Drop most of six importings

This update is to drop six, and also Python2 support. However, only
`tacker/test/common/helpers.py` which defines a set of functions for
Python2 is remained because `compact_byte()` is called from several test
classes. Although it'is not so quite hard to drop, better to be done in
another patch because so many changes shouldn't be included in a update.

Here is a summary of changes.

* Remove all six importing other than `helpers.py`.

* Revise the order of importing modules becaseu it's checked strictly
  more in the recent pep8 test.

* For the update, it removes a test `test_json_with_utf()` defined in
  `tacker/tests/unit/test_wsgi.py` because it's required only for Python2
  and can be skipped for Python3, so no need to keep anymore.

* Remove six from `requirements.txt` and `lower-constraints.txt`.

Partial-bug: #1778644

Change-Id: Ib37fd00ab6836e4efc04d1c14c10f312379c7212
Signed-off-by: Yasufumi Ogawa <yasufum.o@gmail.com>

lower-constraints.txt

@@ -127,7 +127,6 @@ Routes==2.3.1
 rsa==3.4.2
 setuptools==21.0.0
 simplejson==3.13.2
-six==1.10.0
 snowballstemmer==1.2.1
 sqlalchemy-filters==0.10.0
 sqlalchemy-migrate==0.11.0

requirements.txt

@@ -19,7 +19,6 @@ WebOb>=1.7.1 # MIT
 python-heatclient>=1.10.0 # Apache-2.0
 python-keystoneclient>=3.8.0 # Apache-2.0
 alembic>=0.8.10 # MIT
-six>=1.10.0 # MIT
 stevedore>=1.20.0 # Apache-2.0
 oslo.concurrency>=3.26.0 # Apache-2.0
 oslo.config>=5.2.0 # Apache-2.0

tacker/__init__.py

@@ -15,9 +15,5 @@
 
 import gettext
 
-import six
 
-if six.PY2:
-    gettext.install('tacker', unicode=1)
-else:
-    gettext.install('tacker')
+gettext.install('tacker')

tacker/alarm_receiver.py

@@ -11,10 +11,13 @@
 #    WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the
 #    License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations
 #    under the License.
+
+from urllib import parse
+
 from oslo_config import cfg
 from oslo_log import log as logging
 from oslo_serialization import jsonutils
-from six.moves.urllib import parse
+
 from tacker._i18n import _
 from tacker.vnfm.monitor_drivers.token import Token
 from tacker import wsgi

tacker/api/api_common.py

@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ from oslo_config import cfg
 import oslo_i18n
 from oslo_log import log as logging
 from oslo_policy import policy as oslo_policy
-from six.moves.urllib import parse as urllib_parse
+from urllib import parse as urllib_parse
 from webob import exc
 
 from tacker._i18n import _

tacker/api/common/_filters.py

@@ -20,7 +20,6 @@ import abc
 from oslo_utils import strutils
 from oslo_utils import timeutils
 from oslo_utils import uuidutils
-import six
 
 from tacker.common import exceptions as exception
 
@@ -30,8 +29,7 @@ SUPPORTED_OP_ONE = ['eq', 'neq', 'gt', 'lt', 'gte', 'lte']
 SUPPORTED_OP_MULTI = ['in', 'nin', 'cont', 'ncont']
 
 
-@six.add_metaclass(abc.ABCMeta)
-class BaseFilter(object):
+class BaseFilter(object, metaclass=abc.ABCMeta):
     """Abstract base class for Filter classes."""
 
     @abc.abstractmethod
@@ -185,8 +183,7 @@ class Filter(BaseFilter):
 
         for value in self.values:
             error = False
-            if attribute_info[1] == 'string' and not isinstance(value,
-                    six.string_types):
+            if attribute_info[1] == 'string' and not isinstance(value, str):
                 error = True
             elif attribute_info[1] == 'number':
                 if not strutils.is_int_like(value):

tacker/api/common/attribute_filter.py

@@ -16,7 +16,6 @@
 #    under the License.
 
 import re
-import six
 
 from tacker.api.common import _filters
 from tacker.common import exceptions as exception
@@ -68,8 +67,7 @@ class ParseStateMeta(type):
         return super(ParseStateMeta, mcs).__new__(mcs, name, bases, cls_dict)
 
 
-@six.add_metaclass(ParseStateMeta)
-class ParseState(object):
+class ParseState(object, metaclass=ParseStateMeta):
     """Implement the core of parsing the policy language.
 
