James E. Blair 0a7e70220e Document how mirrors are contstructed in AFS

Change-Id: I197be39687c016ba8cbc5023bf6e05cdd8c7e5b1

2016-04-14 16:22:05 -07:00

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title: OpenAFS

OpenAFS

The Andrew Filesystem (or AFS) is a global distributed filesystem. With a single mountpoint, clients can access any site on the Internet which is running AFS as if it were a local filesystem.

OpenAFS is an open source implementation of the AFS services and utilities.

A collection of AFS servers and volumes that are collectively administered within a site is called a cell. The OpenStack project runs the openstack.org AFS cell, accessible at /afs/openstack.org/.

At a Glance

Hosts

afsdb01.openstack.org (a vldb and pts server in DFW)
afsdb02.openstack.org (a vldb and pts server in ORD)
afs01.dfw.openstack.org (a fileserver in DFW)
afs01.ord.openstack.org (a fileserver in ORD)

Puppet

https://git.openstack.org/cgit/openstack-infra/puppet-openafs/tree/
modules/openstack_project/manifests/afsdb.pp
modules/openstack_project/manifests/afsfs.pp

Projects

http://openafs.org/

Bugs

Resources

OpenAFS Documentation

OpenStack Cell

AFS may be one of the most thoroughly documented systems in the world. There is plenty of very good information about how AFS works and the commands to use it. This document will only cover the mininmum needed to understand our deployment of it.

OpenStack runs an AFS cell called openstack.org. There are three important services provided by a cell: the volume location database (VLDB), the protection database (PTS), and the file server (FS). The volume location service answers queries from clients about which fileservers should be contacted to access particular volumes, while the protection service provides information about users and groups.

Our implementation follows the common recommendation to colocate the VLDB and PTS servers, and so they both run on our afsdb* servers. These servers all have the same information and communicate with each other to keep in sync and automatically provide high-availability service. For that reason, one of our DB servers is in the DFW region, and the other in ORD.

Fileservers contain volumes, each of which is a portion of the file space provided by that cell. A volume appears as at least one directory, but may contain directories within the volume. Volumes are mounted within other volumes to construct the filesystem hierarchy of the cell.

OpenStack has one fileserver in DFW and one in ORD. They do not automatically contain copies of the same data. A read-write volume in AFS can only exist on exactly one fileserver, and if that fileserver is out of service, the volumes it serves are not available. However, volumes may have read-write copies which are stored on other fileservers. If a client requests a read-only volume, as long as one site with a read-only volume is online, it will be available.

Client Configuration

To use OpenAFS on a Debian or Ubuntu machine:

sudo apt-get install openafs-client openafs-krb5 krb5-user

Debconf will ask you for a default realm, cell and cache size. Answer:

Default Kerberos version 5 realm: OPENSTACK.ORG
AFS cell this workstation belongs to: openstack.org
Size of AFS cache in kB: 500000

The default cache size in debconf is 50000 (50MB) which is not very large. We recommend setting it to 500000 (500MB -- add a zero to the default debconf value), or whatever is appropriate for your system.

The OpenAFS client is not started by default, so you will need to run:

sudo service openafs-client start

When it's done, you should be able to cd /afs/openstack.org.

Most of what is in our AFS cell does not require authentication. However, if you have a principal in kerberos, you can get an authentication token for use with AFS with:

kinit
aklog

Administration

The following information is relevant to AFS administrators.

All of these commands have excellent manpages which can be accessed with commands like man vos or man vos create. They also provide short help messages when run like vos -help or vos create -help.

For all administrative commands, you may either run them from any AFS client machine while authenticated as an AFS admin, or locally without authentication on an AFS server machine by appending the -localauth flag to the end of the command.

Adding a User

First, add a kerberos principal as described in addprinc. Have the username and UID from puppet ready.

Then add the user to the protection database with:

pts createuser $USERNAME -id UID

Admin UIDs start at 1 and increment. If you are adding a new admin user, you must run pts listentries, find the highest UID for an admin user, increment it by one and use that as the UID. The username for an admin user should be in the form username.admin.

Note

Any '/' characters in a kerberos principal become '.' characters in AFS.

Adding a Superuser

Run the following commands to add an existing principal to AFS as a superuser:

bos adduser -server afsdb01.openstack.org -user $USERNAME.admin
bos adduser -server afsdb02.openstack.org -user $USERNAME.admin
bos adduser -server afs01.dfw.openstack.org -user $USERNAME.admin
bos adduser -server afs01.ord.openstack.org -user $USERNAME.admin
pts adduser -user $USERNAME.admin -group system:administrators

Creating a Volume

Select a fileserver for the read-write copy of the volume according to which region you wish to locate it after ensuring it has sufficient free space. Then run:

vos create $FILESERVER a $VOLUMENAME

The a in the preceding command tells it to place the volume on partition vicepa. Our fileservers only have one partition and therefore this is a constant.

