Dentaku ======= [![Join the chat at https://gitter.im/rubysolo/dentaku](https://badges.gitter.im/Join%20Chat.svg)](https://gitter.im/rubysolo/dentaku?utm_source=badge&utm_medium=badge&utm_campaign=pr-badge&utm_content=badge) [![Gem Version](https://badge.fury.io/rb/dentaku.png)](http://badge.fury.io/rb/dentaku) [![Build Status](https://travis-ci.org/rubysolo/dentaku.png?branch=master)](https://travis-ci.org/rubysolo/dentaku) [![Code Climate](https://codeclimate.com/github/rubysolo/dentaku.png)](https://codeclimate.com/github/rubysolo/dentaku) [![Hakiri](https://hakiri.io/github/rubysolo/dentaku/master.svg)](https://hakiri.io/github/rubysolo/dentaku) DESCRIPTION ----------- Dentaku is a parser and evaluator for a mathematical and logical formula language that allows run-time binding of values to variables referenced in the formulas. It is intended to safely evaluate untrusted expressions without opening security holes. EXAMPLE ------- This is probably simplest to illustrate in code: ```ruby calculator = Dentaku::Calculator.new calculator.evaluate('10 * 2') #=> 20 ``` Okay, not terribly exciting. But what if you want to have a reference to a variable, and evaluate it at run-time? Here's how that would look: ```ruby calculator.evaluate('kiwi + 5', kiwi: 2) #=> 7 ``` You can also store the variable values in the calculator's memory and then evaluate expressions against those stored values: ```ruby calculator.store(peaches: 15) calculator.evaluate('peaches - 5') #=> 10 calculator.evaluate('peaches >= 15') #=> true ``` For maximum CS geekery, `bind` is an alias of `store`. Dentaku understands precedence order and using parentheses to group expressions to ensure proper evaluation: ```ruby calculator.evaluate('5 + 3 * 2') #=> 11 calculator.evaluate('(5 + 3) * 2') #=> 16 ``` The `evaluate` method will return `nil` if there is an error in the formula. If this is not the desired behavior, use `evaluate!`, which will raise an exception. ```ruby calculator.evaluate('10 * x') #=> nil calculator.evaluate!('10 * x') Dentaku::UnboundVariableError: Dentaku::UnboundVariableError ``` Dentaku has built-in functions (including `if`, `not`, `min`, `max`, and `round`) and the ability to define custom functions (see below). Functions generally work like their counterparts in Excel: ```ruby calculator.evaluate('if (pears < 10, 10, 20)', pears: 5) #=> 10 calculator.evaluate('if (pears < 10, 10, 20)', pears: 15) #=> 20 ``` `round` can be called with or without the number of decimal places: ```ruby calculator.evaluate('round(8.2)') #=> 8 calculator.evaluate('round(8.2759, 2)') #=> 8.28 ``` `round` follows rounding rules, while `roundup` and `rounddown` are `ceil` and `floor`, respectively. If you're too lazy to be building calculator objects, there's a shortcut just for you: ```ruby Dentaku('plums * 1.5', plums: 2) #=> 3.0 ``` PERFORMANCE ----------- The flexibility and safety of Dentaku don't come without a price. Tokenizing a string, parsing to an AST, and then evaluating that AST are about 2 orders of magnitude slower than doing the same math in pure Ruby! The good news is that most of the time is spent in the tokenization and parsing phases, so if performance is a concern, you can enable AST caching: ```ruby Dentaku.enable_ast_cache! ``` After this, Dentaku will cache the AST of each formula that it evaluates, so subsequent evaluations (even with different values for variables) will be much faster -- closer to 4x native Ruby speed. As usual, these benchmarks should be considered rough estimates, and you should measure with representative formulas from your application. Also, if new formulas are constantly introduced to your application, AST caching will consume more memory with each new formula. BUILT-IN OPERATORS AND FUNCTIONS --------------------------------- Math: `+`, `-`, `*`, `/`, `%` Logic: `<`, `>`, `<=`, `>=`, `<>`, `!