     Uses a greedy reduction algorithm to reduce a sequence of tokens into

tacker/api/extensions.py

@@ -21,7 +21,6 @@ from oslo_config import cfg
 from oslo_log import log as logging
 from oslo_utils import importutils
 import routes
-import six
 import webob.dec
 import webob.exc
 
@@ -35,8 +34,7 @@ from tacker import wsgi
 LOG = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
 
-@six.add_metaclass(abc.ABCMeta)
-class PluginInterface(object):
+class PluginInterface(object, metaclass=abc.ABCMeta):
 
     @classmethod
     def __subclasshook__(cls, klass):

tacker/api/v1/attributes.py

@@ -18,7 +18,6 @@ import re
 import netaddr
 from oslo_log import log as logging
 from oslo_utils import uuidutils
-import six
 
 from tacker._i18n import _
 from tacker.common import exceptions as n_exc
@@ -94,7 +93,7 @@ def _validate_string_or_none(data, max_len=None):
 
 
 def _validate_string(data, max_len=None):
-    if not isinstance(data, six.string_types):
+    if not isinstance(data, str):
         msg = _("'%s' is not a valid string") % data
         LOG.debug(msg)
         return msg
@@ -472,7 +471,7 @@ def _validate_non_negative(data, valid_values=None):
 
 
 def convert_to_boolean(data):
-    if isinstance(data, six.string_types):
+    if isinstance(data, str):
         val = data.lower()
         if val == "true" or val == "1":
             return True
@@ -539,7 +538,7 @@ def convert_none_to_empty_dict(value):
 def convert_to_list(data):
     if data is None:
         return []
-    elif hasattr(data, '__iter__') and not isinstance(data, six.string_types):
+    elif hasattr(data, '__iter__') and not isinstance(data, str):
         return list(data)
     else:
         return [data]

tacker/api/v1/router.py

@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@
 # limitations under the License.
 
 import routes as routes_mapper
-import six.moves.urllib.parse as urlparse
+from urllib import parse as urlparse
 import webob
 import webob.dec
 import webob.exc

tacker/api/validation/parameter_types.py

@@ -21,8 +21,6 @@ Common parameter types for validating request Body.
 import re
 import unicodedata
 
-import six
-
 
 def _is_printable(char):
     """determine if a unicode code point is printable.
@@ -40,7 +38,7 @@ def _is_printable(char):
 
 def _get_all_chars():
     for i in range(0xFFFF):
-        yield six.unichr(i)
+        yield chr(i)
 
 
 # build a regex that matches all printable characters. This allows

tacker/api/validation/validators.py

@@ -23,7 +23,6 @@ from jsonschema import exceptions as jsonschema_exc
 import netaddr
 from oslo_utils import uuidutils
 import rfc3986
-import six
 import webob
 
 from tacker.common import exceptions as exception
@@ -65,7 +64,7 @@ def validate_mac_address_or_none(instance):
 
 def _validate_query_parameter_without_value(parameter_name, instance):
     """The query parameter is a flag without a value."""
-    if not (isinstance(instance, six.text_type) and len(instance)):
+    if not (isinstance(instance, str) and len(instance)):
         return True
 
     msg = _("The parameter '%s' is a flag. It shouldn't contain any value.")
@@ -156,5 +155,4 @@ class _SchemaValidator(object):
         except TypeError as ex:
             # NOTE: If passing non string value to patternProperties parameter,
             #       TypeError happens. Here is for catching the TypeError.
-            detail = six.text_type(ex)
-            raise exception.ValidationError(detail=detail)
+            raise exception.ValidationError(detail=str(ex))

tacker/api/vnflcm/v1/controller.py

@@ -15,7 +15,6 @@
 
 import datetime
 import requests
-import six
 import tacker.conf
 import webob
 
@@ -34,8 +33,8 @@ import json
 import re
 import traceback
 
-from six.moves import http_client
-from six.moves.urllib import parse
+from http import client as http_client
+from urllib import parse
 
 from tacker._i18n import _
 from tacker.api.schemas import vnf_lcm
@@ -186,9 +185,8 @@ class VnfLcmController(wsgi.Controller):
             raise webob.exc.HTTPNotFound(explanation=msg)
         except Exception as exc:
             msg = _("Encountered error while fetching vnf: %s") % id
-            LOG.debug("{}: {}".format(msg, six.text_type(exc)))
-            raise webob.exc.HTTPInternalServerError(explanation=six.
-                                                    text_type(exc))
+            LOG.debug("{}: {}".format(msg, str(exc)))
+            raise webob.exc.HTTPInternalServerError(explanation=str(exc))
         return vnf
 
     def _validate_flavour_and_inst_level(self, context, req_body,
@@ -463,11 +461,11 @@ class VnfLcmController(wsgi.Controller):
             return wsgi.ResponseObject(result, headers=headers)
 
