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195 lines
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License.
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http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/legalcode
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..
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======================================
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Security Segregation (Placement Zones)
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======================================
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The goal of this use-case is to present the need for a (partly) segregation
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of physical resources to support the well-known classic separation of DMZ
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and MZ, which is still needed by several applications (VNFs) and requested
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by telco security rules.
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Glossary
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========
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**AZ**
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Availability Zone (OpenStack terminology)
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**DMZ**
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Demilitarized Zone provides access to the public network,
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but adds an additional security layer (e.g. virtual firewall). Designed for
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security critical customer facing services (e.g. customer control center).
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**EHD**
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Exposed Host Domain provides direct access from the public network (e.g.
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Internet).
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Designed for services which require a high traffic volume (e.g. CDN) and are
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not security critical.
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**MZ**
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Militarized Zone is a logical network without any access from the public
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network. Designed for systems without direct customer connectivity (e.g.
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databases containing sensitive data) and high security demands.
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**PZ**
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Placement Zone is a concept to classify different securiy areas based on
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different security requirements. PZ are separated on a per host basis.
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**SEC**
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Secure Network Zone for all devices providing a security function including
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devices providing connectivity between Placement Zones (e.g. virtual firewall
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for DMZ-MZ traffic).
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**VNF**
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Virtual Network Function is an implementation of an functional building block
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within a network infrastructure that can be deployed on a virtualization
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infrastructure or rather an OpenStack based cloud platform (a non virtualized
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network function is today often a physical appliance).
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Problem description
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===================
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The main driver therefore is that a vulnerability
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of a single system must not affect further critical systems or endanger
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exposure of sensitive data. On the one side the benefits of virtualization
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and automation techniques are mandatory for telcos but on the other side
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telecommunication data and involved systems must be protected by the
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highest level of security and comply to local regulatory laws (which are
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often more strict in comparison with enterprise).
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Placement Zones should act as multiple lines of defense against a security
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breach. If a security breach happens in a placement zone, all other
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placement zones and related VNFs must not be affected. This must be ensured
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by the design.
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This use case affects all of the main OpenStack modules.
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Current Situation
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-----------------
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Today the DMZ and MZ concept is an essential part of the security design
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of nearly every telco application deployment. Today this separation is
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done by a consequent physical segregation including hosts, network and
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management systems. This separation leads to high investment and
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operational costs.
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Enable the following
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--------------------
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Placement Zones should be used to reduce the risk that the whole cloud platform
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is affected by a serious security breach.
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If the hypervisor is breached, there is a risk to all of the VNFs on that
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hypervisor. To reduce this risk, a physical separation of VMs not assigned to
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the same security class is necessary. Placement Zones should be used to ensure
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that only VMs following the same security classification will run on the same
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group of physical hosts.
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This should avoid a mix of VMs from different zones (e.g. DMZ and MZ),
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coming up with different security requirements, running on the same group
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of hosts. Therefore a host (respectively multiple hosts) must be classified
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and assigned to only one placement zone. During the deployment process of a
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VM it must be possible to assign it to one placement zone (or use the
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default one), which automatically leads to a grouping of VMs.
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The security separation within the network can be done on a logical layer
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using the same physical elements but adding segregation through VLANs
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(Virtual LAN), virtual firewalls and other overlay techniques.
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The security separation for virtual machine storage can be done on a logical
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layer. It must be ensured that a hypervisor belonging to a specific placement
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zone can not access the storage of a different placement zone. Otherwise an
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attacker could inject malicious code into the virtual disk of a VM.
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Examples
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--------
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An application presentation layer (e.g. webserver) must be decoupled from
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the systems containing sensitive data (e.g. database) through at least one
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security enforcement device (e.g. virtual firewall) and a separation of
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underlying infrastructure (hypervisor).
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*Potential candidate for Group Based Policy with Service Function Chaining from
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a network perspective? GBP would need updates for this concept.*
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https://wiki.openstack.org/wiki/File:TelcoWG_Placementzones.png
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Affected By
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-----------
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unknown
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Requirements
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============
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* One OpenStack installation must be capable to manage different placement
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zones. All resources (compute, network and storage) are assigned to one
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placement zone. By default, all resources are assigned to the "default"
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placement zone of OpenStack
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* It must be possible to configure the allowed communication between
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placement zones on the network layer
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* SEC is a special placement zone - it provides the glue to connect the
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placement zones on the network layer using VNFs. SEC VNFs may be attached to
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resources of other placement zones
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* Placement zone usage requires a permission (in SEC, tenants cannot start VMs,
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this zone supports only the deployment of Xaas services FWaas, LBaas,...])
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* If placement zones are required in a cloud, VMs must be assigned to one
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placement zone
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* All resources, which are needed to run a VM must belong to the same placement
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zone
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* Physical Hosts (compute nodes) must be able to assigned to only one placement
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zone and re-assigning should possible due to changing utilization
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* Several assignments must be restricted by the API
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* If a host is reassigned it must evacuate all existing VM
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* ...and the whole thing must be optional :-)
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Related Use Cases
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=================
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none
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Gaps
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====
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**Nova issues:**
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* Usage of availability zone(AZ)/host aggregates to assign a vm to a placement
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zone is feasable [Ref.1], but:
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* By default a physical host can be assigned to multiple host aggregates
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* It is up to the operator to ensure security using non OpenStack mechanisms
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* Maybe Congress [Ref. 2] (Policy as a Service) could be a solution?
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**Neutron issues:**
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* AZs or PZs are not known to Neutron services
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* It's up to the operator to ensure that the right networks are attached to VMs
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**Cinder/Manila/Storage issues:**
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* Storage can be segregated with volume-types
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* AZs are not known to the storage services
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* Must be ensured from the deployment tool that the right storage is accessible
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**OpenStack regions** provide a segregation of all resources. The region concept
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can be used to implement placement zones, but:
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* Complex and resource consuming installation for the Openstack management
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systems
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* Tenants must deal with additional regions
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* No L2 network sharing for VMs in the SEC placement zone required to glue the
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zones together
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* No real enforcement
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* Complex operations
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References
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==========
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* [1]: http://docs.openstack.org/openstack-ops/content/scaling.html
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* [2]: https://wiki.openstack.org/wiki/Congress |