diff --git a/snap-overlay/snap-openstack.yaml b/snap-overlay/snap-openstack.yaml
index 51e23d8..654d03e 100644
--- a/snap-overlay/snap-openstack.yaml
+++ b/snap-overlay/snap-openstack.yaml
@@ -57,10 +57,10 @@ setup:
     "{snap_common}/instances": 0755
     "{snap_common}/etc/microstack.rc": 0644
   snap-config-keys:
-    - ospassword
-    - extgateway
-    - extcidr
-    - dns
+    ospassword: 'ospassword'
+    extgateway: 'extgateway'
+    extcidr: 'extcidr'
+    dns: 'dns'
 entry_points:
   keystone-manage:
     binary: "{snap}/bin/keystone-manage"
@@ -74,14 +74,12 @@ entry_points:
     type: uwsgi
     uwsgi-dir: "{snap_common}/etc/keystone/uwsgi/snap"
     uwsgi-dir-override: "{snap_common}/etc/keystone/uwsgi"
-    uwsgi-log: "{snap_common}/log/keystone-uwsgi.log"
     config-files:
       - "{snap}/etc/keystone/keystone.conf"
     config-files-override:
       - "{snap_common}/etc/keystone/keystone.conf"
     config-dirs:
       - "{snap_common}/etc/keystone/keystone.conf.d"
-    log-file: "{snap_common}/log/keystone.log"
     templates:
       keystone-api.ini.j2: "{snap_common}/etc/keystone/uwsgi/snap/keystone-api.ini"
   nginx:
@@ -96,19 +94,16 @@ entry_points:
       - "{snap_common}/etc/nova/nova.conf"
     config-dirs:
       - "{snap_common}/etc/nova/nova.conf.d"
-    log-file: "{snap_common}/log/nova-api-os-compute.log"
   nova-uwsgi:
     type: uwsgi
     uwsgi-dir: "{snap_common}/etc/nova/uwsgi/snap"
     uwsgi-dir-override: "{snap_common}/etc/nova/uwsgi"
-    uwsgi-log: "{snap_common}/log/nova-uwsgi.log"
     config-files:
       - "{snap}/etc/nova/nova.conf"
     config-files-override:
       - "{snap_common}/etc/nova/nova.conf"
     config-dirs:
       - "{snap_common}/etc/nova/nova.conf.d"
-    log-file: "{snap_common}/log/nova-placement-api.log"
     templates:
       nova-placement-api.ini.j2:
         "{snap_common}/etc/nova/uwsgi/snap/nova-placement-api.ini"
@@ -120,7 +115,6 @@ entry_points:
       - "{snap_common}/etc/nova/nova.conf"
     config-dirs:
       - "{snap_common}/etc/nova/nova.conf.d"
-    log-file: "{snap_common}/log/nova-conductor.log"
   nova-scheduler:
     binary: "{snap}/bin/nova-scheduler"
     config-files:
@@ -129,7 +123,6 @@ entry_points:
       - "{snap_common}/etc/nova/nova.conf"
     config-dirs:
       - "{snap_common}/etc/nova/nova.conf.d"
-    log-file: "{snap_common}/log/nova-scheduler.log"
   nova-compute:
     binary: "{snap}/bin/nova-compute"
     config-files:
@@ -138,7 +131,6 @@ entry_points:
       - "{snap_common}/etc/nova/nova.conf"
     config-dirs:
       - "{snap_common}/etc/nova/nova.conf.d"
-    log-file: "{snap_common}/log/nova-compute.log"
   nova-api-metadata:
     binary: "{snap}/bin/nova-api-metadata"
     config-files:
@@ -147,7 +139,6 @@ entry_points:
       - "{snap_common}/etc/nova/nova.conf"
     config-dirs:
       - "{snap_common}/etc/nova/nova.conf.d"
-    log-file: "{snap_common}/log/nova-api-metadata.log"
   nova-manage:
     binary: "{snap}/bin/nova-manage"
     config-files:
@@ -176,7 +167,6 @@ entry_points:
       - "{snap_common}/etc/neutron/plugins/ml2/ml2_conf.ini"
     config-dirs:
       - "{snap_common}/etc/neutron/neutron.conf.d"
-    log-file: "{snap_common}/log/neutron-server.log"
   neutron-openvswitch-agent:
     binary: "{snap}/bin/neutron-openvswitch-agent"
     config-files:
@@ -187,7 +177,6 @@ entry_points:
       - "{snap_common}/etc/neutron/plugins/ml2/openvswitch_agent.ini"
     config-dirs:
       - "{snap_common}/etc/neutron/neutron.conf.d"
-    log-file: "{snap_common}/log/neutron-openvswitch-agent.log"
   neutron-ovs-cleanup:
     binary: "{snap}/bin/neutron-ovs-cleanup"
