object-updater: defer ratelimited updates

Previously, objects updates that could not be sent immediately due to
per-container/bucket ratelimiting [1] would be skipped and re-tried
during the next updater cycle. There could potentially be a period of
time at the end of a cycle when the updater slept, having completed a
sweep of the on-disk async pending files, despite having skipped
updates during the cycle. Skipped updates would then be read from disk
again during the next cycle.

With this change the updater will defer skipped updates to an
in-memory queue (up to a configurable maximum number) until the sweep
of async pending files has completed, and then trickle out deferred
updates until the cycle's interval expires. This increases the useful
work done in the current cycle and reduces the amount of repeated disk
IO during the next cycle.

The deferrals queue is bounded in size and will evict least recently
read updates in order to accept more recently read updates. This
reduces the probablility that a deferred update has been made obsolete
by newer on-disk async pending files while waiting in the deferrals
queue.

The deferrals queue is implemented as a collection of per-bucket
queues so that updates can be drained from the queues in the order
that buckets cease to be ratelimited.

[1] Related-Change: Idef25cd6026b02c1b5c10a9816c8c6cbe505e7ed

Co-Authored-By: Clay Gerrard <clay.gerrard@gmail.com>
Co-Authored-By: Matthew Oliver <matt@oliver.net.au>
Change-Id: I95e58df9f15c5f9d552b8f4c4989a474f52262f4

etc/object-server.conf-sample

@@ -483,6 +483,12 @@ use = egg:swift#recon
 # be an integer greater than 0.
 # per_container_ratelimit_buckets = 1000
 #
+# Updates that cannot be sent due to per-container rate-limiting may be
+# deferred and re-tried at the end of the updater cycle. This option constrains
+# the size of the in-memory data structure used to store deferred updates.
+# Must be an integer value greater than or equal to 0.
+# max_deferred_updates = 10000
+#
 # slowdown will sleep that amount between objects. Deprecated; use
 # objects_per_second instead.
 # slowdown = 0.01

swift/obj/updater.py

@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@
 # implied.
 # See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 # limitations under the License.
+from six.moves import queue
 
 import six.moves.cPickle as pickle
 import errno
@@ -21,6 +22,7 @@ import sys
 import time
 import uuid
 from random import random, shuffle
+from collections import deque
 
 from eventlet import spawn, Timeout
 
@@ -31,7 +33,7 @@ from swift.common.ring import Ring
 from swift.common.utils import get_logger, renamer, write_pickle, \
     dump_recon_cache, config_true_value, RateLimitedIterator, split_path, \
     eventlet_monkey_patch, get_redirect_data, ContextPool, hash_path, \
-    non_negative_float, config_positive_int_value
+    non_negative_float, config_positive_int_value, non_negative_int
 from swift.common.daemon import Daemon
 from swift.common.header_key_dict import HeaderKeyDict
 from swift.common.storage_policy import split_policy_string, PolicyError
@@ -41,33 +43,98 @@ from swift.common.http import is_success, HTTP_INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR, \
     HTTP_MOVED_PERMANENTLY
 
 
+class RateLimiterBucket(object):
+    def __init__(self, update_delta):
+        self.update_delta = update_delta
+        self.last_time = 0
+        self.deque = deque()
+
+    @property
+    def wait_until(self):
+        return self.last_time + self.update_delta
+
+    def __len__(self):
+        return len(self.deque)
+
+    def __bool__(self):
+        return bool(self.deque)
+
+    __nonzero__ = __bool__  # py2
+
+    def __lt__(self, other):
+        # used to sort buckets by readiness
+        if isinstance(other, RateLimiterBucket):
+            return self.wait_until < other.wait_until
+        return self.wait_until < other
+
+
 class BucketizedUpdateSkippingLimiter(object):
     """
-    Wrap an iterator to filter elements that show up too often.
+    Wrap an iterator to rate-limit updates on a per-bucket basis, where updates
+    are mapped to buckets by hashing their destination path. If an update is
+    rate-limited then it is placed on a deferral queue and may be sent later if
+    the wrapped iterator is exhausted before the ``drain_until`` time is
+    reached.
+
+    The deferral queue has constrained size and once the queue is full updates
+    are evicted using a first-in-first-out policy. This policy is used because
+    updates on the queue may have been made obsolete by newer updates written
+    to disk, and this is more likely for updates that have been on the queue
+    longest.
+
+    The iterator increments stats as follows:
+
+      * The `deferrals` stat is incremented for each update that is
+        rate-limited. Note that a individual update is rate-limited at most
+        once.
+      * The `skips` stat is incremented for each rate-limited update that is
+        not eventually yielded. This includes updates that are evicted from the
+        deferral queue and all updates that remain in the deferral queue when
+        ``drain_until`` time is reached and the iterator terminates.
+      * The `drains` stat is incremented for each rate-limited update that is
+        eventually yielded.
+
+    Consequently, when this iterator terminates, the sum of `skips` and
+    `drains` is equal to the number of `deferrals`.
 
     :param update_iterable: an async_pending update iterable
+    :param logger: a logger instance
+    :param stats: a SweepStats instance
     :param num_buckets: number of buckets to divide container hashes into, the
                         more buckets total the less containers to a bucket
                         (once a busy container slows down a bucket the whole
-                        bucket starts skipping)
+                        bucket starts deferring)
-    :param max_elements_per_group_per_second: tunable, when skipping kicks in
+    :param max_elements_per_group_per_second: tunable, when deferring kicks in
-    :param skip_f: function to call with update_ctx when skipping it
+    :param max_deferred_elements: maximum number of deferred elements before
+        skipping starts. Each bucket may defer updates, but once the total
+        number of deferred updates summed across all buckets reaches this
+        value then all buckets will skip subsequent updates.
+    :param drain_until: time at which any remaining deferred elements must be
+        skipped and the iterator stops. Once the wrapped iterator has been
+        exhausted, this iterator will drain deferred elements from its buckets
+        until either all buckets have drained or this time is reached.
     """
 
-    def __init__(self, update_iterable, num_buckets,
+    def __init__(self, update_iterable, logger, stats, num_buckets=1000,
-                 max_elements_per_group_per_second,
+                 max_elements_per_group_per_second=50,
-                 skip_f=lambda update_ctx: None):
+                 max_deferred_elements=0,
+                 drain_until=0):
         self.iterator = iter(update_iterable)
+        self.logger = logger
+        self.stats = stats
         # if we want a smaller "blast radius" we could make this number bigger
         self.num_buckets = max(num_buckets, 1)
-        # an array might be more efficient; but this is pretty cheap
-        self.next_update = [0.0 for _ in range(self.num_buckets)]
         try:
             self.bucket_update_delta = 1.0 / max_elements_per_group_per_second
         except ZeroDivisionError:
             self.bucket_update_delta = -1
-        self.skip_f = skip_f
+        self.max_deferred_elements = max_deferred_elements
+        self.deferred_buckets = deque()
+        self.drain_until = drain_until
         self.salt = str(uuid.uuid4())
+        self.buckets = [RateLimiterBucket(self.bucket_update_delta)
+                        for _ in range(self.num_buckets)]
+        self.buckets_ordered_by_readiness = None
 
     def __iter__(self):
         return self
@@ -76,15 +143,77 @@ class BucketizedUpdateSkippingLimiter(object):
         acct, cont = split_update_path(update)
         return int(hash_path(acct, cont, self.salt), 16) % self.num_buckets
 