         except nfvo.VimDefaultNotDefined as exc:
-            raise webob.exc.HTTPBadRequest(explanation=six.text_type(exc))
+            raise webob.exc.HTTPBadRequest(explanation=str(exc))
         except(sqlexc.SQLAlchemyError, Exception)\
                 as exc:
             raise webob.exc.HTTPInternalServerError(
-                explanation=six.text_type(exc))
+                explanation=str(exc))
         except webob.exc.HTTPNotFound as e:
             return self._make_problem_detail(str(e), 404,
                 'Not Found')
@@ -566,7 +564,7 @@ class VnfLcmController(wsgi.Controller):
             self._validate_flavour_and_inst_level(context, req_body,
                                                   vnf_instance)
         except exceptions.NotFound as ex:
-            raise webob.exc.HTTPBadRequest(explanation=six.text_type(ex))
+            raise webob.exc.HTTPBadRequest(explanation=str(ex))
 
         instantiate_vnf_request = \
             objects.InstantiateVnfRequest.obj_from_primitive(

tacker/api/vnfpkgm/v1/controller.py

@@ -13,10 +13,14 @@
 #    License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations
 #    under the License.
 
+from http import client as http_client
 from io import BytesIO
 import json
 import mimetypes
 import os
+import webob
+import zipfile
+from zipfile import ZipFile
 
 from glance_store import exceptions as store_exceptions
 from oslo_config import cfg
@@ -24,11 +28,6 @@ from oslo_log import log as logging
 from oslo_utils import encodeutils
 from oslo_utils import excutils
 from oslo_utils import uuidutils
-import six
-from six.moves import http_client
-import webob
-import zipfile
-from zipfile import ZipFile
 
 from tacker._i18n import _
 from tacker.api.schemas import vnf_packages
@@ -256,7 +255,7 @@ class VnfPkgmController(wsgi.Controller):
                                                     zip_file_size)
         else:
             chunk_size = zip_file_size
-        response.headers['Content-Length'] = six.text_type(chunk_size)
+        response.headers['Content-Length'] = str(chunk_size)
         return response
 
     def _get_csar_zip_data(self, uuid, location, offset=0, chunk_size=None):
@@ -489,8 +488,7 @@ class VnfPkgmController(wsgi.Controller):
                 get_vnf_package_vnfd(context, vnf_package)
         except exceptions.FailedToGetVnfdData as e:
             LOG.error(e.msg)
-            raise webob.exc.HTTPInternalServerError(
-                explanation=six.text_type(e.msg))
+            raise webob.exc.HTTPInternalServerError(explanation=str(e.msg))
 
         if 'text/plain' in accept_headers:
             # Checking for yaml files only. This is required when there is

tacker/common/container/kubernetes_utils.py

@@ -15,7 +15,6 @@
 
 import os
 import re
-import six
 import tempfile
 
 from cryptography import fernet
@@ -140,10 +139,7 @@ class KubernetesHTTPAPI(object):
         ca_cert = re.sub(r'END\nCERT', r'END CERT', ca_cert)
         try:
             with open(file_path, 'w') as f:
-                if six.PY2:
-                    f.write(ca_cert.decode('utf-8'))
-                else:
-                    f.write(ca_cert)
+                f.write(ca_cert)
                 LOG.debug('ca cert temp file successfully stored in %s',
                           file_path)
         except IOError:

tacker/common/csar_utils.py

@@ -12,26 +12,26 @@
 #    WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the
 #    License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations
 #    under the License.
+
 from copy import deepcopy
 import hashlib
 import os
 import re
 import shutil
-
+from urllib.parse import urlparse
+from urllib import request as urllib2
 import yaml
+import zipfile
 
 from oslo_log import log as logging
 from oslo_utils import encodeutils
 from oslo_utils import excutils
-from six.moves.urllib.parse import urlparse
 from toscaparser.prereq.csar import CSAR
 from toscaparser.tosca_template import ToscaTemplate
-import zipfile
 
 from tacker.common import exceptions
 import tacker.conf
 from tacker.extensions import vnfm
-import urllib.request as urllib2
 
 
 HASH_DICT = {

tacker/common/utils.py

@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@ import random
 import re
 import signal
 import socket
+from stevedore import driver
 import string
 import sys
 
@@ -38,9 +39,8 @@ from oslo_config import cfg
 from oslo_log import log as logging
 from oslo_utils import excutils
 from oslo_utils import importutils
-from six.moves import urllib
-from six.moves.urllib import parse as urlparse
-from stevedore import driver
+import urllib
+from urllib import parse as urlparse
 try:
     from eventlet import sleep
 except ImportError:

tacker/db/db_base.py

@@ -17,7 +17,6 @@ from datetime import datetime
 import weakref
 
 from oslo_log import log as logging
-import six
 from sqlalchemy.orm import exc as orm_exc
 from sqlalchemy import sql
 