     config-files:
@@ -214,7 +203,6 @@ entry_points:
       - "{snap_common}/etc/neutron/l3_agent.ini"
     config-dirs:
       - "{snap_common}/etc/neutron/neutron.conf.d"
-    log-file: "{snap_common}/log/neutron-l3-agent.log"
   neutron-dhcp-agent:
     binary: "{snap}/bin/neutron-dhcp-agent"
     config-files:
@@ -225,7 +213,6 @@ entry_points:
       - "{snap_common}/etc/neutron/dhcp_agent.ini"
     config-dirs:
       - "{snap_common}/etc/neutron/neutron.conf.d"
-    log-file: "{snap_common}/log/neutron-dhcp-agent.log"
   neutron-metadata-agent:
     binary: "{snap}/bin/neutron-metadata-agent"
     config-files:
@@ -236,7 +223,6 @@ entry_points:
       - "{snap_common}/etc/neutron/metadata_agent.ini"
     config-dirs:
       - "{snap_common}/etc/neutron/neutron.conf.d"
-    log-file: "{snap_common}/log/neutron-metadata-agent.log"
   glance-manage:
     binary: "{snap}/bin/glance-manage"
     config-files:
@@ -253,7 +239,6 @@ entry_points:
       - "{snap_common}/etc/glance/glance-registry.conf"
     config-dirs:
       - "{snap_common}/etc/glance/glance.conf.d"
-    log-file: "{snap_common}/log/glance-registry.log"
   glance-api:
     binary: "{snap}/bin/glance-api"
     config-files:
@@ -262,7 +247,6 @@ entry_points:
       - "{snap_common}/etc/glance/glance-api.conf"
     config-dirs:
       - "{snap_common}/etc/glance/glance.conf.d"
-    log-file: "{snap_common}/log/glance-api.log"
   cinder-backup:
     binary: "{snap}/bin/cinder-backup"
     config-files:
@@ -271,7 +255,6 @@ entry_points:
       - "{snap_common}/etc/cinder/cinder.conf"
     config-dirs:
       - "{snap_common}/etc/cinder/cinder.conf.d"
-    log-file: "{snap_common}/log/cinder-backup.log"
   cinder-manage:
     binary: "{snap}/bin/cinder-manage"
     config-files:
@@ -288,7 +271,6 @@ entry_points:
       - "{snap_common}/etc/cinder/cinder.conf"
     config-dirs:
       - "{snap_common}/etc/cinder/cinder.conf.d"
-    log-file: "{snap_common}/log/cinder-scheduler.log"
   cinder-volume:
     binary: "{snap}/bin/cinder-volume"
     config-files:
@@ -297,28 +279,23 @@ entry_points:
       - "{snap_common}/etc/cinder/cinder.conf"
     config-dirs:
       - "{snap_common}/etc/cinder/cinder.conf.d"
-    log-file: "{snap_common}/log/cinder-volume.log"
   cinder-uwsgi:
     type: uwsgi
     uwsgi-dir: "{snap_common}/etc/cinder/uwsgi/snap"
     uwsgi-dir-override: "{snap_common}/etc/cinder/uwsgi"
-    uwsgi-log: "{snap_common}/log/cinder-uwsgi.log"
     config-files:
       - "{snap}/etc/cinder/cinder.conf"
     config-files-override:
       - "{snap_common}/etc/cinder/cinder.conf"
     config-dirs:
       - "{snap_common}/etc/cinder/cinder.conf.d"
-    log-file: "{snap_common}/log/cinder-api.log"
     templates:
       cinder-api.ini.j2: "{snap_common}/etc/cinder/uwsgi/snap/cinder-api.ini"
   horizon-uwsgi:
     type: uwsgi
     uwsgi-dir: "{snap_common}/etc/horizon/uwsgi/snap"
     uwsgi-dir-override: "{snap_common}/etc/horizon/uwsgi"
-    uwsgi-log: "{snap_common}/log/horizon-uwsgi.log"
     config-dirs:
       - "{snap_common}/etc/horizon/horizon.conf.d"
-    log-file: "{snap_common}/log/horizon-api.log"
     templates:
       horizon.ini.j2: "{snap_common}/etc/horizon/uwsgi/snap/horizon.ini"
diff --git a/snap-overlay/templates/glance-snap.conf.j2 b/snap-overlay/templates/glance-snap.conf.j2
index ea3df65..8a5e94d 100644
--- a/snap-overlay/templates/glance-snap.conf.j2
+++ b/snap-overlay/templates/glance-snap.conf.j2
@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 [DEFAULT]
 # Set state path to writable directory
 state_path = {{ snap_common }}/lib
+# Log to systemd journal
+use_journal = True
 