Be sure to mount the volume in AFS with:

fs mkmount /afs/openstack.org/path/to/mountpoint $VOLUMENAME

You may want to create read-only sites for the volume with vos addsite and then vos release.

You should set the volume quota with fs setquota.

Adding a Fileserver

Put the machine's public IP on a single line in /var/lib/openafs/local/NetInfo (TODO: puppet this).

Copy /etc/openafs/server/KeyFile from an existing fileserver.

Create an LVM volume named vicepa from cinder volumes. See cinder for details on volume management. Then run:

mkdir /vicepa
echo "/dev/main/vicepa  /vicepa ext4  errors=remount-ro,barrier=0  0  2" >>/etc/fstab
mount -a

Finally, create the fileserver with:

bos create NEWSERVER dafs dafs \
  -cmd "/usr/lib/openafs/dafileserver -p 23 -busyat 600 -rxpck 400 -s 1200 -l  1200 -cb 65535 -b 240 -vc 1200" \
  -cmd /usr/lib/openafs/davolserver \
  -cmd /usr/lib/openafs/salvageserver \
  -cmd /usr/lib/openafs/dasalvager

Mirrors

We host mirrors in AFS so that we store only one copy of the data, but mirror servers local to each cloud region in which we operate serve that data to nearby hosts from their local cache.

All of our mirrors are housed under /afs/openstack.org/mirror. Each mirror is on its own volume, and each with a read-only replica. This allows mirrors to be updated and then the read-only replicas atomically updated.

In order to establish a new mirror, do the following:

Create the mirror volume. See Creating a Volume for details. The volume should be named mirror.foo, where foo is descriptive of the contents of the mirror. Example:
```
vos create afs01.dfw.openstack.org a mirror.foo
```
Create read-only replicas of the volume. One replica should be located on the same fileserver (it will take little to no additional space), and at least one other replica on a different fileserver. Example:
```
vos addsite afs01.dfw.openstack.org a mirror.foo
vos addsite afs01.ord.openstack.org a mirror.foo
```
Release the read-only replicas:
```
vos release mirror.foo
```
See the status of all volumes with:
```
vos listvldb
```

When traversing from a read-only volume to another volume across a mountpoint, AFS will first attempt to use a read-only replica of the destination volume if one exists. In order to naturally cause clients to prefer our read-only paths for mirrors, the entire path up to that point is composed of read-only volumes:

/afs             [root.afs]
  /openstack.org [root.cell]
    /mirror      [mirror]
      /bar       [mirror.bar]

In order to mount the mirror.foo volume under mirror we need to modify the read-write version of the mirror volume. To make this easy, the read-write version of the cell root is mounted at /afs/.openstack.org. Folllowing the same logic from earlier, traversing to paths below that mount point will generally prefer read-write volumes.

Mount the volume into afs using the read-write path:

fs mkmount /afs/.openstack.org/mirror/foo mirror.foo

Release the mirror volume so that the (currently empty) foo mirror itself appears in directory listings under /afs/openstack.org/mirror:
```
vos release mirror
```
Create a principal for the mirror update process. See addprinc for details. The principal should be called service/foo-mirror. Example:
```
kadmin: addprinc -randkey service/foo-mirror@OPENSTACK.ORG
kadmin: ktadd -k /path/to/foo.keytab service/foo-mirror@OPENSTACK.ORG
```
Add the service principal's keytab to hiera.
Create an AFS user for the service principal:
```
pts createuser service/foo-mirror
```

Because mirrors usually have a large number of directories, it is best to avoid frequent ACL changes. To this end, we grant access to the mirror directories to a group where we can easily modify group membership if our needs change.

Create a group to contain the service principal, and add the principal:

pts creategroup foo-mirror
pts adduser service/foo-mirror foo-mirror

View users, groups, and their membership with:

pts listentries
pts listentries -group
pts membership foo-mirror

Grant the group access to the mirror volume:

fs setacl /afs/.openstack.org/mirror/foo foo-mirror write

Grant anonymous users read access:

fs setacl /afs/.openstack.org/mirror/foo system:anyuser read

Set the quota on the volume (e.g., 100GB):

fs setquota /afs/.openstack.org/mirror/foo 100000000

Because the initial replication may take more time than we allocate in our mirror update cron jobs, manually perform the first mirror update:

In screen, obtain the lock on mirror-update.openstack.org:
```
flock -n /var/run/foo-mirror/mirror.lock bash
```
Leave that running while you perform the rest of the steps.
Also in screen on mirror-update, run the initial mirror sync.
Log into afs01.dfw.openstack.org and run screen. Within that session, periodically during the sync, and once again after it is complete, run:
```
vos release mirror.foo -localauth
```
It is important to do this from an AFS server using -localauth rather than your own credentials and inside of screen because if vos release is interrupted, it will require some manual cleanup (data will not be corrupted, but clients will not see the new volume until it is successfully released). Additionally, vos release has a bug where it will not use renewed tokens and so token expiration during a vos release may cause a similar problem.
Once the initial sync and and vos release are complete, release the lock file on mirror-update.

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