@@ -94,13 +93,13 @@ class CommonDbMixin(object):
         model_hooks = self._model_query_hooks.get(model, {})
         for _name, hooks in model_hooks.items():
             query_hook = hooks.get('query')
-            if isinstance(query_hook, six.string_types):
+            if isinstance(query_hook, str):
                 query_hook = getattr(self, query_hook, None)
             if query_hook:
                 query = query_hook(context, model, query)
 
             filter_hook = hooks.get('filter')
-            if isinstance(filter_hook, six.string_types):
+            if isinstance(filter_hook, str):
                 filter_hook = getattr(self, filter_hook, None)
             if filter_hook:
                 query_filter = filter_hook(context, model, query_filter)
@@ -146,7 +145,7 @@ class CommonDbMixin(object):
             model_hooks = self._model_query_hooks.get(model, {})
             for _name, hooks in model_hooks.items():
                 result_filter = hooks.get('result_filters', None)
-                if isinstance(result_filter, six.string_types):
+                if isinstance(result_filter, str):
                     result_filter = getattr(self, result_filter, None)
 
                 if result_filter:
@@ -159,7 +158,7 @@ class CommonDbMixin(object):
         for func in self._dict_extend_functions.get(
                 resource_type, []):
             args = (response, db_object)
-            if isinstance(func, six.string_types):
+            if isinstance(func, str):
                 func = getattr(self, func, None)
             else:
                 # must call unbound method - use self as 1st argument

tacker/db/sqlalchemyutils.py

@@ -13,7 +13,6 @@
 #    License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations
 #    under the License.
 
-from six import moves
 import sqlalchemy
 from sqlalchemy.orm.properties import RelationshipProperty
 
@@ -85,7 +84,7 @@ def paginate_query(query, model, limit, sorts, marker_obj=None):
         criteria_list = []
         for i, sort in enumerate(sorts):
             crit_attrs = [(getattr(model, sorts[j][0]) == marker_values[j])
-                          for j in moves.xrange(i)]
+                          for j in range(i)]
             model_attr = getattr(model, sort[0])
             if sort[1]:
                 crit_attrs.append((model_attr > marker_values[i]))

tacker/extensions/common_services.py

@@ -15,8 +15,6 @@
 
 import abc
 
-import six
-
 from tacker._i18n import _
 from tacker.api import extensions
 from tacker.api.v1 import attributes as attr
@@ -137,8 +135,8 @@ class Common_services(extensions.ExtensionDescriptor):
         return version_map.get(version, {})
 
 
-@six.add_metaclass(abc.ABCMeta)
-class CommonServicesPluginBase(service_base.NFVPluginBase):
+class CommonServicesPluginBase(service_base.NFVPluginBase,
+        metaclass=abc.ABCMeta):
     def get_plugin_name(self):
         return constants.COMMONSERVICES
 

tacker/extensions/nfvo.py

@@ -15,8 +15,6 @@
 
 import abc
 
-import six
-
 from tacker._i18n import _
 from tacker.api import extensions
 from tacker.api.v1 import attributes as attr
@@ -870,8 +868,7 @@ class Nfvo(extensions.ExtensionDescriptor):
         return version_map.get(version, {})
 
 
-@six.add_metaclass(abc.ABCMeta)
-class NFVOPluginBase(service_base.NFVPluginBase):
+class NFVOPluginBase(service_base.NFVPluginBase, metaclass=abc.ABCMeta):
     def get_plugin_name(self):
         return constants.NFVO
 

tacker/extensions/nfvo_plugins/network_service.py

@@ -11,15 +11,13 @@
 # under the License.
 
 import abc
-import six
 
 from tacker._i18n import _
 from tacker.common import exceptions
 from tacker.services import service_base
 
 
-@six.add_metaclass(abc.ABCMeta)
-class NSPluginBase(service_base.NFVPluginBase):
+class NSPluginBase(service_base.NFVPluginBase, metaclass=abc.ABCMeta):
 
     @abc.abstractmethod
     def create_nsd(self, context, nsd):

tacker/extensions/nfvo_plugins/vnffg.py

@@ -14,13 +14,11 @@
 #    under the License.
 
 import abc
-import six
 
 from tacker.services import service_base
 
 
-@six.add_metaclass(abc.ABCMeta)
-class VNFFGPluginBase(service_base.NFVPluginBase):
+class VNFFGPluginBase(service_base.NFVPluginBase, metaclass=abc.ABCMeta):
 
