    os_grp.add_argument('--os-project-domain-id',
                        metavar='<auth-project-domain-id>',
                        default=environ.get('OS_PROJECT_DOMAIN_ID'),
                        help='OpenStack project domain ID. '
                        'Defaults to env[OS_PROJECT_DOMAIN_ID].')
    os_grp.add_argument('--os_project_domain_id',
                        help=argparse.SUPPRESS)
    os_grp.add_argument('--os-project-domain-name',
                        metavar='<auth-project-domain-name>',
                        default=environ.get('OS_PROJECT_DOMAIN_NAME'),
                        help='OpenStack project domain name. '
                             'Defaults to env[OS_PROJECT_DOMAIN_NAME].')
    os_grp.add_argument('--os_project_domain_name',
                        help=argparse.SUPPRESS)
    os_grp.add_argument('--os-auth-url',
                        metavar='<auth-url>',
                        default=environ.get('OS_AUTH_URL'),
                        help='OpenStack auth URL. Defaults to '
                             'env[OS_AUTH_URL].')
    os_grp.add_argument('--os_auth_url',
                        help=argparse.SUPPRESS)
    os_grp.add_argument('--os-auth-token',
                        metavar='<auth-token>',
                        default=environ.get('OS_AUTH_TOKEN'),
                        help='OpenStack token. Defaults to '
                             'env[OS_AUTH_TOKEN]. Used with --os-storage-url '
                             'to bypass the usual username/password '
                             'authentication.')
    os_grp.add_argument('--os_auth_token',
                        help=argparse.SUPPRESS)
    os_grp.add_argument('--os-storage-url',
                        metavar='<storage-url>',
                        default=environ.get('OS_STORAGE_URL'),
                        help='OpenStack storage URL. '
                             'Defaults to env[OS_STORAGE_URL]. '
                             'Overrides the storage url returned during auth. '
                             'Will bypass authentication when used with '
                             '--os-auth-token.')
    os_grp.add_argument('--os_storage_url',
                        help=argparse.SUPPRESS)
    os_grp.add_argument('--os-region-name',
                        metavar='<region-name>',
                        default=environ.get('OS_REGION_NAME'),
                        help='OpenStack region name. '
                             'Defaults to env[OS_REGION_NAME].')
    os_grp.add_argument('--os_region_name',
                        help=argparse.SUPPRESS)
    os_grp.add_argument('--os-service-type',
                        metavar='<service-type>',
                        default=environ.get('OS_SERVICE_TYPE'),
                        help='OpenStack Service type. '
                             'Defaults to env[OS_SERVICE_TYPE].')
    os_grp.add_argument('--os_service_type',
                        help=argparse.SUPPRESS)
    os_grp.add_argument('--os-endpoint-type',
                        metavar='<endpoint-type>',
                        default=environ.get('OS_ENDPOINT_TYPE'),
                        help='OpenStack Endpoint type. '
                             'Defaults to env[OS_ENDPOINT_TYPE].')
    os_grp.add_argument('--os_endpoint_type',
                        help=argparse.SUPPRESS)
    os_grp.add_argument('--os-cacert',
                        metavar='<ca-certificate>',
                        default=environ.get('OS_CACERT'),
                        help='Specify a CA bundle file to use in verifying a '
                        'TLS (https) server certificate. '
                        'Defaults to env[OS_CACERT].')
    os_grp.add_argument('--os-cert',
                        metavar='<client-certificate-file>',
                        default=environ.get('OS_CERT'),
                        help='Specify a client certificate file (for client '
                        'auth). Defaults to env[OS_CERT].')
    os_grp.add_argument('--os-key',
                        metavar='<client-certificate-key-file>',
                        default=environ.get('OS_KEY'),
                        help='Specify a client certificate key file (for '
                        'client auth). Defaults to env[OS_KEY].')
    options, args = parse_args(parser, argv[1:], enforce_requires=False)

    if options['help'] or options['os_help']:
        if options['help']:
            parser._action_groups.pop()
        parser.print_help()
        exit()

    if not args or args[0] not in commands:
        parser.print_usage()
        if args:
            exit('no such command: %s' % args[0])
        exit()

    signal.signal(signal.SIGINT, immediate_exit)

    with OutputManager() as output:
        parser.usage = globals()['st_%s_help' % args[0]]
        try:
            globals()['st_%s' % args[0]](parser, argv[1:], output)
        except ClientException as err:
            output.error(str(err))
            trans_id = (err.http_response_headers or {}).get('X-Trans-Id')
            if trans_id:
                output.error("Failed Transaction ID: %s",
                             parse_header_string(trans_id))
        except (RequestException, socket.error) as err:
            output.error(str(err))

    if output.get_error_count() > 0:
        exit(1)


if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()