=`, `=`, `AND`, `OR` Functions: `IF`, `NOT`, `MIN`, `MAX`, `ROUND`, `ROUNDDOWN`, `ROUNDUP` Selections: `CASE` (syntax see [spec](https://github.com/rubysolo/dentaku/blob/master/spec/calculator_spec.rb#L292)) Math: all functions from Ruby's Math module, including `SIN`, `COS`, `TAN`, etc. String: `LEFT`, `RIGHT`, `MID`, `LEN`, `FIND`, `SUBSTITUTE`, `CONCAT` RESOLVING DEPENDENCIES ---------------------- If your formulas rely on one another, they may need to be resolved in a particular order. For example: ```ruby calc = Dentaku::Calculator.new calc.store(monthly_income: 50) need_to_compute = { income_taxes: "annual_income / 5", annual_income: "monthly_income * 12" } ``` In the example, `annual_income` needs to be computed (and stored) before `income_taxes`. Dentaku provides two methods to help resolve formulas in order: #### Calculator.dependencies Pass a (string) expression to Dependencies and get back a list of variables (as `:symbols`) that are required for the expression. `Dependencies` also takes into account variables already (explicitly) stored into the calculator. ```ruby calc.dependencies("monthly_income * 12") #=> [] # (since monthly_income is in memory) calc.dependencies("annual_income / 5") #=> [:annual_income] ``` #### Calculator.solve! / Calculator.solve Have Dentaku figure out the order in which your formulas need to be evaluated. Pass in a hash of `{eventual_variable_name: "expression"}` to `solve!` and have Dentaku resolve dependencies (using `TSort`) for you. Raises `TSort::Cyclic` when a valid expression order cannot be found. ```ruby calc = Dentaku::Calculator.new calc.store(monthly_income: 50) need_to_compute = { income_taxes: "annual_income / 5", annual_income: "monthly_income * 12" } calc.solve!(need_to_compute) #=> {annual_income: 600, income_taxes: 120} calc.solve!( make_money: "have_money", have_money: "make_money" } #=> raises TSort::Cyclic ``` `solve!` will also raise an exception if any of the formulas in the set cannot be evaluated (e.g. raise `ZeroDivisionError`). The non-bang `solve` method will find as many solutions as possible and return the symbol `:undefined` for the problem formulas. INLINE COMMENTS --------------------------------- If your expressions grow long or complex, you may add inline comments for future reference. This is particularly useful if you save your expressions in a model. ```ruby calculator.evaluate('kiwi + 5 /* This is a comment */', kiwi: 2) #=> 7 ``` Comments can be single or multi-line. The following are also valid. ``` /* * This is a multi-line comment */ /* This is another type of multi-line comment */ ``` EXTERNAL FUNCTIONS ------------------ I don't know everything, so I might not have implemented all the functions you need. Please implement your favorites and send a pull request! Okay, so maybe that's not feasible because: 1. You can't be bothered to share 1. You can't wait for me to respond to a pull request, you need it `NOW()` 1. The formula is the secret sauce for your startup Whatever your reasons, Dentaku supports adding functions at runtime. To add a function, you'll need to specify a name, a return type, and a lambda that accepts all function arguments and returns the result value. Here's an example of adding a function named `POW` that implements exponentiation. ```ruby > c = Dentaku::Calculator.new > c.add_function(:pow, :numeric, ->(mantissa, exponent) { mantissa ** exponent }) > c.evaluate('POW(3,2)') #=> 9 > c.evaluate('POW(2,3)') #=> 8 ``` Here's an example of adding a variadic function: ```ruby > c = Dentaku::Calculator.new > c.add_function(:max, :numeric, ->(*args) { args.max }) > c.evaluate 'MAX(8,6,7,5,3,0,9)' #=> 9 ``` (However both of these are already built-in -- the `^` operator and the `MAX` function) Functions can be added individually using Calculator#add_function, or en masse using Calculator#add_functions. THANKS ------ Big thanks to [ElkStone Basements](http://www.elkstonebasements.com/) for allowing me to extract and open source this code. Thanks also to all the [contributors](https://github.com/rubysolo/dentaku/graphs/contributors)! LICENSE ------- (The MIT License) Copyright © 2012-2016 Solomon White Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the ‘Software’), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED ‘AS IS’, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.