     @abc.abstractmethod
     def create_vnffgd(self, context, vnffgd):

tacker/extensions/vnfm.py

@@ -16,7 +16,6 @@
 import abc
 
 from oslo_log import log as logging
-import six
 
 from tacker._i18n import _
 from tacker.api import extensions
@@ -607,8 +606,7 @@ class Vnfm(extensions.ExtensionDescriptor):
         return version_map.get(version, {})
 
 
-@six.add_metaclass(abc.ABCMeta)
-class VNFMPluginBase(service_base.NFVPluginBase):
+class VNFMPluginBase(service_base.NFVPluginBase, metaclass=abc.ABCMeta):
     def get_plugin_name(self):
         return constants.VNFM
 

tacker/glance_store/store.py

@@ -15,13 +15,13 @@
 
 import base64
 import os
+import urllib
 
 import glance_store
 from glance_store import exceptions as store_exceptions
 from oslo_log import log as logging
 from oslo_utils import encodeutils
 from oslo_utils import units
-from six.moves import urllib
 
 from tacker.common import exceptions
 from tacker.common import utils
@@ -148,8 +148,7 @@ def _get_csar_chunks(package_uuid, location, offset, chunk_size):
 def _add_basic_auth(request, username, password):
     """A helper function to add basic authentication.
 
-    This function adds basic authentication information to a six.moves.urllib
-    request.
+    This function adds basic authentication information to a urllib request.
     """
     auth_str = base64.encodestring(('%s:%s' % (
         username, password)).encode()).decode().strip()

tacker/keymgr/key_manager.py

@@ -19,11 +19,8 @@ Key manager API
 
 import abc
 
-import six
 
-
-@six.add_metaclass(abc.ABCMeta)
-class KeyManager(object):
+class KeyManager(object, metaclass=abc.ABCMeta):
     """Base Key Manager Interface
 
     A Key Manager is responsible for creating, reading, and deleting keys.

tacker/nfvo/drivers/vim/abstract_vim_driver.py

@@ -15,13 +15,10 @@
 
 import abc
 
-import six
-
 from tacker.api import extensions
 
 
-@six.add_metaclass(abc.ABCMeta)
-class VimAbstractDriver(extensions.PluginInterface):
+class VimAbstractDriver(extensions.PluginInterface, metaclass=abc.ABCMeta):
 
     @abc.abstractmethod
     def get_type(self):

tacker/nfvo/drivers/vim/openstack_driver.py

@@ -15,7 +15,6 @@
 #    under the License.
 
 import os
-import six
 import yaml
 
 from keystoneauth1 import exceptions
@@ -253,10 +252,7 @@ class OpenStack_Driver(abstract_vim_driver.VimAbstractDriver,
             key_file = os.path.join(CONF.vim_keys.openstack, vim_id)
             try:
                 with open(key_file, 'wb') as f:
-                    if six.PY2:
-                        f.write(fernet_key.decode('utf-8'))
-                    else:
-                        f.write(fernet_key)
+                    f.write(fernet_key)
                     LOG.debug('VIM auth successfully stored for vim %s',
                               vim_id)
             except IOError:

tacker/nfvo/drivers/vnffg/abstract_vnffg_driver.py

@@ -12,13 +12,10 @@
 
 import abc
 
-import six
-
 from tacker.api import extensions
 
 
-@six.add_metaclass(abc.ABCMeta)
-class VnffgAbstractDriver(extensions.PluginInterface):
+class VnffgAbstractDriver(extensions.PluginInterface, metaclass=abc.ABCMeta):
 
     @abc.abstractmethod
     def get_type(self):

tacker/policy.py

@@ -23,7 +23,6 @@ from oslo_log import log as logging
 from oslo_policy import policy
 from oslo_utils import excutils
 from oslo_utils import importutils
-import six
 
 from tacker._i18n import _
 from tacker.api.v1 import attributes
@@ -297,7 +296,7 @@ class OwnerCheck(policy.Check):
                     LOG.exception('Policy check error while calling %s!', f)
         match = self.match % target
         if self.kind in creds:
-            return match == six.text_type(creds[self.kind])
+            return match == str(creds[self.kind])
         return False
 