 [oslo_concurrency]
 # Oslo Concurrency lock path
diff --git a/snap-overlay/templates/horizon-nginx.conf.j2 b/snap-overlay/templates/horizon-nginx.conf.j2
index 2bcca62..c06b400 100644
--- a/snap-overlay/templates/horizon-nginx.conf.j2
+++ b/snap-overlay/templates/horizon-nginx.conf.j2
@@ -3,8 +3,8 @@
 # also update "api-name" for the socket.
 server {
     listen 80;
-    access_log {{ snap_common }}/log/nginx-access.log;
-    error_log {{ snap_common }}/log/nginx-error.log;
+    error_log syslog:server=unix:/dev/log;
+    access_log syslog:server=unix:/dev/log;
     location / {
         include {{ snap }}/usr/conf/uwsgi_params;
         uwsgi_param SCRIPT_NAME '';
diff --git a/snap-overlay/templates/horizon-snap.conf.j2 b/snap-overlay/templates/horizon-snap.conf.j2
index f683970..196f315 100644
--- a/snap-overlay/templates/horizon-snap.conf.j2
+++ b/snap-overlay/templates/horizon-snap.conf.j2
@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 [DEFAULT]
 # Set state path to writable directory
 state_path = {{ snap_common }}/lib
+# Log to systemd journal
+use_journal = True
 