+    def _get_time(self):
+        return time.time()
+
     def next(self):
+        # first iterate over the wrapped iterator...
         for update_ctx in self.iterator:
-            bucket_key = self._bucket_key(update_ctx['update'])
+            bucket = self.buckets[self._bucket_key(update_ctx['update'])]
-            now = time.time()
+            now = self._get_time()
-            if self.next_update[bucket_key] > now:
+            if now >= bucket.wait_until:
-                self.skip_f(update_ctx)
+                # no need to ratelimit, just return next update
-                continue
+                bucket.last_time = now
-            self.next_update[bucket_key] = now + self.bucket_update_delta
+                return update_ctx
-            return update_ctx
+
+            self.stats.deferrals += 1
+            self.logger.increment("deferrals")
+            if self.max_deferred_elements > 0:
+                if len(self.deferred_buckets) >= self.max_deferred_elements:
+                    # create space to defer this update by popping the least
+                    # recent deferral from the least recently deferred bucket;
+                    # updates read from disk recently are preferred over those
+                    # read from disk less recently.
+                    oldest_deferred_bucket = self.deferred_buckets.popleft()
+                    oldest_deferred_bucket.deque.popleft()
+                    self.stats.skips += 1
+                    self.logger.increment("skips")
+                # append the update to the bucket's queue and append the bucket
+                # to the queue of deferred buckets
+                # note: buckets may have multiple entries in deferred_buckets,
+                # one for each deferred update in that particular bucket
+                bucket.deque.append(update_ctx)
+                self.deferred_buckets.append(bucket)
+            else:
+                self.stats.skips += 1
+                self.logger.increment("skips")
+
+        if self.buckets_ordered_by_readiness is None:
+            # initialise a queue of those buckets with deferred elements;
+            # buckets are queued in the chronological order in which they are
+            # ready to serve an element
+            self.buckets_ordered_by_readiness = queue.PriorityQueue()
+            for bucket in self.buckets:
+                if bucket:
+                    self.buckets_ordered_by_readiness.put(bucket)
+
+        # now drain the buckets...
+        undrained_elements = []
+        while not self.buckets_ordered_by_readiness.empty():
+            now = self._get_time()
+            bucket = self.buckets_ordered_by_readiness.get_nowait()
+            if now < self.drain_until:
+                # wait for next element to be ready
+                time.sleep(max(0, bucket.wait_until - now))
+                # drain the most recently deferred element
+                item = bucket.deque.pop()
+                if bucket:
+                    # bucket has more deferred elements, re-insert in queue in
+                    # correct chronological position
+                    bucket.last_time = self._get_time()
+                    self.buckets_ordered_by_readiness.put(bucket)
+                self.stats.drains += 1
+                self.logger.increment("drains")
+                return item
+            else:
+                # time to stop iterating: gather all un-drained elements
+                undrained_elements.extend(bucket.deque)
+
+        if undrained_elements:
+            # report final batch of skipped elements
+            self.stats.skips += len(undrained_elements)
+            self.logger.update_stats("skips", len(undrained_elements))
+
         raise StopIteration()
 
     __next__ = next
@@ -93,9 +222,18 @@ class BucketizedUpdateSkippingLimiter(object):
 class SweepStats(object):
     """
     Stats bucket for an update sweep
+
+    A measure of the rate at which updates are being rate-limited is:
+
+        deferrals / (deferrals + successes + failures - drains)
+
+    A measure of the rate at which updates are not being sent during a sweep
+    is:
+
+        skips / (skips + successes + failures)
     """
     def __init__(self, errors=0, failures=0, quarantines=0, successes=0,
-                 unlinks=0, redirects=0, skips=0):
+                 unlinks=0, redirects=0, skips=0, deferrals=0, drains=0):
         self.errors = errors
         self.failures = failures
         self.quarantines = quarantines
@@ -103,10 +241,13 @@ class SweepStats(object):
         self.unlinks = unlinks
         self.redirects = redirects
         self.skips = skips
+        self.deferrals = deferrals
+        self.drains = drains
 
     def copy(self):
         return type(self)(self.errors, self.failures, self.quarantines,
-                          self.successes, self.unlinks)
+                          self.successes, self.unlinks, self.redirects,
+                          self.skips, self.deferrals, self.drains)
 
     def since(self, other):
         return type(self)(self.errors - other.errors,
@@ -115,7 +256,9 @@ class SweepStats(object):
                           self.successes - other.successes,
                           self.unlinks - other.unlinks,
                           self.redirects - other.redirects,
-                          self.skips - other.skips)
+                          self.skips - other.skips,
+                          self.deferrals - other.deferrals,
+                          self.drains - other.drains)
 
     def reset(self):
         self.errors = 0
@@ -125,6 +268,8 @@ class SweepStats(object):
         self.unlinks = 0
         self.redirects = 0
         self.skips = 0
+        self.deferrals = 0
+        self.drains = 0
 
     def __str__(self):
         keys = (
@@ -135,6 +280,8 @@ class SweepStats(object):
             (self.errors, 'errors'),
             (self.redirects, 'redirects'),
             (self.skips, 'skips'),
+            (self.deferrals, 'deferrals'),
+            (self.drains, 'drains'),
         )
         return ', '.join('%d %s' % pair for pair in keys)
 
@@ -191,6 +338,9 @@ class ObjectUpdater(Daemon):
                                          DEFAULT_RECON_CACHE_PATH)
         self.rcache = os.path.join(self.recon_cache_path, RECON_OBJECT_FILE)
         self.stats = SweepStats()
+        self.max_deferred_updates = non_negative_int(
+            conf.get('max_deferred_updates', 10000))
+        self.begin = time.time()
 
     def _listdir(self, path):
         try:
@@ -214,7 +364,7 @@ class ObjectUpdater(Daemon):
         time.sleep(random() * self.interval)
         while True:
             self.logger.info('Begin object update sweep')
-            begin = time.time()
+            self.begin = time.time()
             pids = []
             # read from container ring to ensure it's fresh
             self.get_container_ring().get_nodes('')
@@ -248,7 +398,7 @@ class ObjectUpdater(Daemon):
                     sys.exit()
             while pids:
                 pids.remove(os.wait()[0])
-            elapsed = time.time() - begin
+            elapsed = time.time() - self.begin
             self.logger.info('Object update sweep completed: %.02fs',
                              elapsed)
             dump_recon_cache({'object_updater_sweep': elapsed},
@@ -259,7 +409,7 @@ class ObjectUpdater(Daemon):
     def run_once(self, *args, **kwargs):
         """Run the updater once."""
         self.logger.info('Begin object update single threaded sweep')
-        begin = time.time()
+        self.begin = time.time()
         self.stats.reset()
         for device in self._listdir(self.devices):
             try:
@@ -271,7 +421,7 @@ class ObjectUpdater(Daemon):
                 self.logger.warning('Skipping: %s', err)
                 continue
             self.object_sweep(dev_path)
-        elapsed = time.time() - begin
+        elapsed = time.time() - self.begin
         self.logger.info(
             ('Object update single-threaded sweep completed: '
              '%(elapsed).02fs, %(stats)s'),
@@ -404,18 +554,15 @@ class ObjectUpdater(Daemon):
         self.logger.info("Object update sweep starting on %s (pid: %d)",
                          device, my_pid)
 