 

tacker/services/service_base.py

@@ -15,13 +15,10 @@
 
 import abc
 
-import six
-
 from tacker.api import extensions
 
 
-@six.add_metaclass(abc.ABCMeta)
-class NFVPluginBase(extensions.PluginInterface):
+class NFVPluginBase(extensions.PluginInterface, metaclass=abc.ABCMeta):
     """Define base interface for any Advanced Service plugin."""
     supported_extension_aliases = []
 

tacker/tests/functional/vnfpkgm/test_vnf_package.py

@@ -16,9 +16,9 @@
 from copy import deepcopy
 import ddt
 import os
-from six.moves import urllib
 import tempfile
 import time
+import urllib
 import zipfile
 
 from oslo_serialization import jsonutils

tacker/tests/unit/api/v1/test_vim.py

@@ -16,7 +16,6 @@
 from unittest import mock
 
 import ddt
-import six
 from webob import exc
 
 from tacker.api.v1 import base as v1_base
@@ -126,7 +125,7 @@ class VIMCreateTestCase(base.TestCase):
         exp = self.assertRaises(exc.HTTPBadRequest,
                                 self.controller.create,
                                 request, vim_dict)
-        self.assertEqual(msg, six.text_type(exp))
+        self.assertEqual(msg, str(exp))
 
     @ddt.data("", " ", None, 123)
     def test_create_vim_with_invalid_type(self, value):
@@ -152,7 +151,7 @@ class VIMCreateTestCase(base.TestCase):
         exp = self.assertRaises(exc.HTTPBadRequest,
                                 self.controller.create,
                                 request, vim_dict)
-        self.assertEqual(msg, six.text_type(exp))
+        self.assertEqual(msg, str(exp))
 
     @ddt.data('', 'testing', {})
     def test_create_vim_invalid_vim_project(self, value):
@@ -167,4 +166,4 @@ class VIMCreateTestCase(base.TestCase):
         exp = self.assertRaises(exc.HTTPBadRequest,
                                 self.controller.create,
                                 request, vim_dict)
-        self.assertEqual(msg, six.text_type(exp))
+        self.assertEqual(msg, str(exp))

tacker/tests/unit/api/v2/test_api_v2.py

@@ -19,8 +19,7 @@ from unittest import mock
 from oslo_config import cfg
 from oslo_policy import policy as common_policy
 from oslo_utils import uuidutils
-import six
-import six.moves.urllib.parse as urlparse
+from urllib import parse as urlparse
 import webob
 from webob import exc
 import webtest
@@ -932,8 +931,7 @@ class JSONV2TestCase(APIv2TestBase, testlib_api.WebTestCase):
         return_value.update(initial_input['port'])
 
         instance = self.plugin.return_value
-        instance.get_network.return_value = {'tenant_id':
-            six.text_type(tenant_id)}
+        instance.get_network.return_value = {'tenant_id': str(tenant_id)}
         instance.get_ports_count.return_value = 1
         instance.create_port.return_value = return_value
         res = self.api.post(_get_path('ports', fmt=self.fmt),

tacker/tests/unit/conductor/test_conductor_server.py

@@ -21,15 +21,16 @@ import json
 import os
 import requests
 import shutil
-import six.moves.urllib.error as urlerr
 import sys
-import tacker.conf
+import unittest
+from unittest import mock
+import urllib
+from urllib import error as urlerr
 import yaml
 
 from glance_store import exceptions as store_exceptions
 from oslo_config import cfg
 from oslo_serialization import jsonutils
-from six.moves import urllib
 
 from tacker import auth
 from tacker.common import coordination
@@ -37,6 +38,7 @@ from tacker.common import csar_utils
 from tacker.common import driver_manager
 from tacker.common import exceptions
 from tacker.conductor import conductor_server
+import tacker.conf
 from tacker import context
 from tacker import context as t_context
 from tacker.db.db_sqlalchemy import models
@@ -59,8 +61,6 @@ from tacker.tests import utils
 from tacker.tests import uuidsentinel
 from tacker.vnfm import nfvo_client as test_nfvo_client
 from tacker.vnfm import vim_client
-import unittest
-from unittest import mock
 
 
 CONF = tacker.conf.CONF

tacker/tests/unit/db/test_db_migration.py

@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ class TestCli(base.BaseTestCase):
         with mock.patch('alembic.script.ScriptDirectory.from_config') as fc:
             fc.return_value.get_heads.return_value = heads
             fc.return_value.get_current_head.return_value = heads[0]
-            with mock.patch('six.moves.builtins.open') as mock_open:
+            with mock.patch('builtins.open') as mock_open:
                 mock_open.return_value.__enter__ = lambda s: s
                 mock_open.return_value.__exit__ = mock.Mock()
                 mock_open.return_value.read.return_value = file_content
@@ -148,7 +148,7 @@ class TestCli(base.BaseTestCase):
         with mock.patch('alembic.script.ScriptDirectory.from_config') as fc:
             fc.return_value.get_heads.return_value = ['a']
             fc.return_value.get_current_head.return_value = 'a'
-            with mock.patch('six.moves.builtins.open') as mock_open:
+            with mock.patch('builtins.open') as mock_open:
                 mock_open.return_value.__enter__ = lambda s: s
                 mock_open.return_value.__exit__ = mock.Mock()
 