 [oslo_concurrency]
 # Oslo Concurrency lock path
diff --git a/snap-overlay/templates/keystone-nginx.conf.j2 b/snap-overlay/templates/keystone-nginx.conf.j2
index 6172998..413e923 100644
--- a/snap-overlay/templates/keystone-nginx.conf.j2
+++ b/snap-overlay/templates/keystone-nginx.conf.j2
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 server {
     listen 5000;
-    access_log {{ snap_common }}/log/nginx-access.log;
-    error_log {{ snap_common }}/log/nginx-error.log;
+    error_log syslog:server=unix:/dev/log;
+    access_log syslog:server=unix:/dev/log;
     location / {
         include {{ snap }}/usr/conf/uwsgi_params;
         uwsgi_param SCRIPT_NAME '';
diff --git a/snap-overlay/templates/keystone-snap.conf.j2 b/snap-overlay/templates/keystone-snap.conf.j2
index fca2577..0ef6927 100644
--- a/snap-overlay/templates/keystone-snap.conf.j2
+++ b/snap-overlay/templates/keystone-snap.conf.j2
@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 [DEFAULT]
 # Set state path to writable directory
 state_path = {{ snap_common }}/lib
+# Log to systemd journal
+use_journal = True
 
 [oslo_concurrency]
 # Oslo Concurrency lock path
diff --git a/snap-overlay/templates/neutron-snap.conf.j2 b/snap-overlay/templates/neutron-snap.conf.j2
index f683970..196f315 100644
--- a/snap-overlay/templates/neutron-snap.conf.j2
+++ b/snap-overlay/templates/neutron-snap.conf.j2
@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 [DEFAULT]
 # Set state path to writable directory
 state_path = {{ snap_common }}/lib
+# Log to systemd journal
+use_journal = True
 
 [oslo_concurrency]
 # Oslo Concurrency lock path
diff --git a/snap-overlay/templates/nginx.conf.j2 b/snap-overlay/templates/nginx.conf.j2
index e982ff3..3cb59b1 100644
--- a/snap-overlay/templates/nginx.conf.j2
+++ b/snap-overlay/templates/nginx.conf.j2
@@ -24,8 +24,8 @@ http {
         # Logging Settings
         ##
 
-        access_log {{ snap_common }}/log/nginx-access.log;
-        error_log {{ snap_common }}/log/nginx-error.log;
+        error_log syslog:server=unix:/dev/log;
+        access_log syslog:server=unix:/dev/log;
 
         ##
         # Gzip Settings
diff --git a/snap-overlay/templates/nova-snap.conf.j2 b/snap-overlay/templates/nova-snap.conf.j2
index 330511f..196f315 100644
--- a/snap-overlay/templates/nova-snap.conf.j2
+++ b/snap-overlay/templates/nova-snap.conf.j2
@@ -1,9 +1,8 @@
 [DEFAULT]
 # Set state path to writable directory
 state_path = {{ snap_common }}/lib
-
-# Set logging directory
-log-dir = {{ snap_common }}/log
+# Log to systemd journal
+use_journal = True
 
 [oslo_concurrency]
 # Oslo Concurrency lock path
diff --git a/snap-overlay/templates/virtlogd.conf.j2 b/snap-overlay/templates/virtlogd.conf.j2
index 877481e..71c8b43 100644
--- a/snap-overlay/templates/virtlogd.conf.j2
+++ b/snap-overlay/templates/virtlogd.conf.j2
@@ -57,6 +57,7 @@
 #log_outputs="3:syslog:virtlogd"
 #
 #log_outputs="1:file:{{ snap_common }}/log/libvirtd.log"
+log_outputs="2:syslog:virtlogd"
 
 # The maximum number of concurrent client connections to allow
 # over all sockets combined.
diff --git a/snapcraft.yaml b/snapcraft.yaml
index 5b4d58b..e02bc79 100644
--- a/snapcraft.yaml
+++ b/snapcraft.yaml
@@ -359,6 +359,7 @@ parts:
       - coreutils
       - haproxy
       - python3-dev
+      - python3-systemd
     override-prime: |
       snapcraftctl prime
       # Patch Openstack Dashboard (horizon) settings files.
@@ -474,6 +475,8 @@ parts:
 
   # Snap patches
   patches:
+    after:
+      - uca-sources
     source: patches/
     plugin: dump
     organize:
diff --git a/tools/init/init/questions.py b/tools/init/init/questions.py
index ec2bf70..81bb8f7 100644
--- a/tools/init/init/questions.py
+++ b/tools/init/init/questions.py
@@ -180,6 +180,13 @@ class DatabaseSetup(Question):
         log.info('Mysql server started! Creating databases ...')
         self._create_dbs()
 