-        def skip_counting_f(update_ctx):
-            # in the future we could defer update_ctx
-            self.stats.skips += 1
-            self.logger.increment("skips")
-
         ap_iter = RateLimitedIterator(
             self._iter_async_pendings(device),
             elements_per_second=self.max_objects_per_second)
         ap_iter = BucketizedUpdateSkippingLimiter(
-            ap_iter, self.per_container_ratelimit_buckets,
+            ap_iter, self.logger, self.stats,
+            self.per_container_ratelimit_buckets,
             self.max_objects_per_container_per_second,
-            skip_f=skip_counting_f)
+            max_deferred_elements=self.max_deferred_updates,
+            drain_until=self.begin + self.interval)
         with ContextPool(self.concurrency) as pool:
             for update_ctx in ap_iter:
                 pool.spawn(self.process_object_update, **update_ctx)
@@ -440,8 +587,10 @@ class ObjectUpdater(Daemon):
              '%(successes)d successes, %(failures)d failures, '
              '%(quarantines)d quarantines, '
              '%(unlinks)d unlinks, %(errors)d errors, '
-             '%(redirects)d redirects '
+             '%(redirects)d redirects, '
-             '%(skips)d skips '
+             '%(skips)d skips, '
+             '%(deferrals)d deferrals, '
+             '%(drains)d drains '
              '(pid: %(pid)d)'),
             {'device': device,
              'elapsed': time.time() - start_time,
@@ -452,7 +601,10 @@ class ObjectUpdater(Daemon):
              'unlinks': sweep_totals.unlinks,
              'errors': sweep_totals.errors,
              'redirects': sweep_totals.redirects,
-             'skips': sweep_totals.skips})
+             'skips': sweep_totals.skips,
+             'deferrals': sweep_totals.deferrals,
+             'drains': sweep_totals.drains
+             })
 
     def process_object_update(self, update_path, device, policy, update,
                               **kwargs):

test/debug_logger.py

@@ -141,6 +141,9 @@ class FakeLogger(logging.Logger, CaptureLog):
             counts[metric] += 1
         return counts
 
+    def get_update_stats(self):
+        return [call[0] for call in self.log_dict['update_stats']]
+
     def setFormatter(self, obj):
         self.formatter = obj
 

test/unit/obj/test_updater.py

@@ -12,6 +12,8 @@
 # implied.
 # See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 # limitations under the License.
+from queue import PriorityQueue
+
 import eventlet
 import six.moves.cPickle as pickle
 import mock
@@ -127,6 +129,7 @@ class TestObjectUpdater(unittest.TestCase):
         self.assertEqual(daemon.max_objects_per_second, 50.0)
         self.assertEqual(daemon.max_objects_per_container_per_second, 0.0)
         self.assertEqual(daemon.per_container_ratelimit_buckets, 1000)
+        self.assertEqual(daemon.max_deferred_updates, 10000)
 
         # non-defaults
         conf = {
@@ -139,6 +142,7 @@ class TestObjectUpdater(unittest.TestCase):
             'objects_per_second': '10.5',
             'max_objects_per_container_per_second': '1.2',
             'per_container_ratelimit_buckets': '100',
+            'max_deferred_updates': '0',
         }
         daemon = object_updater.ObjectUpdater(conf, logger=self.logger)
         self.assertEqual(daemon.devices, '/some/where/else')
@@ -150,6 +154,7 @@ class TestObjectUpdater(unittest.TestCase):
         self.assertEqual(daemon.max_objects_per_second, 10.5)
         self.assertEqual(daemon.max_objects_per_container_per_second, 1.2)
         self.assertEqual(daemon.per_container_ratelimit_buckets, 100)
+        self.assertEqual(daemon.max_deferred_updates, 0)
 
         # check deprecated option
         daemon = object_updater.ObjectUpdater({'slowdown': '0.04'},
@@ -171,6 +176,9 @@ class TestObjectUpdater(unittest.TestCase):
         check_bad({'per_container_ratelimit_buckets': '0'})
         check_bad({'per_container_ratelimit_buckets': '-1'})
         check_bad({'per_container_ratelimit_buckets': 'auto'})
+        check_bad({'max_deferred_updates': '-1'})
+        check_bad({'max_deferred_updates': '1.1'})
+        check_bad({'max_deferred_updates': 'auto'})
 
     @mock.patch('os.listdir')
     def test_listdir_with_exception(self, mock_listdir):
@@ -1267,6 +1275,8 @@ class TestObjectUpdater(unittest.TestCase):
             'mount_check': 'false',
             'swift_dir': self.testdir,
             'max_objects_per_container_per_second': 1,
+            'max_deferred_updates': 0,  # do not re-iterate
+            'concurrency': 1
         }
         daemon = object_updater.ObjectUpdater(conf, logger=self.logger)
         self.async_dir = os.path.join(self.sda1, get_async_dir(POLICIES[0]))
@@ -1299,6 +1309,14 @@ class TestObjectUpdater(unittest.TestCase):
                 for req in fake_conn.requests),
             {'/sda1/%s/a/c1' % c1_part: 3,
              '/sda1/%s/.shards_a/c2_shard' % c2_part: 3})
+        info_lines = self.logger.get_lines_for_level('info')
+        self.assertTrue(info_lines)
+        self.assertIn('2 successes, 0 failures, 0 quarantines, 2 unlinks, '
+                      '0 errors, 0 redirects, 9 skips, 9 deferrals, 0 drains',
+                      info_lines[-1])
+        self.assertEqual({'skips': 9, 'successes': 2, 'unlinks': 2,
+                          'deferrals': 9},
+                         self.logger.get_increment_counts())
 