tacker/tests/unit/glance_store/test_store.py

@@ -16,8 +16,8 @@
 from unittest import mock
 
 import glance_store
-from six.moves import urllib
-import six.moves.urllib.error as urlerr
+import urllib
+from urllib import error as urlerr
 
 from tacker.common import exceptions
 import tacker.conf

tacker/tests/unit/objects/test_fields.py

@@ -12,8 +12,6 @@
 #    License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations
 #    under the License.
 
-import six
-
 from tacker.objects import base
 from tacker.objects import fields
 from tacker.tests.unit import base as test_base
@@ -24,8 +22,6 @@ class TestString(test_base.TestCase):
         super(TestString, self).setUp()
         self.field = fields.StringField()
         self.coerce_good_values = [('foo', 'foo'), (1, '1'), (True, 'True')]
-        if six.PY2:
-            self.coerce_good_values.append((int(1), '1'))
         self.coerce_bad_values = [None]
 
     def test_stringify(self):

tacker/tests/unit/test_policy.py

@@ -15,15 +15,14 @@
 
 """Test of Policy Engine For Tacker"""
 
-from unittest import mock
-
 import fixtures
-import six
+import io
+from unittest import mock
+from urllib import request as urlrequest
 
 from oslo_policy import policy as common_policy
 from oslo_serialization import jsonutils as json
 from oslo_utils import importutils
-from six.moves.urllib import request as urlrequest
 
 import tacker
 from tacker.api.v1 import attributes
@@ -127,7 +126,7 @@ class PolicyTestCase(base.BaseTestCase):
     def test_enforce_http_true(self):
 
         def fakeurlopen(url, post_data):
-            return six.StringIO("True")
+            return io.StringIO("True")
 
         with mock.patch.object(urlrequest, 'urlopen', new=fakeurlopen):
             action = "example:get_http"
@@ -138,7 +137,7 @@ class PolicyTestCase(base.BaseTestCase):
     def test_enforce_http_false(self):
 
         def fakeurlopen(url, post_data):
-            return six.StringIO("False")
+            return io.StringIO("False")
 
         with mock.patch.object(urlrequest, 'urlopen', new=fakeurlopen):
             action = "example:get_http"

tacker/tests/unit/test_wsgi.py

@@ -14,20 +14,18 @@
 #    under the License.
 
 import os
-from unittest import mock
-
-import oslo_i18n
 import socket
-
-from oslo_config import cfg
-import six.moves.urllib.request as urllibrequest
 import testtools
+from unittest import mock
+from urllib import request as urllibrequest
 import webob
 import webob.exc
 
+from oslo_config import cfg
+import oslo_i18n
+
 from tacker.common import exceptions as exception
 from tacker.tests import base
-from tacker.tests.common import helpers
 from tacker import wsgi
 
 CONF = cfg.CONF
@@ -467,18 +465,6 @@ class JSONDictSerializerTest(base.BaseTestCase):
 
         self.assertEqual(expected_json, result)
 
-    # The tested behaviour is only meant to be witnessed in Python 2, so it is
-    # OK to skip this test with Python 3.
-    @helpers.requires_py2
-    def test_json_with_utf8(self):
-        input_dict = dict(servers=dict(a=(2, '\xe7\xbd\x91\xe7\xbb\x9c')))
-        expected_json = b'{"servers":{"a":[2,"\\u7f51\\u7edc"]}}'
-        serializer = wsgi.JSONDictSerializer()
-        result = serializer.serialize(input_dict)
-        result = result.replace(b'\n', b'').replace(b' ', b'')
-
-        self.assertEqual(expected_json, result)
-
     def test_json_with_unicode(self):
         input_dict = dict(servers=dict(a=(2, u'\u7f51\u7edc')))
         expected_json = b'{"servers":{"a":[2,"\\u7f51\\u7edc"]}}'

tacker/tests/unit/tests/test_post_mortem_debug.py

@@ -16,8 +16,6 @@
 import sys
 from unittest import mock
 
-from six import moves
-
 from tacker.tests import base
 from tacker.tests import post_mortem_debug
 