+        check('snapctl', 'set', 'database.ready=true')
+
+        # Start keystone-uwsgi. We use snapctl, because systemd
+        # doesn't yet know about the service.
+        check('snapctl', 'start', 'microstack.nginx')
+        check('snapctl', 'start', 'microstack.keystone-uwsgi')
+
         log.info('Configuring Keystone Fernet Keys ...')
         check('snap-openstack', 'launch', 'keystone-manage',
               'fernet_setup', '--keystone-user', 'root',
@@ -261,6 +268,20 @@ class NovaSetup(Question):
             "GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON nova_cell0.* TO 'nova'@'{extgateway}' \
             IDENTIFIED BY \'nova';".format(**_env))
 
+        # Use snapctl to start nova services.  We need to call them
+        # out manually, because systemd doesn't know about them yet.
+        # TODO: parse the output of `snapctl services` to get this
+        # list automagically.
+        for service in [
+                'microstack.nova-api',
+                'microstack.nova-api-metadata',
+                'microstack.nova-compute',
+                'microstack.nova-conductor',
+                'microstack.nova-scheduler',
+                'microstack.nova-uwsgi',
+        ]:
+            check('snapctl', 'start', service)
+
         check('snap-openstack', 'launch', 'nova-manage', 'api_db', 'sync')
 
         if 'cell0' not in check_output('snap-openstack', 'launch',
@@ -307,6 +328,15 @@ class NeutronSetup(Question):
                      'microstack', 'network', endpoint,
                      'http://{extgateway}:9696'.format(**_env))
 
+        for service in [
+                'microstack.neutron-api',
+                'microstack.neutron-dhcp-agent',
+                'microstack.neutron-l3-agent',
+                'microstack.neutron-metadata-agent',
+                'microstack.neutron-openvswitch-agent',
+        ]:
+            check('snapctl', 'start', service)
+
         check('snap-openstack', 'launch', 'neutron-db-manage', 'upgrade',
               'head')
 
@@ -385,6 +415,12 @@ class GlanceSetup(Question):
                       'microstack', 'image', endpoint,
                       'http://{extgateway}:9292'.format(**_env))
 
+        for service in [
+                'microstack.glance-api',
+                'microstack.registry',  # TODO rename this to glance-registery
+        ]:
+            check('snapctl', 'start', service)
+
         check('snap-openstack', 'launch', 'glance-manage', 'db_sync')
 
         restart('glance*')
@@ -406,5 +442,8 @@ class PostSetup(Question):
         # TODO: fix issue.
         restart('*virt*')
 
+        # Start horizon
+        check('snapctl', 'start', 'microstack.horizon-uwsgi')
+
         check('snapctl', 'set', 'initialized=true')
         log.info('Complete. Marked microstack as initialized!')
diff --git a/tools/init/init/shell.py b/tools/init/init/shell.py
index 8a9bba8..9a77e97 100644
--- a/tools/init/init/shell.py
+++ b/tools/init/init/shell.py
@@ -45,9 +45,10 @@ def _popen(*args: List[str], env: Dict = _env):
     """
     proc = subprocess.Popen(args, env=env, stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
                             stderr=subprocess.STDOUT, bufsize=1,
-                            universal_newlines=True)
+                            universal_newlines=True, encoding='utf-8')
     for line in iter(proc.stdout.readline, ''):
         log.debug(line)
+
     proc.wait()
     return proc
 
@@ -61,10 +62,7 @@ def check(*args: List[str], env: Dict = _env) -> int:
     """
     proc = _popen(*args, env=env)
     if proc.returncode:
-        raise subprocess.CalledProcessError(
-            "Command '{}' returned non-zero exit status {}".format(
-                " ".join(args),
-                proc.returncode))
+        raise subprocess.CalledProcessError(proc.returncode, " ".join(args))
     return proc.returncode