     @mock.patch('swift.obj.updater.dump_recon_cache')
     def test_per_container_rate_limit_unlimited(self, mock_recon):
@@ -1330,14 +1348,24 @@ class TestObjectUpdater(unittest.TestCase):
         self.assertEqual(expected_total, daemon.stats.successes)
         self.assertEqual(0, daemon.stats.skips)
         self.assertEqual([], self._find_async_pending_files())
+        info_lines = self.logger.get_lines_for_level('info')
+        self.assertTrue(info_lines)
+        self.assertIn('11 successes, 0 failures, 0 quarantines, 11 unlinks, '
+                      '0 errors, 0 redirects, 0 skips, 0 deferrals, 0 drains',
+                      info_lines[-1])
+        self.assertEqual({'successes': 11, 'unlinks': 11},
+                         self.logger.get_increment_counts())
 
     @mock.patch('swift.obj.updater.dump_recon_cache')
-    def test_per_container_rate_limit_slow_responses(self, mock_recon):
+    def test_per_container_rate_limit_some_limited(self, mock_recon):
+        # simulate delays between buckets being fed so that only some updates
+        # are skipped
         conf = {
             'devices': self.devices_dir,
             'mount_check': 'false',
             'swift_dir': self.testdir,
             'max_objects_per_container_per_second': 10,
+            'max_deferred_updates': 0,  # do not re-iterate
         }
         daemon = object_updater.ObjectUpdater(conf, logger=self.logger)
         self.async_dir = os.path.join(self.sda1, get_async_dir(POLICIES[0]))
@@ -1347,26 +1375,423 @@ class TestObjectUpdater(unittest.TestCase):
         for i in range(num_c1_files):
             obj_name = 'o%02d' % i
             self._make_async_pending_pickle('a', 'c1', obj_name)
+        c1_part, _ = daemon.get_container_ring().get_nodes('a', 'c1')
         expected_total = num_c1_files
         self.assertEqual(expected_total,
                          len(self._find_async_pending_files()))
-        latencies = [.11, 0, .11, 0]
+        # first one always succeeds, second is skipped because it is only 0.05s
+        # behind the first, second succeeds because it is 0.11 behind the
+        # first, fourth is skipped
+        latencies = [0, 0.05, .051, 0]
         expected_success = 2
         fake_status_codes = [200] * 3 * expected_success
 
-        def fake_spawn(pool, *args, **kwargs):
+        contexts_fed_in = []
-            # make each update delay the iter being called again
-            eventlet.sleep(latencies.pop(0))
-            return args[0](*args[1:], **kwargs)
 