@@ -64,7 +62,7 @@ class TestGetIgnoredTraceback(base.BaseTestCase):
 
         tb = root_tb
         tracebacks = [tb]
-        for x in moves.xrange(len(ignored_bit_array) - 1):
+        for x in range(len(ignored_bit_array) - 1):
             tb.tb_next = mock.Mock()
             tb = tb.tb_next
             tracebacks.append(tb)

tacker/tests/unit/vnflcm/test_controller.py

@@ -12,19 +12,19 @@
 #    WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the
 #    License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations
 #    under the License.
-from unittest import mock
 
 import codecs
-import os
-
 import ddt
+from http import client as http_client
 import json
-from oslo_serialization import jsonutils
-from six.moves import http_client
+import os
+from unittest import mock
 import urllib
 import webob
 from webob import exc
 
+from oslo_serialization import jsonutils
+
 from tacker.api.vnflcm.v1 import controller
 from tacker.api.vnflcm.v1 import sync_resource
 from tacker.common import exceptions

tacker/tests/unit/vnfm/monitor_drivers/http_ping/test_http_ping.py

@@ -12,10 +12,9 @@
 #    under the License.
 #
 
-from unittest import mock
-
-import six.moves.urllib.error as urlerr
 import testtools
+from unittest import mock
+from urllib import error as urlerr
 
 from tacker.vnfm.monitor_drivers.http_ping import http_ping
 
@@ -26,7 +25,7 @@ class TestVNFMonitorHTTPPing(testtools.TestCase):
         super(TestVNFMonitorHTTPPing, self).setUp()
         self.monitor_http_ping = http_ping.VNFMonitorHTTPPing()
 
-    @mock.patch('six.moves.urllib.request.urlopen')
+    @mock.patch('urllib.request.urlopen')
     def test_monitor_call_for_success(self, mock_urlopen):
         test_vnf = {}
         test_kwargs = {
@@ -36,7 +35,7 @@ class TestVNFMonitorHTTPPing(testtools.TestCase):
                                             test_kwargs)
         mock_urlopen.assert_called_once_with('http://a.b.c.d:80', timeout=5)
 
-    @mock.patch('six.moves.urllib.request.urlopen')
+    @mock.patch('urllib.request.urlopen')
     def test_monitor_call_for_failure(self, mock_urlopen):
         mock_urlopen.side_effect = urlerr.URLError("MOCK Error")
         test_vnf = {}

tacker/tests/unit/vnfpkgm/test_controller.py

@@ -12,16 +12,18 @@
 #    WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the
 #    License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations
 #    under the License.
-from unittest import mock
+
 
 import ddt
+from http import client as http_client
 import json
 import os
-from oslo_serialization import jsonutils
-from six.moves import http_client
-from six.moves import urllib
+from unittest import mock
+import urllib
 from webob import exc
 
+from oslo_serialization import jsonutils
+
 from tacker.api.vnfpkgm.v1 import controller
 from tacker.common import exceptions as tacker_exc
 from tacker.conductor.conductorrpc.vnf_pkgm_rpc import VNFPackageRPCAPI

tacker/vnflcm/abstract_driver.py

@@ -15,11 +15,8 @@
 
 import abc
 
-import six
 
-
-@six.add_metaclass(abc.ABCMeta)
-class VnfInstanceAbstractDriver(object):
+class VnfInstanceAbstractDriver(object, metaclass=abc.ABCMeta):
 
     @abc.abstractmethod
     def instantiate_vnf(self, context, vnf_instance_id, instantiate_vnf_req):

tacker/vnflcm/utils.py

@@ -16,7 +16,6 @@
 import copy
 import io
 import os
-import six
 import yaml
 
 from oslo_config import cfg
@@ -373,7 +372,7 @@ def _create_grant_request(vnfd_dict, package_uuid):
         artifacts = value.get('artifacts', {})
         for artifact, sw_image in artifacts.items():
             artifact_image_path = None
-            if isinstance(sw_image, six.string_types):
+            if isinstance(sw_image, str):
                 artifact_image_path = sw_image
             elif sw_image.get('type') == 'tosca.artifacts.nfv.SwImage':
                 artifact_image_path = sw_image.get('file', {})

tacker/vnflcm/vnflcm_driver.py

@@ -18,7 +18,6 @@ from datetime import datetime
 import functools
 import inspect
 import re
-import six
 import time
 import traceback
 import yaml
@@ -533,7 +532,7 @@ class VnfLcmDriver(abstract_driver.VnfInstanceAbstractDriver):
                           "%(id)s before respawning. The vnf is in "
                           "inconsistent state. Error: %(error)s")
                 LOG.error(err_msg % {"id": vnf_instance.id,
-                          "error": six.text_type(exc)})
+                          "error": str(exc)})
                 raise exceptions.VnfHealFailed(id=vn