-        with mocked_http_conn(*fake_status_codes):
+        def ratelimit_if(value):
-            with mock.patch('swift.obj.updater.ContextPool.spawn', fake_spawn):
+            contexts_fed_in.append(value)
-                daemon.run_once()
+            # make each update delay before the iter being called again
+            eventlet.sleep(latencies.pop(0))
+            return False  # returning False overrides normal ratelimiting
+
+        orig_rate_limited_iterator = utils.RateLimitedIterator
+
+        def fake_rate_limited_iterator(*args, **kwargs):
+            # insert our own rate limiting function
+            kwargs['ratelimit_if'] = ratelimit_if
+            return orig_rate_limited_iterator(*args, **kwargs)
+
+        with mocked_http_conn(*fake_status_codes) as fake_conn, \
+                mock.patch('swift.obj.updater.RateLimitedIterator',
+                           fake_rate_limited_iterator):
+            daemon.run_once()
         self.assertEqual(expected_success, daemon.stats.successes)
         expected_skipped = expected_total - expected_success
         self.assertEqual(expected_skipped, daemon.stats.skips)
         self.assertEqual(expected_skipped,
                          len(self._find_async_pending_files()))
+        paths_fed_in = ['/sda1/%(part)s/%(account)s/%(container)s/%(obj)s'
+                        % dict(ctx['update'], part=c1_part)
+                        for ctx in contexts_fed_in]
+        expected_update_paths = paths_fed_in[:1] * 3 + paths_fed_in[2:3] * 3
+        actual_update_paths = [req['path'] for req in fake_conn.requests]
+        self.assertEqual(expected_update_paths, actual_update_paths)
+        info_lines = self.logger.get_lines_for_level('info')
+        self.assertTrue(info_lines)
+        self.assertIn('2 successes, 0 failures, 0 quarantines, 2 unlinks, '
+                      '0 errors, 0 redirects, 2 skips, 2 deferrals, 0 drains',
+                      info_lines[-1])
+        self.assertEqual({'skips': 2, 'successes': 2, 'unlinks': 2,
+                          'deferrals': 2},
+                         self.logger.get_increment_counts())
+
+    @mock.patch('swift.obj.updater.dump_recon_cache')
+    def test_per_container_rate_limit_defer_2_skip_1(self, mock_recon):
+        # limit length of deferral queue so that some defer and some skip
+        conf = {
+            'devices': self.devices_dir,
+            'mount_check': 'false',
+            'swift_dir': self.testdir,
+            'max_objects_per_container_per_second': 10,
+            # only one bucket needed for test
+            'per_container_ratelimit_buckets': 1,
+            'max_deferred_updates': 1,
+        }
+        daemon = object_updater.ObjectUpdater(conf, logger=self.logger)
+        self.async_dir = os.path.join(self.sda1, get_async_dir(POLICIES[0]))
+        os.mkdir(self.async_dir)
+        # all updates for same container
+        num_c1_files = 4
+        for i in range(num_c1_files):
+            obj_name = 'o%02d' % i
+            self._make_async_pending_pickle('a', 'c1', obj_name)
+        c1_part, _ = daemon.get_container_ring().get_nodes('a', 'c1')
+        expected_total = num_c1_files
+        self.assertEqual(expected_total,
+                         len(self._find_async_pending_files()))
+        # first succeeds, second is deferred, third succeeds, fourth is
+        # deferred and bumps second out of deferral queue, fourth is re-tried
+        latencies = [0, 0.05, .051, 0, 0, .11]
+        expected_success = 3
+
+        contexts_fed_in = []
+        captured_queues = []
+        captured_skips_stats = []
+
+        def ratelimit_if(value):
+            contexts_fed_in.append(value)
+            return False  # returning False overrides normal ratelimiting
+
+        orig_rate_limited_iterator = utils.RateLimitedIterator
+
+        def fake_rate_limited_iterator(*args, **kwargs):
+            # insert our own rate limiting function
+            kwargs['ratelimit_if'] = ratelimit_if
+            return orig_rate_limited_iterator(*args, **kwargs)
+
+        now = [time()]
+
+        def fake_get_time(bucket_iter):
+            captured_skips_stats.append(
+                daemon.logger.get_increment_counts().get('skips', 0))
+            captured_queues.append(list(bucket_iter.buckets[0].deque))
+            # make each update delay before the iter being called again
+            now[0] += latencies.pop(0)
+            return now[0]
+
+        captured_updates = []
+
+        def fake_object_update(node, part, op, obj, *args, **kwargs):
+            captured_updates.append((node, part, op, obj))
+            return True, node['id'], False
+
+        with mock.patch(
+                'swift.obj.updater.BucketizedUpdateSkippingLimiter._get_time',
+                fake_get_time), \
+                mock.patch.object(daemon, 'object_update',
+                                  fake_object_update), \
+                mock.patch('swift.obj.updater.RateLimitedIterator',
+                           fake_rate_limited_iterator):
+            daemon.run_once()
+        self.assertEqual(expected_success, daemon.stats.successes)
+        expected_skipped = expected_total - expected_success
+        self.assertEqual(expected_skipped, daemon.stats.skips)
+        self.assertEqual(expected_skipped,
+                         len(self._find_async_pending_files()))
+
+        orig_iteration = contexts_fed_in[:num_c1_files]
+        # we first capture every async fed in one by one
+        objs_fed_in = [ctx['update']['obj'] for ctx in orig_iteration]
+        self.assertEqual(num_c1_files, len(set(objs_fed_in)))
+        # keep track of this order for context
+        aorder = {ctx['update']['obj']: 'a%02d' % i
+                  for i, ctx in enumerate(orig_iteration)}
+        expected_drops = (1,)
+        expected_updates_sent = []
+        for i, obj in enumerate(objs_fed_in):
+            if i in expected_drops:
+                continue
+            # triple replica, request to 3 nodes each obj!
+            expected_updates_sent.extend([obj] * 3)
+
+        actual_updates_sent = [
+            utils.split_path(update[3], minsegs=3)[-1]
+            for update in captured_updates
+        ]
+        self.assertEqual([aorder[o] for o in expected_updates_sent],
+                         [aorder[o] for o in actual_updates_sent])
+
+        self.assertEqual([0, 0, 0, 0, 1], captured_skips_stats)
+
+        expected_deferrals = [
+            [],
+            [],
+            [objs_fed_in[1]],
+            [objs_fed_in[1]],
+            [objs_fed_in[3]],
+        ]
+        self.assertEqual(
+            expected_deferrals,
+            [[ctx['update']['obj'] for ctx in q] for q in captured_queues])
+        info_lines = self.logger.get_lines_for_level('info')
+        self.assertTrue(info_lines)
+        self.assertIn('3 successes, 0 failures, 0 quarantines, 3 unlinks, '
+                      '0 errors, 0 redirects, 1 skips, 2 deferrals, 1 drains',
+                      info_lines[-1])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            {'skips': 1, 'successes': 3, 'unlinks': 3, 'deferrals': 2,
+             'drains': 1}, self.logger.get_increment_counts())
+
+    @mock.patch('swift.obj.updater.dump_recon_cache')
+    def test_per_container_rate_limit_defer_3_skip_1(self, mock_recon):
+        # limit length of deferral queue so that some defer and some skip
+        conf = {
+            'devices': self.devices_dir,
+            'mount_check': 'false',
+            'swift_dir': self.testdir,
+            'max_objects_per_container_per_second': 10,
+            # only one bucket needed for test
+            'per_container_ratelimit_buckets': 1,
+            'max_deferred_updates': 2,
+        }
+        daemon = object_updater.ObjectUpdater(conf, logger=self.logger)
+        self.async_dir = os.path.join(self.sda1, get_async_dir(POLICIES[0]))
+        os.mkdir(self.async_dir)
+        # all updates for same container
+        num_c1_files = 5
+        for i in range(num_c1_files):
+            obj_name = 'o%02d' % i
+            self._make_async_pending_pickle('a', 'c1', obj_name)
+        c1_part, _ = daemon.get_container_ring().get_nodes('a', 'c1')
+        expected_total = num_c1_files
+        self.assertEqual(expected_total,
+                         len(self._find_async_pending_files()))
+        # indexes 0, 2 succeed; 1, 3, 4 deferred but 1 is bumped from deferral
+        # queue by 4; 4, 3 are then drained
+        latencies = [0, 0.05, .051, 0, 0, 0, .11, .01]
+        expected_success = 4
+
+        contexts_fed_in = []
+        captured_queues = []
+        captured_skips_stats = []
+
+        def ratelimit_if(value):
+            contexts_fed_in.append(value)
+            return False  # returning False overrides normal ratelimiting
+
+        orig_rate_limited_iterator = utils.RateLimitedIterator
+
+        def fake_rate_limited_iterator(*args, **kwargs):
+            # insert our own rate limiting function
+            kwargs['ratelimit_if'] = ratelimit_if
+            return orig_rate_limited_iterator(*args, **kwargs)
+
+        now = [time()]
+
+        def fake_get_time(bucket_iter):
+            captured_skips_stats.append(
+                daemon.logger.get_increment_counts().get('skips', 0))
+            captured_queues.append(list(bucket_iter.buckets[0].deque))
+            # make each update delay before the iter being called again
+            now[0] += latencies.pop(0)
+            return now[0]
+
+        captured_updates = []
+
+        def fake_object_update(node, part, op, obj, *args, **kwargs):
+            captured_updates.append((node, part, op, obj))
+            return True, node['id'], False
+
+        with mock.patch(
+                'swift.obj.updater.BucketizedUpdateSkippingLimiter._get_time',
+                fake_get_time), \
+                mock.patch.object(daemon, 'object_update',
+                                  fake_object_update), \
+                mock.patch('swift.obj.updater.RateLimitedIterator',
+                           fake_rate_limited_iterator), \
+                mock.patch('swift.obj.updater.time.sleep') as mock_sleep:
+            daemon.run_once()
+        self.assertEqual(expected_success, daemon.stats.successes)
+        expected_skipped = expected_total - expected_success
+        self.assertEqual(expected_skipped, daemon.stats.skips)
+        self.assertEqual(expected_skipped,
+                         len(self._find_async_pending_files()))
+
+        orig_iteration = contexts_fed_in[:num_c1_files]
+        # we first capture every async fed in one by one
+        objs_fed_in = [ctx['update']['obj'] for ctx in orig_iteration]
+        self.assertEqual(num_c1_files, len(set(objs_fed_in)))
+        # keep track of this order for context
+        aorder = {ctx['update']['obj']: 'a%02d' % i
+                  for i, ctx in enumerate(orig_iteration)}
+        expected_updates_sent = []
+        for index_sent in (0, 2, 4, 3):
+            expected_updates_sent.extend(
+                [contexts_fed_in[index_sent]['update']['obj']] * 3)
+        actual_updates_sent = [
+            utils.split_path(update[3], minsegs=3)[-1]
+            for update in captured_updates
+        ]
+        self.assertEqual([aorder[o] for o in expected_updates_sent],
+                         [aorder[o] for o in actual_updates_sent])
+
+        self.assertEqual([0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1], captured_skips_stats)
+
+        expected_deferrals = [
+            [],
+            [],
+            [objs_fed_in[1]],
+            [objs_fed_in[1]],
+            [objs_fed_in[1], objs_fed_in[3]],
+            [objs_fed_in[3], objs_fed_in[4]],
+            [objs_fed_in[3]],  # note: rightmost element is drained
+            [objs_fed_in[3]],
+        ]
+        self.assertEqual(
+            expected_deferrals,
+            [[ctx['update']['obj'] for ctx in q] for q in captured_queues])
+        actual_sleeps = [call[0][0] for call in mock_sleep.call_args_list]
+        self.assertEqual(2, len(actual_sleeps))
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(0.1, actual_sleeps[0], 3)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(0.09, actual_sleeps[1], 3)
+        info_lines = self.logger.get_lines_for_level('info')
+        self.assertTrue(info_lines)
+        self.assertIn('4 successes, 0 failures, 0 quarantines, 4 unlinks, '
+                      '0 errors, 0 redirects, 1 skips, 3 deferrals, 2 drains',
+                      info_lines[-1])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            {'skips': 1, 'successes': 4, 'unlinks': 4, 'deferrals': 3,
+             'drains': 2}, self.logger.get_increment_counts())
+
+    @mock.patch('swift.obj.updater.dump_recon_cache')
+    def test_per_container_rate_limit_unsent_deferrals(self, mock_recon):
+        # make some updates defer until interval is reached and cycle
+        # terminates
+        conf = {
+            'devices': self.devices_dir,
+            'mount_check': 'false',
+            'swift_dir': self.testdir,
+            'max_objects_per_container_per_second': 10,
+            # only one bucket needed for test
+            'per_container_ratelimit_buckets': 1,
+            'max_deferred_updates': 5,
+            'interval': 0.4,
+        }
+        daemon = object_updater.ObjectUpdater(conf, logger=self.logger)
+        self.async_dir = os.path.join(self.sda1, get_async_dir(POLICIES[0]))
+        os.mkdir(self.async_dir)
+        # all updates for same container
+        num_c1_files = 7
+        for i in range(num_c1_files):
+            obj_name = 'o%02d' % i
+            self._make_async_pending_pickle('a', 'c1', obj_name)
+        c1_part, _ = daemon.get_container_ring().get_nodes('a', 'c1')
+        expected_total = num_c1_files
+        self.assertEqual(expected_total,
+                         len(self._find_async_pending_files()))
+        # first pass: 0, 2 and 5 succeed, 1, 3, 4, 6 deferred
+        # last 2 deferred items sent before interval elapses
+        latencies = [0, .05, 0.051, 0, 0, .11, 0, 0,
+                     0.1, 0, 0.1, 0]  # total 0.42
+        expected_success = 5
+
+        contexts_fed_in = []
+        captured_queues = []
+        captured_skips_stats = []
+
+        def ratelimit_if(value):
+            contexts_fed_in.append(value)
+            return False  # returning False overrides normal ratelimiting
+
+        orig_rate_limited_iterator = utils.RateLimitedIterator
+
+        def fake_rate_limited_iterator(*args, **kwargs):
+            # insert our own rate limiting function
+            kwargs['ratelimit_if'] = ratelimit_if
+            return orig_rate_limited_iterator(*args, **kwargs)
+
+        start = time()
+        now = [start]
+
+        def fake_get_time(bucket_iter):
+            if not captured_skips_stats:
+                daemon.begin = now[0]
+            captured_skips_stats.append(
+                daemon.logger.get_increment_counts().get('skips', 0))
+            captured_queues.append(list(bucket_iter.buckets[0].deque))
+            # insert delay each time iter is called
+            now[0] += latencies.pop(0)
+            return now[0]
+
+        captured_updates = []
+
+        def fake_object_update(node, part, op, obj, *args, **kwargs):
+            captured_updates.append((node, part, op, obj))
+            return True, node['id'], False
+
+        with mock.patch(
+                'swift.obj.updater.BucketizedUpdateSkippingLimiter._get_time',
+                fake_get_time), \
+                mock.patch.object(daemon, 'object_update',
+                                  fake_object_update), \
+                mock.patch('swift.obj.updater.RateLimitedIterator',
+                           fake_rate_limited_iterator), \
+                mock.patch('swift.obj.updater.time.sleep') as mock_sleep:
+            daemon.run_once()
+        self.assertEqual(expected_success, daemon.stats.successes)
+        expected_skipped = expected_total - expected_success
+        self.assertEqual(expected_skipped, daemon.stats.skips)
+        self.assertEqual(expected_skipped,
+                         len(self._find_async_pending_files()))
+
+        expected_updates_sent = []
+        for index_sent in (0, 2, 5, 6, 4):
+            expected_updates_sent.extend(
+                [contexts_fed_in[index_sent]['update']['obj']] * 3)
+
+        actual_updates_sent = [
+            utils.split_path(update[3], minsegs=3)[-1]
+            for update in captured_updates
+        ]
+        self.assertEqual(expected_updates_sent, actual_updates_sent)
+
+        # skips (un-drained deferrals) not reported until end of cycle
+        self.assertEqual([0] * 12, captured_skips_stats)
+
+        objs_fed_in = [ctx['update']['obj'] for ctx in contexts_fed_in]
+        expected_deferrals = [
+            # queue content before app_iter feeds next update_ctx
+            [],
+            [],
+            [objs_fed_in[1]],
+            [objs_fed_in[1]],
+            [objs_fed_in[1], objs_fed_in[3]],
+            [objs_fed_in[1], objs_fed_in[3], objs_fed_in[4]],
+            [objs_fed_in[1], objs_fed_in[3], objs_fed_in[4]],
+            # queue content before each update_ctx is drained from queue...
+            # note: rightmost element is drained
+            [objs_fed_in[1], objs_fed_in[3], objs_fed_in[4], objs_fed_in[6]],
+            [objs_fed_in[1], objs_fed_in[3], objs_fed_in[4]],
+            [objs_fed_in[1], objs_fed_in[3], objs_fed_in[4]],
+            [objs_fed_in[1], objs_fed_in[3]],
+            [objs_fed_in[1], objs_fed_in[3]],
+        ]
+        self.assertEqual(
+            expected_deferrals,
+            [[ctx['update']['obj'] for ctx in q] for q in captured_queues])
+        actual_sleeps = [call[0][0] for call in mock_sleep.call_args_list]
+        self.assertEqual(2, len(actual_sleeps))
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(0.1, actual_sleeps[0], 3)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(0.1, actual_sleeps[1], 3)
+        info_lines = self.logger.get_lines_for_level('info')
+        self.assertTrue(info_lines)
+        self.assertIn('5 successes, 0 failures, 0 quarantines, 5 unlinks, '
+                      '0 errors, 0 redirects, 2 skips, 4 deferrals, 2 drains',
+                      info_lines[-1])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            {'successes': 5, 'unlinks': 5, 'deferrals': 4, 'drains': 2},
+            self.logger.get_increment_counts())
+        self.assertEqual([('skips', 2)], self.logger.get_update_stats())
 
 
 class TestObjectUpdaterFunctions(unittest.TestCase):
@@ -1393,20 +1818,28 @@ class TestObjectUpdaterFunctions(unittest.TestCase):
 
 
 class TestBucketizedUpdateSkippingLimiter(unittest.TestCase):
+
+    def setUp(self):
+        self.logger = debug_logger()
+        self.stats = object_updater.SweepStats()
+
     def test_init(self):
-        it = object_updater.BucketizedUpdateSkippingLimiter([3, 1], 1000, 10)
+        it = object_updater.BucketizedUpdateSkippingLimiter(
+            [3, 1], self.logger, self.stats, 1000, 10)
         self.assertEqual(1000, it.num_buckets)
         self.assertEqual(0.1, it.bucket_update_delta)
         self.assertEqual([3, 1], [x for x in it.iterator])
 
         # rate of 0 implies unlimited
-        it = object_updater.BucketizedUpdateSkippingLimiter(iter([3, 1]), 9, 0)
+        it = object_updater.BucketizedUpdateSkippingLimiter(
+            iter([3, 1]), self.logger, self.stats, 9, 0)
         self.assertEqual(9, it.num_buckets)
         self.assertEqual(-1, it.bucket_update_delta)
         self.assertEqual([3, 1], [x for x in it.iterator])
 
         # num_buckets is collared at 1
-        it = object_updater.BucketizedUpdateSkippingLimiter(iter([3, 1]), 0, 1)
+        it = object_updater.BucketizedUpdateSkippingLimiter(
+            iter([3, 1]), self.logger, self.stats, 0, 1)
         self.assertEqual(1, it.num_buckets)
         self.assertEqual(1, it.bucket_update_delta)
         self.assertEqual([3, 1], [x for x in it.iterator])
@@ -1417,8 +1850,11 @@ class TestBucketizedUpdateSkippingLimiter(unittest.TestCase):
             {'update': {'account': '%d' % i, 'container': '%s' % i}}
             for i in range(20)]
         it = object_updater.BucketizedUpdateSkippingLimiter(
-            iter(update_ctxs), 9, 0)
+            iter(update_ctxs), self.logger, self.stats, 9, 0)
         self.assertEqual(update_ctxs, [x for x in it])
+        self.assertEqual(0, self.stats.skips)
+        self.assertEqual(0, self.stats.drains)
+        self.assertEqual(0, self.stats.deferrals)
 
     def test_iteration_ratelimited(self):
         # verify iteration at limited rate - single bucket
@@ -1426,23 +1862,246 @@ class TestBucketizedUpdateSkippingLimiter(unittest.TestCase):
             {'update': {'account': '%d' % i, 'container': '%s' % i}}
             for i in range(2)]
         it = object_updater.BucketizedUpdateSkippingLimiter(
-            iter(update_ctxs), 1, 0.1)
+            iter(update_ctxs), self.logger, self.stats, 1, 0.1)
+        # second update is skipped
         self.assertEqual(update_ctxs[:1], [x for x in it])
+        self.assertEqual(1, self.stats.skips)
+        self.assertEqual(0, self.stats.drains)
+        self.assertEqual(1, self.stats.deferrals)
 
-    def test_iteration_ratelimited_with_callback(self):
+    def test_deferral_single_bucket(self):
-        # verify iteration at limited rate - single bucket
+        # verify deferral - single bucket
-        skipped = []
+        now = time()
-
-        def on_skip(update_ctx):
-            skipped.append(update_ctx)
-
         update_ctxs = [
             {'update': {'account': '%d' % i, 'container': '%s' % i}}
-            for i in range(2)]
+            for i in range(4)]
-        it = object_updater.BucketizedUpdateSkippingLimiter(
+
-            iter(update_ctxs), 1, 0.1, skip_f=on_skip)
+        # enough capacity for all deferrals
-        self.assertEqual(update_ctxs[:1], [x for x in it])
+        with mock.patch('swift.obj.updater.time.time',
-        self.assertEqual(update_ctxs[1:], skipped)
+                        side_effect=[now, now, now, now, now, now]):
+            with mock.patch('swift.obj.updater.time.sleep') as mock_sleep:
+                it = object_updater.BucketizedUpdateSkippingLimiter(
+                    iter(update_ctxs[:3]), self.logger, self.stats, 1, 10,
+                    max_deferred_elements=2,
+                    drain_until=now + 10)
+                actual = [x for x in it]
+        self.assertEqual([update_ctxs[0],
+                          update_ctxs[2],  # deferrals...
+                          update_ctxs[1]],
+                         actual)
+        self.assertEqual(2, mock_sleep.call_count)
+        self.assertEqual(0, self.stats.skips)
+        self.assertEqual(2, self.stats.drains)
+        self.assertEqual(2, self.stats.deferrals)
+        self.stats.reset()
+
+        # only space for one deferral
+        with mock.patch('swift.obj.updater.time.time',
+                        side_effect=[now, now, now, now, now]):
+            with mock.patch('swift.obj.updater.time.sleep') as mock_sleep:
+                it = object_updater.BucketizedUpdateSkippingLimiter(
+                    iter(update_ctxs[:3]), self.logger, self.stats, 1, 10,
+                    max_deferred_elements=1,
+                    drain_until=now + 10)
+                actual = [x for x in it]
+        self.assertEqual([update_ctxs[0],
+                          update_ctxs[2]],  # deferrals...
+                         actual)
+        self.assertEqual(1, mock_sleep.call_count)
+        self.assertEqual(1, self.stats.skips)
+        self.assertEqual(1, self.stats.drains)
+        self.assertEqual(2, self.stats.deferrals)
+        self.stats.reset()
+
+        # only time for one deferral
+        with mock.patch('swift.obj.updater.time.time',
+                        side_effect=[now, now, now, now, now + 20, now + 20]):
+            with mock.patch('swift.obj.updater.time.sleep') as mock_sleep:
+                it = object_updater.BucketizedUpdateSkippingLimiter(
+                    iter(update_ctxs[:3]), self.logger, self.stats, 1, 10,
+                    max_deferred_elements=2,
+                    drain_until=now + 10)
+                actual = [x for x in it]
+        self.assertEqual([update_ctxs[0],
+                          update_ctxs[2]],  # deferrals...
+                         actual)
+        self.assertEqual(1, mock_sleep.call_count)
+        self.assertEqual(1, self.stats.skips)
+        self.assertEqual(1, self.stats.drains)
+        self.assertEqual(2, self.stats.deferrals)
+        self.stats.reset()
+
+        # only space for two deferrals, only time for one deferral
+        with mock.patch('swift.obj.updater.time.time',
+                        side_effect=[now, now, now, now, now,
+                                     now + 20, now + 20]):
+            with mock.patch('swift.obj.updater.time.sleep') as mock_sleep:
+                it = object_updater.BucketizedUpdateSkippingLimiter(
+                    iter(update_ctxs), self.logger, self.stats, 1, 10,
+                    max_deferred_elements=2,
+                    drain_until=now + 10)
+                actual = [x for x in it]
+        self.assertEqual([update_ctxs[0],
+                          update_ctxs[3]],  # deferrals...
+                         actual)
+        self.assertEqual(1, mock_sleep.call_count)
+        self.assertEqual(2, self.stats.skips)
+        self.assertEqual(1, self.stats.drains)
+        self.assertEqual(3, self.stats.deferrals)
+        self.stats.reset()
+
+    def test_deferral_multiple_buckets(self):
+        # verify deferral - multiple buckets
+        update_ctxs_1 = [
+            {'update': {'account': 'a', 'container': 'c1', 'obj': '%3d' % i}}
+            for i in range(3)]
+        update_ctxs_2 = [
+            {'update': {'account': 'a', 'container': 'c2', 'obj': '%3d' % i}}
+            for i in range(3)]
+
+        time_iter = itertools.count(time(), 0.001)
+
+        # deferrals stick in both buckets
+        with mock.patch('swift.obj.updater.time.time',
+                        side_effect=[next(time_iter) for _ in range(12)]):
+            with mock.patch('swift.obj.updater.time.sleep') as mock_sleep:
+                it = object_updater.BucketizedUpdateSkippingLimiter(
+                    iter(update_ctxs_1 + update_ctxs_2),
+                    self.logger, self.stats, 4, 10,
+                    max_deferred_elements=4,
+                    drain_until=next(time_iter))
+                it.salt = ''  # make container->bucket hashing predictable
+                actual = [x for x in it]
+        self.assertEqual([update_ctxs_1[0],
+                          update_ctxs_2[0],
+                          update_ctxs_1[2],  # deferrals...
+                          update_ctxs_2[2],
+                          update_ctxs_1[1],
+                          update_ctxs_2[1],
+                          ],
+                         actual)
+        self.assertEqual(4, mock_sleep.call_count)
+        self.assertEqual(0, self.stats.skips)
+        self.assertEqual(4, self.stats.drains)
+        self.assertEqual(4, self.stats.deferrals)
+        self.stats.reset()
+
+        # oldest deferral bumped from one bucket due to max_deferrals == 3
+        with mock.patch('swift.obj.updater.time.time',
+                        side_effect=[next(time_iter) for _ in range(10)]):
+            with mock.patch('swift.obj.updater.time.sleep') as mock_sleep:
+                it = object_updater.BucketizedUpdateSkippingLimiter(
+                    iter(update_ctxs_1 + update_ctxs_2),
+                    self.logger, self.stats, 4, 10,
+                    max_deferred_elements=3,
+                    drain_until=next(time_iter))
+                it.salt = ''  # make container->bucket hashing predictable
+                actual = [x for x in it]
+        self.assertEqual([update_ctxs_1[0],
+                          update_ctxs_2[0],
+                          update_ctxs_1[2],  # deferrals...
+                          update_ctxs_2[2],
+                          update_ctxs_2[1],
+                          ],
+                         actual)
+        self.assertEqual(3, mock_sleep.call_count)
+        self.assertEqual(1, self.stats.skips)
+        self.assertEqual(3, self.stats.drains)
+        self.assertEqual(4, self.stats.deferrals)
+        self.stats.reset()
+
+        # older deferrals bumped from one bucket due to max_deferrals == 2
+        with mock.patch('swift.obj.updater.time.time',
+                        side_effect=[next(time_iter) for _ in range(10)]):
+            with mock.patch('swift.obj.updater.time.sleep') as mock_sleep:
+                it = object_updater.BucketizedUpdateSkippingLimiter(
+                    iter(update_ctxs_1 + update_ctxs_2),
+                    self.logger, self.stats, 4, 10,
+                    max_deferred_elements=2,
+                    drain_until=next(time_iter))
+                it.salt = ''  # make container->bucket hashing predictable
+                actual = [x for x in it]
+        self.assertEqual([update_ctxs_1[0],
+                          update_ctxs_2[0],
+                          update_ctxs_2[2],  # deferrals...
+                          update_ctxs_2[1],
+                          ],
+                         actual)
+        self.assertEqual(2, mock_sleep.call_count)
+        self.assertEqual(2, self.stats.skips)
+        self.assertEqual(2, self.stats.drains)
+        self.assertEqual(4, self.stats.deferrals)
+        self.stats.reset()
+
+
+class TestRateLimiterBucket(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_wait_until(self):
+        b1 = object_updater.RateLimiterBucket(10)
+        self.assertEqual(10, b1.wait_until)
+        b1.last_time = b1.wait_until
+        self.assertEqual(20, b1.wait_until)
+        b1.last_time = 12345.678
+        self.assertEqual(12355.678, b1.wait_until)
+
+    def test_len(self):
+        b1 = object_updater.RateLimiterBucket(10)
+        b1.deque.append(1)
+        b1.deque.append(2)
+        self.assertEqual(2, len(b1))
+        b1.deque.pop()
+        self.assertEqual(1, len(b1))
+
+    def test_bool(self):
+        b1 = object_updater.RateLimiterBucket(10)
+        self.assertFalse(b1)
+        b1.deque.append(1)
+        self.assertTrue(b1)
+        b1.deque.pop()
+        self.assertFalse(b1)
+
+    def test_bucket_ordering(self):
+        time_iter = itertools.count(time(), step=0.001)
+        b1 = object_updater.RateLimiterBucket(10)
+        b2 = object_updater.RateLimiterBucket(10)
+
+        b2.last_time = next(time_iter)
+        buckets = PriorityQueue()
+        buckets.put(b1)
+        buckets.put(b2)
+        self.assertEqual([b1, b2], [buckets.get_nowait() for _ in range(2)])
+
+        b1.last_time = next(time_iter)
+        buckets.put(b1)
+        buckets.put(b2)
+        self.assertEqual([b2, b1], [buckets.get_nowait() for _ in range(2)])
+
+
+class TestSweepStats(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_copy(self):
+        num_props = len(vars(object_updater.SweepStats()))
+        stats = object_updater.SweepStats(*range(1, num_props + 1))
+        stats2 = stats.copy()
+        self.assertEqual(vars(stats), vars(stats2))
+
+    def test_since(self):
+        stats = object_updater.SweepStats(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9)
+        stats2 = object_updater.SweepStats(4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20)
+        expected = object_updater.SweepStats(3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11)
+        self.assertEqual(vars(expected), vars(stats2.since(stats)))
+
+    def test_reset(self):
+        num_props = len(vars(object_updater.SweepStats()))
+        stats = object_updater.SweepStats(*range(1, num_props + 1))
+        stats.reset()
+        expected = object_updater.SweepStats()
+        self.assertEqual(vars(expected), vars(stats))
+
+    def test_str(self):
+        num_props = len(vars(object_updater.SweepStats()))
+        stats = object_updater.SweepStats(*range(1, num_props + 1))
+        self.assertEqual(
+            '4 successes, 2 failures, 3 quarantines, 5 unlinks, 1 errors, '
+            '6 redirects, 7 skips, 8 deferrals, 9 drains', str(stats))
 
 
 if __name__ == '__main__':